This document discusses various methods for the disposal of solid wastes and excreta. It describes different types of solid wastes and their sources. Improper disposal of solid wastes can pose health hazards by attracting flies, rodents, and polluting water and soil. Common solid waste disposal methods discussed include controlled tipping (sanitary landfilling), incineration, composting, and dumping. For excreta disposal in non-sewered areas, methods like service latrines, non-service latrines, trench latrines, and septic tanks are described. In sewered areas, water carriage systems along with sewage treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment are summarized.
disposal of waste in community health nursing
community medicine
Definition of waste disposal
Solid waste
Sources of refuse
Storage
Collection
Transportation of waste
Environment hygiene committee
Methods of disposal
Methods of composting
Public education
Excreta disposal
Biomedical waste management
Conclusion
disposal of waste in community health nursing
community medicine
Definition of waste disposal
Solid waste
Sources of refuse
Storage
Collection
Transportation of waste
Environment hygiene committee
Methods of disposal
Methods of composting
Public education
Excreta disposal
Biomedical waste management
Conclusion
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
The present generation and coming generation have to solve three grave problems namely population, poverty and pollution.
Pollution is the most dangerous problem and Noise pollution is the one of them.
The Noise Pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible.
Modern Sewage Treatment Plant from IndusSuresh Kumar
Ultra modern Sewage Treatment Plants from Indus Ecowater. Sewage Treatment Plants built to re-use treated sewage. Compact with small foot print- smallest civil works
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
unit-ii health , waste disposal include Excreta disposal pptanjalatchi
disposable of excrete waste consist of definition, methods, treament of waste disoposal, summary, question, conclusion, assignment on topic given, refernces,
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
The present generation and coming generation have to solve three grave problems namely population, poverty and pollution.
Pollution is the most dangerous problem and Noise pollution is the one of them.
The Noise Pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible.
Modern Sewage Treatment Plant from IndusSuresh Kumar
Ultra modern Sewage Treatment Plants from Indus Ecowater. Sewage Treatment Plants built to re-use treated sewage. Compact with small foot print- smallest civil works
Waste matter discharged from the body, especially feces and urine.
Human waste (Human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, namely feces and urine.
Human waste (or human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system, menses, and human metabolism including urine and faeces. ... Faecal sludge management is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DISPOSALOFWASTE,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about communicable diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #solidwastedisposal,#communicablediseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: Industrial, Commercial, Domestic, and Agricultural.
Industrial Waste. These are the wastes created in factories and industries. ...
Commercial Waste. Commercial wastes are produced in schools, colleges, shops, and offices. ...
Domestic Waste. ...
Agricultural Waste.
Water supply and sanitary engineering seminar reportTalhaManasiya
Uncontrolled pollution will destroy the ecosystem
and the process is irrecoverable. Hence the goal of
solid waste management is to minimise hazards to
environment due to indiscriminate disposal of
solid wastes. Based on the knowledge of solid
waste generation, characteristics and treatment
methods, certain materials can be recovered or re-
used and electrical energy can be generated.
In ensuring better sanitary environments for the people and promoting their general
health, the proper collection of refuse (solid waste), its haulage, treatment and
disposal with minimum possible nuisance or risk to public health are fundamental to
'solid waste management'.
solid waste is defined as “non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & sometimes hazardous substances”
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
One in every ten people is suffering from kidney related diseases and Approx 1.50 lakh new kidney patients are added every year.Investigating an outbreak and to find the susceptibles in an area 'ii be a great achievement.
Worlds largest and unique early childhood development programme Introduced on 2nd October 1975 has so many positive outcomes till date but yet to achieve its objectives....
A Successful Project Proposal helps the Organisation to explain to the authority, why they are fit for a proposal,their plan of action,time-line for execution with Budget.
Maternal Near Miss Operational GuidelinesRajesh Ludam
Maternal Near Miss guidelines is designed for the program managers at different levels of public health system.to provide quality services and identify the best practices.
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Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Disposal of Wastes
1. :- Disposal Of Wastes -:
Dr Rajesh Kumar Ludam,
P.G Student,
Dept Of Community Medicine
V.S.S.M.C.H
2. Solid Wastes
The term "solid wastes" includes-:
- garbage (food wastes),rubbish (paper, plastics,
wood, metal, throw-away containers, glass)
- demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes),
- sewage treatment residue (sludge and solids
from the coarse screening of domestic sewage),
- dead animals, manure
- and other discarded material.
It should not contain night soil.
The output of daily waste depends upon the
dietary habits, life styles, living standards and the
degree of urbanization and industrialization (0.25
TO 2.5 kg Daily).
3. Solid waste, if allowed to accumulate, is a
health hazard because-:
a. it decomposes and favours fly breeding
b. it attracts rodents and vermin
c. the pathogens which may be present in the
solid waste may be conveyed back to man's
food through flies and dust
d. there is a possibility of water and soil
pollution, and
e. heaps of refuse present an unsightly
Therefore, in all civilized countries, there is an
efficient system for its periodic collection,
removal and final disposal without risk to
health.
4. Sources of Refuse
Refuse that is collected by the street cleansing
service or scavenging is called street refuse.
Refuse that is collected from markets is called
market refuse.
Refuse that is collected from stables is called
stable litter.
Industrial refuse comprises a wide variety of
wastes ranges from completely inert materials
such as calcium carbonate to highly toxic and
explosive compounds.
The domestic refuse consists of ash, rubbish
and garbage.
5. Storage
1.) The “galvanized steel dustbin” with close
fitting cover is a suitable receptacle for storage of
refuse.
The capacity of a bin will depend upon the
number of users and frequency of collection.
The output of refuse per capita per day in India is
estimated to vary from 1/10 to I/20 c.ft
For a family of 5 members, a bin having a
capacity of 5/10 or 1/2 c.ft would be needed. If
collection is done once in 3 days, a bin having a
capacity of 1½, or 2 c.ft would be adequate.
2.) A recent innovation in the western countries is
the "paper sack”
6. 3.) Public Bins: Public bins cater for a larger
number of people.
They are usually without cover in India and
are kept on a concrete platform raised 2 to 3
inches above ground level to prevent flood
water entering bins.
In bigger municipalities, the bins are handled
and emptied mechanically by lorries fitted
with cranes.
7. Collection
The method of collection depends upon the
funds available.
House-to-house collection is by far the best
method of collecting refuse.
People are expected to dump the refuse in
the nearest public bin, which is usually not
done.
The collection methods normally practised in
this country need drastic revision and
improvement in the interest of better hygiene.
The Environmental Hygiene Committee
(1949) recommended that municipalities and
other local bodies should arrange for
8. The open refuse cart should be abandoned
and replaced by enclosed vans.
Mechanical transport should be used
wherever possible as it is more practical and
economical than the 19th century methods.
There is a wide variety of refuse collection
vehicles of all shapes and sizes.
The latest arrival in the western countries is
the "Dustless Refused Collector" which has a
totally enclosed body.
9. Methods of Disposal-:
The principal methods of refuse disposal
are :-
(a) Dumping
(b) Controlled tipping or sanitary land-fill
(c) Incineration
(d) Composting
(e) Manure pits
(f) Burial.
The choice of a particular method is governed by
local factors such as cost and availability of land
and labour.
10. Dumping
Refuse is dumped in low lying areas partly as
a method of reclamation of land but mainly as
an easy method of disposal of dry refuse.
As a result of bacterial action, refuse
decreases considerably in volume and is
converted gradually into humus.
A WHO Expert Committee (7967)
condemned dumping as "a most insanitary
method that creates public health hazards, a
nuisance, and severe pollution of the
environment".
11. The drawbacks of open dumping are:
(1) the refuse is exposed to flies and rodents
(2) it is a source of nuisance from the smell
and unsightly appearance.
(3) the loose refuse is dispersed by the action
of the wind
and
(4) drainage from dumps contributes to the
pollution of surface and ground water.
12. Controlled Tipping
Controlled tipping or sanitary landfill is the
most satisfactory method of refuse disposal
where suitable land is available.
It differs from ordinary dumping in that the
material are placed in a trench or other
prepared area, adequately compacted, and
covered with earth at the end of the working
day.
The term "modified sanitary landfill" has been
applied to those operations where
compaction and covering are accomplished
once or twice a week.
13. Three methods are used in this operation :
1) The trench method: Where leveI ground is
available.
- A long trench is dug out - 2 to 3 m (6-10 ft.)
deep and 4 to 12 m. (12-36 ft.) wide,
depending upon local conditions. The refuse
is compacted and covered with excavated
earth.
2) The ramp method : This method is well
suited where the terrain is moderately
sloping.
14. (3) The area method: This method is used for
filling land depressions, disused quarries and
clay pits.
- The refuse is deposited, packed and
consolidated in uniform layers up to 2 to 2.5
m (6-8 ft.) deep.
- Each layer is sealed on its exposed surface
with a mud cover at least 30 cm (12 inches)
thick.
- Such sealing prevents infestation by flies and
rodents and suppresses the nuisance of
smell and dust.
- This method often has the disadvantage of
requiring supplemental earth from outside
15. Chemical, bacteriological and physical
changes occur in buried refuse.
The temperature rises to over 60 deg. C within
7 days and kills all the pathogens and hastens
the decomposition process.
Then it takes 2 to 3 weeks to cool down.
Normally it takes 4 to 6 months for complete
decomposition of organic matter into an
innocuous mass.
The bulldozer achieves the tasks of spreading
trimming and spreading top soil.
16. Incineration
disposing hygienically by burning or
incineration.
It is the method of choice where suitable land
is not available.
Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous
is best disposed of by incineration.
A preliminary separation of dust or ash is
needed.
All this involves heavy outlay and expenditure,
besides manipulative difficulties in the
incinerator.
loss to the community in terms of the much
18. Composting
Composting is a method of combined disposal
of refuse and night-soil or sludge.
It is a process of nature whereby organic
matter breaks down under bacterial action
resulting in the formation of relatively stable
humus-like material, called the compost which
has considerable manurial value for the soil.
The principal by-products
are carbon dioxide,
water and heat.
19. The following methods of composting are now
used :
- Bangalore method (Anaerobic method)
- Mechanical composting (Aerobic
method)
1)Bangalore Method-:
Trenches are dug 90 cm (3 ft.) deep, 1.5 to 2.5
m (5-8 ft.) broad and 4.5 to 10 m (15-30 ft.)
long, depending upon the amount of refuse
and night soil to be disposed of.
The pits should be located not less than 800 m
(712 mile) from city limits.
20. The composting procedure is as
follows :
- First a layer of refuse about 15 cm (6 in) thick
is spread at the bottom of the trench.
- Over this ,night-soil is added corresponding to
a thickness of 5 cm (2 in).
- Then alternate layers of refuse and night-soil
are added in the proportion of 15 cm (6 in) and
5 cm (2 in) respectively, till the heap rises to
30 cm (1 ft.) above the ground level.
- The top layer should be of refuse, at least 25
cm (9 in) thickness.
- Then the heap is covered with excavated
earth.
“If properly laid, a man's legs will not sink when
walking over the compost mass”
21. 2)Mechanical Composting-:
The refuse is first cleared of salvageable
materials such as rags, bones, metal, glass
and items which are likely to interfere with the
grinding operation.
It is then pulverised in a pulverising
equipment in order to reduce the size of
particles to less than 2 inches.
The entire process of composting is complete
in 4 to 6 weeks.
22. Manure Pits
The problem of refuse disposal in rural areas
can be solved by digging 'manure pits' by the
individual householders.
The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves
should be dumped into the manure pits and
covered with earth after each day‘s dumping.
Two such pits will be needed, when one is
closed, the other will be in use.
In 5 to 6 month's time, the refuse is converted
into manure which can be returned to the field.
23. Burial
This method is suitable for small camps.
A trench 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep is
excavated, and at the end of each day the
refuse is covered with 20 to 30 cm of earth.
When the level in the trench is 40 cm from
ground level, the trench is filled with earth and
compacted, and a new trench is dug out.
24. Excreta Disposal
The HEALTH HAZARDS of improper excreta
disposal are : (1) soil pollution
(2)pollution
(3) contamination of foods
and
(4) propagation of flies.
The resulting diseases are typhoid and
paratyphoid i.e.-: dysenteries, diarrhoeas,
cholera, hookworm disease. Ascariasis,viral
hepatitis and similar other intestinal infections
and parasitic infestations.
27. Methods of Disposal
There are a number of methods of excreta disposal.
Some are applicable to un-sewered areas, and some
to sewered areas.
1) SERVICE TYPE LATRINES (CONSERVANCY
SYSTEM)
2) NON_SERVICE TYPE (SANITARY LATRINES)
(a) Bore hole latrine (b) Dug well or pit latrine
(c) Water-seal type of latrines
(i) PR.A.l. type
(ii) R.C.A. type
(iii) Sulabh Shauchalaya
(d) Septic tank (e) Aqua privy
3. LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND
TEMPORARY USE
(a) Shallow trench latrine (b) Deep trench latrine
28. Sewered areas-:
1. WATER_CARRIAGE SYSTEM AND SEWAGE
TREATMENT
(a) Primary Treatment
Screening
Removal of grit
Plain Sedimentation
(b) Secondary Treatment
Trickling filters
Activated sludge process
(c) Other Methods:
(i) Sea outfall
(ii) River outfall
(iii) Sewage farming
(iv) Oxidation ponds.
38. The oxidation pond is an open, shallow pool
1 to 1.5 m (3-5 ft.) deep with an inlet and
outlet.
To qualify as an oxidation pond there must be
the presence of (1) algae (2) certain types of
bacteria which feed on decaying organic
matter, and (3) sun-light.
has been referred to by many different names
– waste stabilization pond, redox pond,
sewage lagoons, etc. The term "waste
stabilization pond" is more appropriate.
Over 50 ponds are working at present in
India.
The first large-scale installation was the one
39. The oxidation ponds are predominantly
aerobic during sunshine hours as well as
some hours of the night. In the remaining
hours of the night, the bottom layers are
generally anaerobic.
Thus the sewage purification in oxidation
ponds is brought about by a combination of
aerobic and anaerobic types of bacteria.
Mosquito nuisance is avoided by keeping
weed growth in the neighbourhood of
oxidation ponds to a minimum and the water
line free from marginal vegetation.
There is no odour nuisance associated with
these ponds when they are properly
maintained.