This ppt has all the necessary information about "Bio-medical waste management". it is useful for student of medical field as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
India is likely to generate about 775.5 tons of medical wast per day by 2020, from the current level of 550.9 tons per day growing at CAGR about 7%.
Safe and effective management of waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
New bio medical waste management rules 2016Gunwant Joshi
Notification of New Bio Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 by MOEF & CC in March 2016 has prompted to launch new presentation on the subject in place of earlier one.
Biomedical Waste is any kind of waste that contains infectious material (or material that’s potentially infectious). This definition includes waste generated by healthcare facilities like physician’s offices, hospitals, dental practices, laboratories, medical research facilities, and veterinary clinics
India is likely to generate about 775.5 tons of medical wast per day by 2020, from the current level of 550.9 tons per day growing at CAGR about 7%.
Safe and effective management of waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
New bio medical waste management rules 2016Gunwant Joshi
Notification of New Bio Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 by MOEF & CC in March 2016 has prompted to launch new presentation on the subject in place of earlier one.
Biomedical Waste is any kind of waste that contains infectious material (or material that’s potentially infectious). This definition includes waste generated by healthcare facilities like physician’s offices, hospitals, dental practices, laboratories, medical research facilities, and veterinary clinics
The health of patients is important to hospitals making it imperative to properly dispose of biomedical waste. Having the proper biomedical waste containers is part of keeping patients safe from illnesses they could contract while in the hospital.
Biomedical waste management and biohazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
According to biomedical waste (management and Handling rules 1998 of India) –
"bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps.
https://www.slideshare.net/SonamAggarwal7/biomedical-waste-management-and-biohazards-by-dr-sonam-aggarwal
The waste produced in the course of health-care activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any other type of waste. Therefore, it is essential to have safe and reliable method for its handling. Inadequate and inappropriate handling of health-care waste may have serious public health consequences and a significant impact on the environment. Appropriate management of healthcare waste is thus a crucial component of environmental health protection, and it should become an integral feature of health-care services.
The Biomedical Waste Management of the wastes which are colour coded to Yellow, i.e., the Pharmaceutical and Medical Wastes are described along with the steps of Management here. Everything is explained along with Images and simple yet completely understandable contents.
The pictures placed in the document belongs to their respective owners. Strictly no copyright infringement intended.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about National Leprosy Eradication programme (NLEP). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about World Health Organization (WHO). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of cholera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of typhoid fever. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Malaria. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Pertussis ( Whooping Cough). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
this ppt contains all information about epidemiology of chickenpox. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of tuberculosis. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about Concepts and levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunizing agents - Vaccines, Immunoglobulines and Antisera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Disinfection. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Concept and Levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
2. Bio-Medical Waste Management
Rules, 2016
First published in 1998.
Revisions in 2011 and 2016 (March)
Focus is on Collection, Segregation,
Transport, Processing, Treatment and
Disposal in Environmentally sound
manner.
2
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
3. Definition
1.According to Bio-Medical Waste (Management and
handling) Rules, 1998 of India, "Bio-medical waste"
means any waste, which is generated during -
Diagnosis or
Treatment or
Immunization of human-beings or animals or
Research activities or
in the production or
Testing of biological or
Health camps
including the categories mentioned in Schedule 1.
3
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
4. BMW Rules 1998 BMW Rules 2016
Occupier with more than
1000beds required to obtain
authorization
Every occupier generating
BMW, including health camps ,
AYUSH requires to obtain
authorization.
Operator duties are absent Duties of operator are listed
BMW is divided in 10
categories
BMW is divided in 4
categories
Rules restricted to more than
1000 beds.
Treatment and disposal of
BMW made mandatory for all.
No format for annual report Format for annual report
4
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
5. Between 75 to 90 per cent of the waste
produced by the health-care providers is
non-risk or "general" health-care waste,
comparable to domestic waste
Remaining 10-25 % health care waste –
hazardous & may create variety of
health risk
5
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
6. Sources of hospital care waste
Hospitals
Nursing Homes
Clinics
Dispensaries
PHCs
Mortuaries
Slaughter houses
Animal Houses
Pathological Laboratories
Medical Research or
Educational Institutions
Health Camps Medical
or Surgical Camps
Vaccination Centres
Research organizations
Biotechnology
institutions
Blood Banks
6
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
7. Types of waste
1. Human anatomical waste - human tissues, organs,
body parts, foetus below the viability
2. Animal waste - animal tissues, organs, body parts,
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluids, blood and experimental
animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary
hospitals colleges, discharge from hospital, animal house.
3. Soiled waste - Items contaminated with blood and fluids
including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, linen,
beddings, other material contaminated with blood 7
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
8. 4. Discarded medicines or expired medicine –
pharmaceutical waste like antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs etc.
5. Chemical waste - Chemicals used in production of
biological and used or discarded disinfection.
6. Chemical liquid waste - waste generated due to use of
chemicals in production of biological and used or discarded
disinfectant, liquid from laboratory and floor washing,
cleaning, house-keeping and disinfecting activities
8
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
9. 7. Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings contaminated
with blood or body fluids.
8. Microbiology and biotechnology waste - waste from
laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-
organisms, vaccines, human and animals used in cell
cultures.
9
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
10. 9. Contaminated wastes ( Recyclable) – waste
generated from disposable items ex. Tubing,
bottles, intravenous tubes and sets, catheters,
urine bags, gloves.
10
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
11. 10. Waste sharps including metals - needles,
syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc.,that may cause
puncture and cuts. (used and unused sharps)
11
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
12. 11. a. Glassware – broken or discarded and
contaminated glass including medicine vials
and ampoules except those contaminated
with cytotoxic drugs.
b. Metallic body implants
12
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
13. Health hazards of biomedical waste
Exposure to hazardous health-care waste can
result in disease or injury, because –
• It contains toxic or hazardous chemicals or
pharmaceuticals
• It contains sharps
• It is genotoxic
• It is radioactive
13
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
14. The main groups at risk are –
• Medical doctors
• Nurses
• Health-care auxiliaries
• Hospital maintenance personnel
• Patients in health-care establishments
• Visitors to health-care establishments
• Workers
14
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
15. Hazards of health care waste
1. Hazards from Infectious waste & Sharps
Pathogens from infectious waste enter human body
through puncture, cut or abrasion; through mucus
membrane by inhalation or by ingestion.
ex. HIV, Hepatitis B & C
2. Hazards from radio-active waste
It can be ranges from headache, dizziness & vomiting
to much more serious problems.
15
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
16. 3.Hazards from Chemical and pharmaceutical Waste
They are toxic, genotoxic, corrosive, flammable,
reactive, explosive, shock sensitive.
Although present in small quantity, they may
cause intoxication, either by acute or chronic
exposure, and injuries, including burns
Ex. Disinfectant – used in large quantities.
4. Public sensitivity
Sensitive to visual impact ( particularly anatomical
waste) 16
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
18. Treatment & Disposal methods for
health care waste
1. Incineration
2. Chemical disinfection
3. Wet and dry thermal treatment
4. Microwave irradiation
5. Land disposal
a. Open dump
b. Sanitary landfill
6. Inertization
18
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
19. 1. Incineration
High temp dry oxidation process
Reduces organic & combustible waste to
inorganic incombustible matter.
Significant reduction in weight & volume
Selected for those waste which can not be
recycled, reused or disposed off in land site.
No need of pre-treatment
19
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
20. Characteristic of waste suitable for
Incineration
Low heating volume
Above 2000kcal/kg for single chamber
Above 3000kcal/kg – for Pyrolytic double
chamber
Content of Combustible matter >60%
Content of Non-combustible matter below 5%
Non-combustible fine below 20%
Moisture below 30%
20
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
21. Waste type not to be incinerated
Pressurized gas cylinders
Large amount of reactive chemical waste
Silver salts & photographic & radiographic
waste
Halogenated plastic such as PVC
Waste with high mercury or cadmium content
ex. broken thermometers, used batteries
Sealed ampoules or ampoules containing
heavy metals
21
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
22. Types of Incinerators
1. Double chambered pyrolytic incinerator – to
burn infectious health care waste.
2. Single chamber furnaces – should be used
only if pyrolytic incinerators are not
affordable
3. Rotary kilns – operating at high temp,
capable of causing decomposition of
genotoxic substances & heat resistant
chemicals
22
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
24. 2. Chemical disinfection
Chemicals are added to the waste, to kill or
inactivate pathogen (Waste + chemical),
which results in disinfection.
It is suitable for treating liquid waste such as
blood urine, stool or hospital sewage.
24
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
25. 3.Wet & dry thermal treatment
1. Wet thermal treatment (steam disinfection)
It is based on exposure of shredded
infectious waste to high temp, high pressure
steam
Based on autoclave sterilization.
It is inappropriate for the treatment of
anatomical waste & animal carcasses,
chemical & pharmaceutical waste.
25
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
26. 3.Wet & dry thermal treatment
2. Screw feed technology
Non burn, dry thermal disinfection process
Waste is shredded & heated in a rotating auger.
Waste is reduced by – 80% in volume & 20-35%
in weight.
It is suitable for treating infectious waste &
sharp, but not used to pathological, cytotoxic
or radioactive waste
26
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
27. 4. Microwave irradiation
Most microorganism are destroyed by the
action of microwave of a frequency of about
2450MHz & wavelength of 12.24nm.
The water contained within the waste is rapidly
heated by the microwave & the infectious
component are destroyed by heat conduction.
27
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
29. 5. Land disposal
a. Open dump
Health care waste should not be disposed on
or around open dumps.
Risk to people or animals who are coming
into contact with infectious pathogens.
29
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
30. b. Sanitary landfill
Advantage over open dumps are -
1. Geological isolation of waste from the
environment
2. Appropriate engineering preparation before
the site is ready to accept waste
3. Staff present on site to control operation
4. Organized deposit & daily coverage of waste
30
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
33. 6. Inertization
It involves mixing waste with cement and
other substances before disposal, to minimize
the risk of toxic substance contained in the
waste migrating into the surface water or
ground water.
Proportion of mixture –
Pharmaceutical waste 65%
Lime 15%
Cement 15%
Water 5% 33
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
35. 35
Category Type of waste Type of bags or
container
Treatment
Yellow Human anatomical
waste
Yellow
Colored non-
chlorinated
plastic bags
Incineration or
Plasma Pyrolysis
or
Deep burial
Animal anatomical
waste
Soiled waste – items
contaminated with
blood, body fluids
like dressings, cotton
swab
Incineration/Plasm
a Pyrolysis / Deep
burial
Micro-waving/
hydrowaving
Expired & Discarded
Medicines with
Cytotoxic drugs
Yellow
Coloured non-
chlorinated
plastic bags/
containers
Inc. >12000/Send
back to
manufacturer,
Encapsulation or
plasma pyrolysis
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
36. Category Type of Waste Type of bags or
container
Treatment
Yellow Chemical waste Yellow
Colored containers/
non- chlorinated
plastic bags
Inc./Plasma
Pyrolysis/
Encapsulation
Chemical Liquid waste Separate collection
system leading to
effluent treatment
system
Resource
Recovery;
Pretreatment;
discharge
Discarded/contaminate
d linen, mattresses etc.
Yellow Colored non-
chlorinated plastic bags/
suitable packing
materssssial
Non-chlor.
Chemical
disinfection
followed by
inc./ Plasma
Pyrolysis
Microbiology & Autoclave safe plastic Inc. (after lab
36
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
37. 37
Category Type of waste Category Treatment
Red Contaminated/
RecyclableWaste
Red Colored non-
chlorinated plastic
bags/ containers
Autoclave/ hydroclaving/
Microwaving followed
by shredding or
mutilation,
Sterilization + shredding
White Waste Sharps
including metals
White/ translucent
(puncture proof,
leak proof tamper
proof container)
Autoclave or dry heat
sterilization followed by
Shredding; landfill
Blue Glassware
(expect
Cytotoxic
contaminated),
Metallic Body
Implants
Blue Cardboard
boxes
Disinfection/autoclave/
hydroclaving/
microwaving; recycling
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
38. Bio-Medical Waste Management
Rules, 2016
38
Category Type of container
Yellow Non chlorinated plastic bag,Autoclave
safe plastic bags or containers
Red Non chlorinated plastic bags or
containers
White(Translucent) Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper
proof containers
Blue Cardboard boxes with blue colored
marking
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
41. Duties of Operator
Ensure BMW collected from occupier is transported, handled, stored,
treated and disposed of without any adverse effects.
Ensure timely collection of biomedical waste from occupier.
Establish bar coding and global positioning system for handling of BMW
within one year.
Provide training to all workers.
Undertake appropriate medical examination at the time of induction and
at least once a year.
Immunize workers against hepatitis B and tetanus.
Report major accident.
Maintain a log book of its treatment equipment.
Display details of authorization, treatment, annual report on its website.
Supply non chlorinated plastic coloured bags to occupier.
Ensure collection of BMW on holidays also.
Maintain all records for five years.
Ensure occupational safety of workers.
41
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
42. Duties of Occupier
Ensure BMW handled without any adverse effects.
Make provision of safe, ventilated, secured location for storage of segregated
waste in coloured bags
Ensure bar code system for BMW bags
Provide training to all workers.
Ensure occupational safety of workers.
Not to give treated BMW with muncipal solid waste
Ensure segregation of liquid chemical waste at source
Ensure treatment & disposal of liquid chemical waste in accordance with water
Dispose of solid waste in accordance with the provision of respective waste
management rules
Maintain & update on day to day basis BMW registerand display the monthly
record on website
Report major accident.
Immunize workers against hepatitis B and tetanus.
Display annual report on its website
42
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar