LOCATION: WALL OF GUT
NEURONS: 100 MILLIONS
GIT MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS
COMPOSED: TWO PLEXUSES
OUTER PLEXUS (MYENTERIC AND AUERBACH'S PLEXUS)
INNER PLEXUS (MEISSNER'S PLEXUS AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS)
MYENTERIC PLEXUS
GI MOVEMENTS
SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
SECRETION AND LOCAL BLOOD FLOW
LOCATION: WALL OF GUT
NEURONS: 100 MILLIONS
GIT MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS
COMPOSED: TWO PLEXUSES
OUTER PLEXUS (MYENTERIC AND AUERBACH'S PLEXUS)
INNER PLEXUS (MEISSNER'S PLEXUS AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS)
MYENTERIC PLEXUS
GI MOVEMENTS
SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
SECRETION AND LOCAL BLOOD FLOW
Enteric nervous system - GIT physiology, EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY, Meissner's and myenteric's plexus.
local reflex, short reflex. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supply of GIT. Functions of the plexuses.
Autonomic nervous system—arrangement, function, pain,visceral sensebilityRobin Victor
The Autonomic Nervous System is vital in maintainence of the internal environment of the body in the balanced state.
Its main components that is the sympathetic and the parasympathetic system work in both complementary and antagonistic manner to achieve this.
Effect is brought about by various neurotransmitters which act on different receptors situated in many organs of the body.
Dysfunction of ANS gives rise to widespread disorders as discussed
Enteric nervous system - GIT physiology, EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY, Meissner's and myenteric's plexus.
local reflex, short reflex. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supply of GIT. Functions of the plexuses.
Autonomic nervous system—arrangement, function, pain,visceral sensebilityRobin Victor
The Autonomic Nervous System is vital in maintainence of the internal environment of the body in the balanced state.
Its main components that is the sympathetic and the parasympathetic system work in both complementary and antagonistic manner to achieve this.
Effect is brought about by various neurotransmitters which act on different receptors situated in many organs of the body.
Dysfunction of ANS gives rise to widespread disorders as discussed
Nervous system and mechanism of pain sensationDeepa jinan
summary of nervous system, including peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, a brief on nerve anatomy and functioning,gate control theory, mechanism of dental pain
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
An extensive review over current technology, possibilities and ethical implications in the area of neuronal implants.
Topics include:
- different forms of neuronal implants
- problems with current technology
- future possibilities
enteric nervous system (ENS)
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a quasi autonomous part of the nervous system and includes a number of neural circuits that control motor functions, local blood flow, mucosal transport and secretions, and modulates immune and endocrine functions. Although these functions operate in concert and are functionally interlinked, it is useful to consider the neural circuits involved in each separately.1 This short summary will concentrate mainly on the neural circuits involved in motor control.2 The enteric neural circuits are composed of enteric neurones arranged in networks of enteric ganglia connected by interganglionic strands. Most enteric neurones involved in motor functions are located in the myenteric plexus with some primary afferent neurones located in the submucous plexus. As in all nervous systems involved in sensory-motor control, the ENS comprises primary afferent neurones, sensitive to chemical and mechanical stimuli, interneurones and motorneurones that act on the different effector cells including smooth muscle, pacemaker cells, blood vessels, mucosal glands, and epithelia, and the distributed system of intestinal cells involved in immune responses and endocrine and paracrine functions. The muscular apparatus is organised in muscle layers made up of large collections of smooth muscle cells interconnected electrically via gap junctions to operate as larger functional mechanical units. The membrane potential of smooth muscle is driven to oscillate (slow waves) by a syncytial network of pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal) probably also via gap junctions.5 As the action potentials of the smooth muscles, and thus their associated muscle contraction, do not appear to propagate over long distances, the coordination of muscle activity over long distances is highly dependent on the spatiotemporal patterns of the slow wave generated by the pacemaker networks. The myogenic patterns of activity can support propulsive behaviour, for example in the antrum and in the duodenum. It is on this spontaneously active muscular apparatus that the enteric motor circuits play their roles in shaping different motor patterns. The neural apparatus is composed of a large number of enteric neurones that can be identified according to their location, neurochemistry, shape, projections, proportions, connections, and function. After intensive research from several laboratories over the past two decades, a full description of all functional classes of enteric neurones has been recently achieved in the guinea pig small intestine (fig 1).6 The strategy included the development of methods combining immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, retrograde tracing, neuronal filling, lesion techniques, and pharmacological analysis.
The enteric neurons:
PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONES
EXCITATORY CIRCULAR MUSCLE MOTORNEURONES
DESCENDING INTERNEURONES
There are several classes of descending interneurones that comprise about 7% of the total.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
7. The classification of enteric neurons according to
their morphological characteristics
1. DOGIEL TYPE – 1 NEURONS :
uniaxonal and have several short dendrites
2. DOGIEL TYPE – 2 NEURONS :
have smooth cell bodies and multiple axons
Brehmer, A., Schrödl, F., and Neuhuber, W. (1999). Morphological classifications of enteric neurons -
100 years after Dogiel. Anat. Embryol. (Berl). 200: 125–135.
8. TYPES NUMBER OF
PROCESSES
DENDRITES EXAMPLES FUNCTION
DOGIEL TYPE 1
NEURONS
4-20 DENDRITES
1 Axon
Short, thick
,flat
1. Ascending interneurons
2. Descending interneurons
3. Longitudinal muscle motor
neurons
4. Excitatory circular muscle
motor neurons
5. Inhibitory circular muscle
motor neurons
Motor
DOGIEL TYPE 2
NEURONS
1-16 Dendrites
1-4 Axon
Long , thin .
Much longer
than type 1
dendrites
Primary afferent neurons
(PANs) or
Enteric primary afferent
neurons (EPANs) or
Intrinsic primary afferent
neurons (IPANs)
Sensor
(Secretomotor)
9. ENTERIC NEURONS
S.n
o
CELLS AND NEURONS NEUROTRANSMITT
ERS
FUNCTION
1. Enterochromaffin cell Serotonin Activates the IPANS via 5-HT3 receptors
2. IPAN’S Ach Initiates PERISTALIC and SECRETOMOTOR
REFLUX
3. Ascending myenteric
interneurons
Ach , Sub P Activates ascending interneurons
4. Descending myenteric
interneurons
Ach , Serotonin ,
ATP
Activates descending interneurons
5. Ascending EXCITATORY
interneurons
Ach , Sub P Elicits contraction of smooth muscle via M3
& NK1 receptors
6. Descending INHIBITORY
interneurons
VIP , NO ,NPY ,ATP Elicits relaxation of smooth muscles
7. Secretomotor and
Vasomotor neurons
Ach , VIP Elicits Vasodilation & Glandular secretion
10. S.no NEURONS NEUROTRANSMITT
ERS
FUNCTION
8. Modulatory myenteric
neurons
Serotonin Elicits presynaptic activation of Ach
release via 5-HT4 receptors
9. Modulatory myenteric
neurons
dopamine Elicits presynaptic inhibition of Ach
release by activation of D2 receptor
10. Vagal preganglionic
neuron
( from CNS )
Ach Activates MYENTERIC and
SUBMUCOSAL ganglionic neurons via
NICOTINIC receptors
11. Sympathetic prevertebral
neuron
Nor-Adrenaline Inhibits secretion and
vasoconstriction
Benarroch, E.E. (2007). Enteric nervous system: Functional organization and
neurologic implications. Neurology 69: 1953–1957
11. Primary afferent neurons / enteric primary afferent neurons
(EPANs)
Present in submucosal ganglia and myenteric ganglia
These neurons responds to
luminal chemical stimuli
Mechanical deformation of the mucosa
---microbes &inflammation causes mucosal
damage /injury
Muscle tension ---- condition in which muscles of the
body remain semi-contraction for an extended period
12. LUMINAL CHEMICAL STIMULI( cholera toxin , heat liable enterotoxin( E.Coli ) .
MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF MUCOSA
MUSCLE TENSION
• ACTIVATES
• ENTERIC CHROMAFFIN CELL
RELEASE
SEROTONIN
STIMULATES
5-HT RECEPTORS IN SUBMUCOSAL IPANS
LEADS TO INITIATION OF
PERISTALIC AND SECRETORIC REFLEXS
13. Serotonin
5-HT is a key mediator of sensory and motor function in the GI
tract
> 95% 5- HT in the body is contained within enteric nervous system
PERISTALIC REFLUX
PROXIMAL CONTRACTION 5-HT DISTAL RELAXATION
Stimulation of 5-HT4 receptor Stimulation of 5-HT 3 receptor
on IPANS on IPANS
Activation of interneurons Activation of interneurons containing
containing Ach &CGRP NO & VIP
Increased contractility decreased contractility
17. SECRETORY
REFLUX
Physio of Gastric & Intestinal Secretions ,
memorang
Secretomotor neurons
activated by Ach
released by the IPAN’s
and also activated by
Ach released from the
parasympathetic
(vagus neuron/ Cranial
nerve X ) neuron
causes the activation
of secretomotor
neuron releases the
Ach and VIP which act
on secretory glands
causes secretion
18. ENTERO TOXINS: Cholera toxin
(CT) is produced by vibrio cholerae and
is responsible for cholera, which is a
serious
epidemic disease characterized by
severe diarrhoea and dehydration
CT-induced intestinal secretion is
mediated by 5-HT release from
enterochromaffin cells .
Released 5-HT induces water and
electrolyte
secretion via stimulation of 5-HT2
receptors on enterocytes.
5-HT activates afferent sensory nerves
mainly through stimulation of 5-HT3
and 5-HT4 receptors.
They project to the myenteric plexus
and are also directly connected to
secretomotor neurons.
CT-induced secretion can be blocked by
Popoff, M.R., and Poulain, B. (2010). Bacterial
toxins and the nervous system: Neurotoxins and
multipotential toxins interacting with neuronal
cells. Toxins (Basel). 2: 683–737.
19. ENS : is refered as SECOND BRAIN of our
boby
GUT contain 100 - 300 million neurons
Because has its own peristalic and secretory
reflexes, independent of the brain and
spinal cord
The enteric nervous system includes efferent neurons ,
afferent neurons, and interneurons, which make the enteric
nervous system capable of carrying reflexes and acting
an integrating center in the absence of CNS input.
20. REFERENCE
1. BENARROCH, E.E. (2007). ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION AND
NEUROLOGIC IMPLICATIONS. NEUROLOGY 69: 1953–1957.
2. GWYNNE, R.M., AND BORNSTEIN, J.C. (2007). SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AT
FUNCTIONALLY IDENTIFIED SYNAPSES IN THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: ROLES FOR BOTH
IONOTROPIC AND METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS. CURR. NEUROPHARMACOL. 5: 1–17.
3. POPOFF, M.R., AND POULAIN, B. (2010). BACTERIAL TOXINS AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
NEUROTOXINS AND MULTIPOTENTIAL TOXINS INTERACTING WITH NEURONAL CELLS. TOXINS
(BASEL). 2: 683–737.
4. COSTA, M. (2000). ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. GUT
47: 15IV–19.
5. BREHMER, A., SCHRÖDL, F., AND NEUHUBER, W. (1999). MORPHOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENTERIC NEURONS - 100 YEARS AFTER DOGIEL. ANAT. EMBRYOL.
(BERL). 200: 125–135.
