Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.

1. Guided by , Prepared by,
Dr. Anjalatchi Miss. Preeti Rawat
M.Sc.(N)MD(AM),MBA (HA) M.Sc.(N) 1ST Year
Era college of nursing community health nursing
Sarafarajganj Lucknow Era College of Nursing
Sarfarajganj Lucknow
2260021

2. Unit – 2
HEALTH
 Waste disposal
1. General waste
2. Excreta waste
3. E- waste
4. Dead waste of human and animals, others

3. At the end of this session, the learner will be able to
understand:
 To introduced the topic of excreta disposal .
 Describe the hazard of improper excreta disposal .
 Explain the transmission of excreta disposal .
 Describe the barrier of sanitary disposal .
 List out the methods of excreta disposal.

4. Abbreviation
 1949 - Environmental hygiene committee
 P.R.A.I- planning ,research and action institute
 RCA- research-cum-action projects
 1949-1950-Dug well latrine was first introduced in
singur ,west bengal

5. Terminology
 Excreta – waste matter discharge from the body ,
especially feces and urine.
 Human excreta – it refers to the waste products of
the human digestive system and the human
metabolism, feces and urine.
 Sewage – sewage is the waste from community
containing solid and liquid excreta derived from
house , street and yard , washing , factories and
industries.
 Sewer – an underground conduit for carrying off
drainage water and waste matter.

6. Excreta Disposal
INTRODUCTION:-
Human excreta is a source of infection. It is an
important cause of environmental pollution. every
society has a responsibility for its safe removal and
disposal so that it does not constitute a threat to
public health.
Human waste (human excreta) refers to the waste
products of the human digestive system and the
human metabolism namely feces and urine.

7. Health hazard of improper excreta
disposal:-
1).Soil pollution 2).water pollution
3).contamination
of foods
4).propagation of
flies

8. How disease is carried from
excreta:-
Human excreta of a sick person or a carrier of disease is
the main focus of infection. it contains the disease
agent which is transmitted a new host through various
channels :-

9. Sanitary barriers:-
 Over 90% of the couse of diarrheal deaths is
unsafe drinking water , poor sanitation ,
insufficient hygine.
 Community medicine aims at breaking the disease
cycle at vulnerable points.
 The disease cycle may be broken at various level:
segregation of feces , protection of water supplies ,
protection of foods , personal hygiene, control of
flies.

10. Cont…

11. Methods of excreta disposal:-
The methods are classified into two groups:
1- unsewered areas
2- sewered areas
1) Unsewered areas
Service type latrine( conservancy system)
Non service types(snitary latrine):-
a) Bore hole latrine
b) Dug well latrine
c) Water seal latrine- this includes:-

12. Cont…..
1-P.R.A.I ,TYPE
3-SULABH
SHAUCHALAYA
2-R.C.A, TYPE

13. CONT…
d).septic tank
e). Aqua privy.
 Latrine suitable for camps and temporary use
I. Shallow trench latrine
II. Deep trench latrine
III. Pit latrine
IV. Bore hole latrine
2)Sewered areas
 Water- carriage system and sewage treatment.

14. Cont…
1-Screening
2-Removal of grit
3-Plain sedimentation
1Ttickling filters
2-Activated sludge process
1- Sea outfall
2- River outfall
3-Sewage farming
4-OSSxidation ponds
Water
coverage
system
1-
Primary
Treatme
nt
2-
Seconda
ry
Treatme
nt
3-
Others
method
s

15. 1- excreta disposal in unsewered
areas:-
1- services types(conservancy system):-
The collection and removal of nightsoil from bucket
or pail latrine by human agency is called services
type or conservancy system

16. Non –services type (sanitary
latrine):-
Criteria for a sanitary latrine:-
 Excreta should not contaminated the ground and the
surface water .
 Excreta should not pollute the soil.
 Excreta should not be accessible to flies , rodents,
animals.
 Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odor or
unsightly appearance.

17. A- Bore hole latrine
 First introduced by the Rockefeller foundation
during 1930 in campaign of hook worm control
 The latrine consist of a circular hole 30-40cm in
diameter , dug vertically into the ground to a depth
of 4 to 8m, most commonly 6m.
 A concrete squatting plate with a central opening
and rest is place over the hole .
 Bore hole is essentially a family type of instillation
and is not recommended as a public convenience
because of its small capacity.

18. Cont…
Merits :- No need for the service
of a sweeper for daily removal of
Nightsoil.
 Unsuitable for fly breeding
 If located 15m away from the
Source of water supply, there
Should be no danger of water
Pollution .

19. Cont..
Demerits :-
 Small capacity.
 A special , the auger is required for the
construction which may not be readily available .
 In many places, the sub soil water is high and the
soil loose with the results it may be difficult to dig
a hole deeper than 3m.

20. B- Dugwell latrine:-
 A circular pit about 75cm in diameter and 3 to
3.5m deep.
 The pits may be lined with pottery rings to
prevents caving in of the soil .
 A concrete squatting plate is place on the top of
the pit and the latrine is enclosed with a
superstructure.

21. Cont..
Advantage of dugwell latrine:-
 It is easy to construct and no special
equipment is needed to dig the hit.
 The pit has a longer life than borehole
latrine of greater capacity

22. C- Water seal type of latrine:-
 A further improvement in the designing of
sanitary latrine for rural families is the hand-
flushed ” water seal” type of latrine .
 Here the squatting plate is fitted with a water seal.
Functions:-
 it prevents access by flies .
 It prevents escape of odours and foul gases and
there by eliminating the nuisance from smell.
 Once the latrine is flushed , nightsoil is no longer
visible.

23. Cont..
Types:-
a) P.R.A.I Type:- (planning, research and action
isntitute, Lucknow (U.P).
b) RCA type :- designed by the research –cum-
action projects in environmental sanitation of
the ministry of health , government of India.
Essential featurs of RCA
Latrine:- sources- squatting
Plate- pan and trap- construct
ion pipe- dug well-superstru
cture- maintenance.

24. Sulabh shauchalaya
 The model inventions of Patna based firm
 It consist of specially deigned pan and a water seal
trap.
 It is connected to a pit 3 feet square and as deep.
 Basically it is an improved version of the standard
hand flush latrine (e.g RCA type).
 The system is to charge Rs. 5 per user.

25. D- Septic Tank
 The septic tank is a water – tight masonry tank
into which household sewage is admitted for
treatment. It is a satisfactory means of disposing
excreta and liquid wastes from individual
dwellings, small groups of houses and institution
which have adequate water supplies but do not
have access to a public sewerage system
 Capacity the minimum capacity of a septic tank
should be at least 500 gallons

26. cont
 Length- the length is usually twice the breadth.
 Depth - the depth of aseptic tank is from 1.5 to 2m.
 Liquid depth - the recommended liquid depth is only
1.2m.
 Air space – a minimum air space of 30 cm between the
level of liquid in the tank and the undersurface of the
cover .
 Bottom – the bottom is sloping towards the inlets end.
 Inlet and outlets- there is inlet and outlet which is
submerged
 Cover- the septic tank is covered by a concrete slab of
suitable thickness & provided with a manhole.
 Retention period- septic tank are designed to allow a
retention period of 24 hrs.

28. E- Aqua Privy
 It consist of a water tight chamber filled with water.
 A short length of a drop pipe from the latrine floor
dips into the water.
Advantage:-
- cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning material.
- Nil problem with odor or flies.
- Can be connected to sewage system at a later date .
Disadvantage:-
- expansive to build.
- Need large volumes of water to work.

29.  Water seal may be hard to maintain.
 Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years.

30. 2- latrine suitable for temporary
use and camps:-
1-shallow trench latrine:-
 The trench is 30cm wide and 90-150cm deep
 Its length depend on the number of users:3-3.5m for
1oo people.

31. 2-deep trench latrine
 The trench is 90cm wide and 1.8 – 2.5m deep.

32. 2-Sewered areas
Water- carriage system and sewage treatment:
The water carriage system or sewage system implies
collecting and transporting of human excreta nd waste
water from residential, commercial and industrial areas, by
net- work of underground pipes , called sewer to place of
ultimate disposal.
Modern sewage treatment:-
 modern sewage treatment may be divided into two stage:-
Primary treatment:- the solid are seperated from the
sewage partly by screening and partly by sedmentation and
subjected to anaerobic digestion which is the first stage in
purification.

33. Cont..
Secondary treatment:- the effulent is subjected to
aerobic oxidation , which is the second stage in
purification.

34. Primary treatment
Screening :- the screen consist of vertical or inclined
steel bars usually set 5cm apart.

35. Cont…
Grit chamber:- this chamber is approximately 10-20m
in length
 it is si designed as to maintain constant velocity of
about 1 foot per second with a detention period of 30
second to 1 mt.

36. Cont..
Primary sedimentation:-
It is a very large tank holding from ¼ to 1/3 the dry
whether flow.
Flow very slowly across the tank at a velocity of 1 to 2 feet
per minute.
The sewage spends about 6 to 8 hrs in the tank.

37. Secondary treatment
1-Trickling filter methods:-
the trickling filter or percolating filter is a bed of cursed
stones or cinker,1 to 2 m deep and 2 – 30 m in diameter
depending on the size of the population.

38. Cont.
2-Activated sludge process:-
1. The effluent is mixed with sludge draw from the
final setting tank.
2. The mixture is subjected to aeration chamber for
about 6 to 8 hrs.
3. The aeration is accomplished either by
mechanical agitation or by forcing compressed
air continuously from the bottom of the aeration
tank.
4. Organic matter of the sewage gets oxidize into
carbon dioxide , nitrates, and water the help of
aerobic bacteria.

40. Sea outfall

41. River outfall

42. Land treatment(sewage farming)

43. Oxidation pond

44. Oxidation of ditches

45. Summary
 Till now we discussed about the concept of
the health like introduction , definition of
excreta waste ,improper excreta disposal ,
explain the transmission of excreta disposal
, barrier of excreta disposal ,methods of
excreta disposal etc.

46. Conclusion
Now I am going to conclude my
topic excreta waste I hope you all
understand the concept and
methods of excreta disposal .

47. Questionnaire of excreta disposal
 Defining the following
1. Define human excreta ?
2. Sanitary barrier?
3. The health hazards of improper excreta disposal?
4. Sewage?
5. Bore hole latrine?
 Shorts questions
1. How to transmit the disease from excreta to host?

48. 2- list out the methods of excreta disposal?
3- write down about sulabh shauchalaya?
4- describe the modern sewage treatment?
5- explain septic tank methods of excreta disposal with
draw the diagram ?
 Long questions
1. Brief describe the unsewerd area methods of excreta
disposal?
2. Write details about water – carriage system and
sewage treatment

49.  Fill in the blanks
1- Disposal excreta is sources of-----------
2- Segregation of the excreta by imposting a barrier
called the------------
3-The collection and removal of night soil from bucket
or pail latrine by human agency is called----------of
latrine
4-dug well latrine or pit latrine was first introduced in
singur , west bengal in --------------
5- the sulabh shauchalaya system is to charges Rs.--------

50. Cont….
 Multiple choice questions :
1- The trench methods one are of land per year required for:
a. 10k population
b. 11k population
c. 7.5k population
d. 7k population
2- The “sulabh shauchalaya” model the invention of a :
a. Delhi based firm
b. Lucknow based firm
c. Patna based firm
d. Bangalore based firm

51. Cont..
3- The environmental hygiene committee is formed in:
a. 1946
b. 1944
c. 1949
d. 1954
4- The dug well or pit is usually in diameter :
a. 4- 4.5 m
b. 6-6.5 m
c. 3- 3.5 m
d. 7 – 7.5 m

52. Cont…
5- The first sewer were lain in 1967:
a. Mumbai
b. Gujarat
c. Punjab
d. Kolkata
6- sewage contains ------- of water---:
a. 72%
b. 86%
c. 100%
d. 99.9%

53. Assignment
 Write the project on” different types of disposal of
excreta use in India.” Submit on 27/ 5 /2021 , time 9am
at place M.Sc. Nursing 1st class room.

54. Reference
Students Reference
 Park k . parks text book of preventive and social
medicine.23rd edition. m/s banarasidas bhanot
publishers. Prem nagar Nagpur road Jabalpur
(India).2015.page no.756-769
 Basavanthappa BT. Community health nursing . 3rd
edition. Jaypee the health sciences publisher. New
delhi panama. Volume 2nd . 2016. Page no. 934-939
 Saxena RP.text book of community health nursing.2nd
edition.lotus publisher. Ladowali road j. jalandhar
city.2018. page no.481-499.
 www.googleimages.com

55. Teacher Reference
 Kamalam S. essentials of community health nursing
practice .2nd edn. Jaypee brothers. New Delhi. Page
no.345-360
 Gulani k.k. community health nursing: principles and
practices. Latest edn.page no.263