Stapedial artery persistence is an uncommon issue to encounter in ordinary ear, nose, and throat practice.
If they are, they typically show up as a pulsatile mass or as a sneaky discovery. Due to the condition’s rarity, most
individuals are asymptomatic, but occasionally it can induce vertigo, pulsatile tinnitus, or conductive hearing loss
in certain people. We hereby present a case of incidental discovery of a persistent stapedial artery in a patient with
complaints of nasal obstruction.
ECochG is a variant of brainstem audio evoked response (ABR) where the recording electrode is placed as close as practical to the cochlea. We will use the abbreviation ECOG and ECochG interchangeably below. ECOG is preferable to us as it is shorter.
ECOG is intended to diagnose Meniere's disease, and particular, hydrops (swelling of the inner ear). ECOG may also be abnormal in perilymph fistula, and in superior canal dehiscence. The common feature connecting these illnesses is an imbalance in pressure between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartment of the inner ear.
ECOG can also be used to show that the cochlea is normal, in persons who are deaf. The cochlear microphonic of ECOG may be normal in auditory neuropathy (Santarelli and Arslan 2002) as well as other disorders in which the cochlea is preserved but the auditory nerve is damaged (Yokoyama, Nishida et al. 1999).
Finally, ECOG's have also been used to as a indicator of the temporary threshold shift that may follow noise injury (Nam et al, 2004).
Stapedial artery persistence is an uncommon issue to encounter in ordinary ear, nose, and throat practice.
If they are, they typically show up as a pulsatile mass or as a sneaky discovery. Due to the condition’s rarity, most
individuals are asymptomatic, but occasionally it can induce vertigo, pulsatile tinnitus, or conductive hearing loss
in certain people. We hereby present a case of incidental discovery of a persistent stapedial artery in a patient with
complaints of nasal obstruction.
ECochG is a variant of brainstem audio evoked response (ABR) where the recording electrode is placed as close as practical to the cochlea. We will use the abbreviation ECOG and ECochG interchangeably below. ECOG is preferable to us as it is shorter.
ECOG is intended to diagnose Meniere's disease, and particular, hydrops (swelling of the inner ear). ECOG may also be abnormal in perilymph fistula, and in superior canal dehiscence. The common feature connecting these illnesses is an imbalance in pressure between the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartment of the inner ear.
ECOG can also be used to show that the cochlea is normal, in persons who are deaf. The cochlear microphonic of ECOG may be normal in auditory neuropathy (Santarelli and Arslan 2002) as well as other disorders in which the cochlea is preserved but the auditory nerve is damaged (Yokoyama, Nishida et al. 1999).
Finally, ECOG's have also been used to as a indicator of the temporary threshold shift that may follow noise injury (Nam et al, 2004).
BRAINSTEM EVOKED RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY (BERA), AUDIOTORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE (ABR)Girish S
Neurologic objective, noninvasive test of auditory brainstem function in response to auditory (click) stimuli. It’s a set of seven positive waves recorded during the first 10 milli seconds after a click stimuli. They are labeled as I - VII. Also called Jewet bumps.
BRAINSTEM EVOKED RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY (BERA), AUDIOTORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE (ABR)Girish S
Neurologic objective, noninvasive test of auditory brainstem function in response to auditory (click) stimuli. It’s a set of seven positive waves recorded during the first 10 milli seconds after a click stimuli. They are labeled as I - VII. Also called Jewet bumps.
Largest part of hind brain.
Called “ silent area/Little Brain ”
Weight- 150 gms.
Cerebellar cortex is a large folded sheet, each fold is called Folium.
Connected to brain stem by 3 pairs of peduncles- Superior (Brachium conjunctiva), Middle (Brachium Pontis) & Inferior (Restiform body) peduncle.
laryngeal paralysis is a specific issue ENT have to deal with.
It is a sign of Disease and not a final diagnosis, should a patient present with the symptoms it is prudent to investigate and find cause of the paralysis
these emergencies often present to family practitioner...
some are trivial to the medical professional but are serious for the patient, while most are acute emergencies that require prompt referral and management to prevent further complications
pictures taken from google images...
Facial nerve traumatic injury and repairsarita pandey
knowledge of anatomy of facial nerve is essential for ENT practitioner,
the worldwide acknowledged high trauma in south africa often results in head and neck injuries, resulting in facial nerve injury
summary of the anatomy, classifications of injuries, and management principles touched upon
indepth surgical procedures out of scope of this slideshow
Granulomatous conditions in ENT are rare conditions that we come in contact with, we tend to overlook them because they are so rare, however some of the conditions like TB and syphillis and Mucormycosis of the Nose and PNS are seen in our clinics
this is a good summary from scotts brown chapter
the fascial planes of the neck is very important in the spread and containment of infections, as well as being surgical dissection plane during neck surgery.
infections are rare but need to be identified early and treated appropriately to reduce the mortality and morbidity
this is a slightly well illustrated ppt of the previously uploaded one in february 2015
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
provides orientation in
3D space
Modification of muscle
tone & Balance
Essential for coordinates
of motor response, eye
movement & posture
Sense of Balance poorly
represented in centres of
consciousness
4. Vestibular system
Peripheral part located in
labyrinth, inner ear
Vestibule & semicircular
canals dilations & carvings
within petrous temporal
(perilymph)
Memb labyrinth similar in
shape but smaller
(endolymph)
Stria vascularis in cochlear
duct & secretory cells in
transitional epithelium
produce endolymph
Membranous labyrinth
related to vestibular fxn
consist of 3 semicircular
ducts, Utricle and Saccule
Within these structures
there are neuroepithelial
cells = peripheral receptors
of vestibular system
7. Macula
Each macula is a small area of sensory epithelium. The ciliary
bundles of the sensory cells project into the overlying statoconial
membrane. The statoconial membrane is comprised of 3 layers,
as follows:
The otoconial first layer
The second layer is a gelatinous area of mucopolysaccharide gel.
The third layer consists of subcopula meshwork.
The otoconia appear to be produced by the supporting cells of
the sensory epithelium and to be resorbed by the dark cell
region.
On a morphologic basis, each macula can be divided into 2 areas
by a narrow curved zone that extends through its middle. This
zone has been termed the striola.
8. Crista ampullaris
Consists of a crest of
sensory epithelium
supported on a mound
of connective tissue
Bulbous wedge shaped,
gelatinous mass called
cupula surmounts the
crista
Cilia of sensory cells
project into cupula
11. INNERVATION
Efferent innervation from the e group nucleus of the
brainstem. (200 cell bodies located lateral to abducens
nucleus)
Fibers project ipsilaterally, contralaterally & bilaterally
Travel in ventral part of vestibular nerve
Parasympathetic innervation from intermediate nerve
fibers that become part of vestibular nerve near the
vestibular ganglion after passing through geniculate
ganglion of CNVII
Post Ganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion
Non vascular sympathetic fibers travel along myelinated
afferent fibers. But do not innervate sensory epithelium of
vestibular organs
12. Vestibular nerve
Branches into superior
division that innervates
the ant & horizontal
cristae ampullares and
utricular macula
Inferior division that
innervates post crista
ampullaris & saccular
macula
13. OORT’s ANASTOMOSIS
The vestibulocochlear anastomosis was first described
in 1918 by von Oort. It is situated deeply at the bottom
of the internal acoustic meatus, and spreads from the
saccular nerve before its terminal ramifications, to the
cochlear nerve before its penetration into the cochlea.
Nerve fibers of the cochlear efferent system are
thought to pass through it.
VOIT’s nerve (branch of superior vestibular nerve
running to the saccular macula. Also known as
superiour saccular nerve
14. VESTIBULAR NUCLEAR COMPLEX
4 Nuclei lie on lateral recess of rhomboid fossa
Lateral nucleus contains largest cells, inferior nucleus
contains smallest cells.
Form two distinct cell columns
Medial vestibular nucleus is largest forms medial cell
column
Superior, lateral & inferior vestibular nuclei form
lateral cell column
Most of nublei and interconnected through
commisural system
15. Vestibular nuclei complex contd
Electrical stim of utricular macula evokes excitation in
ipsilateral secondary vestibular neurons & inhibition
in >50% of contralateral secondary vestibular neurons
Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
Parasolitary nucleus
Nucleus X
Nucleus Z
16. VESTIBULAR GANGLIA
2 Ganglia, one on each side
Cell bodies of afferents innervating peripheral
vestibular apparatus
Each ganglion contains abt 20000 cells
Divided into superior & inferior part united by
isthmus
Peripheral processes from sup ganglion innervate
ampullary crests of sup & lateral semicircular ducts &
macula of utricle
Inf ganglion innervate macula of saccule
17. Vestibular ganglia contd
•Central processes from
vestibular ganglion form the
vestibular nerve
•Together with cochlear nerve,
vestibular nerve courses in the
internal auditory meatus as
vestibulocochlear nerve
•Passes through
cerebellopontine angle and
enter the pons to terminate in
vestibular nuclear complex
•Few fibers pass directly to
flocculo nodular lobe of
cerebellum
•(primary vestibular fibers)
18. Secondary vestibular fibers
From medial and inferior vestibular nuclei destined for
flucculo nodular nobe and uvula
Form all vestibular nuclei travelling within medial
longitudinal fasciculus to reach cranial nerve motor
nerve nuclei (innervating extraocular muscles & axial
musculature of the neck)
Form the lateral vestibular nucleus to all spinal levels
(forms lateral vestibulospinal tract)
19. Vestibulo- autonomic control
Radtke et al (2003), subjected patients to abrupt
head acceleration
Concluded that a delayed increase of HR in
response to postural challenge occurred in patients
with vestibular loss
20. VESTIBULAR PROJECTIONS TO THALAMUS
Originate from rostral part of vestibular nuclear
complex
Destined to VPL,VPM,VPI (ventrobasal thalamus)
Neurons respond to stimulation of deep
proprioceptors and joint receptors as well as vestibular
inputs
21. Vestibular-Hippocampal interactions
Hippocampus thought to be nb for spatial
representation processes that depend on integration
of both self movement & allocentric cues
Vestibular system is Nb source of self movement info
Various parts of thalamus likely to transmit vestibular
information to hippocampus ?via parietal cortex
More direct pathways possible.
Studies demonstrate the nb of vestibular hippocampal
interaction for hippocampal fxn, but also suggest
hippocampus nb site for compensation of v. fxn
following lesions (peripheral or central)
22. ?VESTIBULAR CORTEX?
Does it exist?
Different areas of primate cortex have been named
“vestibular”
Guldin & Gurusser defined in 3 diff primate series
Similar pattern exist in human
Area 2v at tip of intraparietal sulcus, area 3v in central
sulcus, parietoinsular vestibular cortex next to post
insula and area 7 in inferior parietal lobule involved in
vestibular information processing
23. VESTIBULAR SYSTEM & AGING
Falling & loss of balance among geriatric population
frequent & serious problem
Attributed to the progressive deterioration of anatomical
components of vestibular system
Study investigating quantitive diff in num, density or type
of hair cells or length of crista ampullaris in young & aged
gerbils no diff found. Cause of vestibular dysfxn during
aging should be looked for elsewhere.
Study regardign age related change in num of neurons in
human vestibular ganglion proved that decline in prim
neurons exist (anatomical basis of increased incidence of
balance seen in age