This document contains notes from an English class. It discusses various patterns of organization that writers use, including classification/division, cause and effect, comparison/contrast, steps in a process, examples/illustration, chronological order, and listing. Examples are provided for each pattern. Students also learned about using transitions to link ideas. They had a discussion and activities related to transitions, patterns of organization, and comparing Lincoln and Kennedy. For homework, students were assigned a transitions and patterns of organization activity.

1. English 83R
Week 7, Day 1
October 8, 2013
English 83R Mrs. E. Buchanan

2. What is an implied main
idea?
a. It is a sentence directly stated in the paragraph – the
author’ main point.
b. The reader must determine what the author is implying
or referring to because it is not directly stated in the
paragraph.
c. It is the first sentence of each paragraph.
Please place your homework on the counter after you have
clicked in: Habits Ch. 7 comprehension questions.
Please pick up Vocabulary List #5

3. Agenda
• Vocabulary List #5
• Habits, Ch. 7 Questions
• Patterns of Organization #1-4
• Literature Circle #4 (If time permits)

4. Vocabulary list #5
• Vocabulary List #5
• While I am grading the homework, you will get into very small
groups (approximately 3).
• We will count off from 1-10 to determine which group you are in.
• You will look up the word that corresponds to the group number
you received.
• For example, group 1 will look up “moral,” group 2 will look up
“fickle” and so forth.
• Write one sentence for that word.
• Next, you will write the definition and word in a sentence on the
board.

5. Vocab Clicker Questions
• Of the vocabulary words, pick one that you have not
heard of or think may be difficult to understand or
remember.
a. 1-2
b. 3-4
c. 5-6
d. 7-8
e. 9-10

6. Habits Ch. 7 Questions
• We will count off to 7 to create groups. In your groups,
you will concentrate on one question only.
• For example, Group 1 will review the answers for
question #1 “Why is it that if shoppers start out eating
healthy food, they will eventually purchase “Doritos,
Oreos, and frozen pizza?”
• Review your answers, determine if you need to add more
to your answers. One person from each group will write
the answer on the board.

7. Habit Clicker Questions
• Which question was the most difficult from Habits?
a. Questions 1-2
b. Questions 3-4
c. Questions 5-6
d. Question 7

8. TRANSITIONS

9. Transitions
• Authors use two common methods to show connections,
or relationships, between ideas.
• These two methods are transitions and patterns of
organization.

10. Transitions
• We all use transition words all the time – everyday -
when you have a conversation with someone. You might
be talking at the dinner table with your family. You start
out talking about your day at school, perhaps your
midterm grades and other school related topics. The next
thing you realize is that you are now talking about your
upcoming spring break vacation. How did you jump
topics during your conversation? By using transition
words to get there.

11. Transitions
• The conversation might go like this:
• Mom: How was your day at school, Johnny?
• Johnny: First of all, I went to my English 83R class, took
my vocab quiz, and got an A. After class, I went to the
library to start working on my essay. Next, I went to
lunch with Joey, and finally I went to the travel agency to
pick up tickets for our trip to Cancun.

12. Transitions
• During reading, it is important to pay special attention to
transition words.
• These special words show the relationships between ideas
within sentences and within paragraphs

13. Transitions
• Look at the sentences below. Which one is easier to read
and understand?
• Naomi was happy to find out that she is having a baby
boy. She needs to paint the nursery because the walls are
pink. She will have new carpet installed. She will buy a
new crib.
• Naomi was happy to find out that she is having a baby
boy. First of all , she needs to paint the nursery. Next she
will have new carpet installed. Finally, she will buy a new
crib.

14. Transitions
• Sentence number one did not make sense
• The addition of the transition words First, next, finally in
the second paragraph makes the situation clear.
• Although Naomi is happy to be having a boy, she now
needs to paint, install new carpet, and buy a crib.

15. Transitions
• Transitions are words or phrases (like first of all) that
show relationships between ideas. They are like signs on
the road that guide travelers.
• Writers often signal a change in topic with a transition
word or phrase that serves as a link or bridge from one
thought to the next one.
• Now let’s discuss patterns or organization – through this
lesson you will see how transition words are used.

16. INTRODUCTION TO PATTERNS
OF ORGANIZATION

17. Patterns of Organization
• Write about the things you did 15 minutes before class
until now. Write them in order.
• Read what you wrote aloud to each other. (Do this in
small groups.)
• What you just created is a “Steps in a Process” Pattern of
Organization (we will learn more about this pattern later
in the lesson.)

18. Patterns of Organization
• Writers organize their supporting sentences and ideas in
ways called Patterns of Organization.
• Just as transitions show relationships between ideas in
sentences, patterns of organization show the relationships
between supporting details in paragraphs, essays, and
chapters.
• Patterns of organization are structures our minds use all
the time.
• All of our thinking and communicating depend on
patterns of organization.

19. We are going to learn seven
different Patterns of Organization
• Classification/Division
• Cause & Effect
• Comparison &
Contrast
• Steps in a Process
• Examples/Illustration
• Chronological Order
• Listing

20. Classification/Division
• Classification is the process of organizing information
into categories.
• A category is created by noticing and defining group
characteristics.
• The categories we create make it easier to analyze,
discuss, and draw conclusions.

21. Classification/Division
• An example of classification is the Porterville College
Class Schedule
• http://www.portervillecollege.edu/13fall/index.html
• Can you give another example of classification? Discuss
this with the person sitting next to you.

22. Cause and Effect
• One thing causes another thing to happen.
• Cause and effect reasoning gives logical reasons that
answer why or how.
• A cause is a reason for something happening; an effect is
the result or outcome.
• Transition words: because, thus, therefore, as a result,
for this reason, to explain, consequently, hence, so, affect,
accordingly, due to, results in

23. Cause and Effect
• Narrator: It happened in the days before mail service and
telephones. A wealthy farmer took a long trip. When he
arrived home, he asked the first field hand he saw what
had happened while he was away. This is how their
conversation went:
• Field hand: Well, the dog died.
• Farmer: The dog died! How?

24. Cause and Effect
• Field Hand: The horses ran over him when they became
frightened and ran out of the barn.
• Farmer: What scared the horses? Why did they run?
• Field hand: They were running from the flames when the
barn caught on fire.

25. Cause and Effect
• Farmer: Good grief! How did the barn catch on fire?
• Field hand: Well, sir, flames jumped from the house and
caught the barn on fire.
• Farmer: From the house! Did the house burn down too?
• Field Hand: Yep, the house is gone too.

26. Cause and Effect
• Farmer: How on earth did the house burn down?
• Field Hand: You see, one of the candles around your wife’s
casket fell over and caught the house on fire.

27. Cause and Effect
• Because the candles on the wife’s casket fell over the …
• House burned down
• Because flames jumped from the house the…
• Barn caught on fire
• Because the horses were scared they…
• Ran over the dog

28. Comparison/Contrast
• A comparison shows the similarities between two or more
things.
• A contrast shows the differences.
• Comparison and contrast may be seen as separate patterns
of thought; however, they often work together.
• Transition words: as, like, similarly, in a similar manner,
likewise, in comparison, in a like manner, both

29. Comparison Words
In the cartoon above, the word resemble
helps show a comparison is being made.
Comparison words: but, yet, however,
although, nevertheless (p. 227)

30. Contrast words
Contrast words show that things differ in one or more ways. In the
cartoon, the speaker is contrasting two ways to die.
Contrast words: but, yet, however; although, nevertheless, instead, in
contrast, on the other hand, while, unlike, despite (p. 229)
Compare & Contrast Activity: Lincoln vs. Kennedy

31. Let’s Review
(Get out your clickers)
Which pattern is used to analyze, discuss, and
draw conclusions?
a. comparison/contrast
b. Cause and effect
c. Classification/division

32. More Review
The Lincoln-Kennedy assignment was an
example of which pattern of organization?
a. comparison/contrast
b. Cause and effect
c. Classification/division

33. And more review
What is the cause and effect pattern of
organization?
a. One thing causes another thing to
happen
b. It is comparing two different things
c. It is putting items into a category

34. Patterns of Organization
Which pattern of organization is still
unclear to you?
a. Classification and division
b. Compare and Contrast
c. Cause and Effect

35. Homework For Thursday
• Transitions and Patterns of Organization Activity