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Patterns Of Organization Compare Contrast Cause Effect
The document discusses two patterns of organization in writing: cause and effect, and compare and contrast. It provides examples of words and phrases that signal these patterns to the reader. For cause and effect, words like "because", "result", and "lead to" indicate a cause followed by an effect. Compare and contrast structures use words like "similarly", "however", and "instead" to show how things are alike or different. Well-organized writing clearly guides the reader through these relationships between ideas.
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Patterns Of Organization Compare Contrast Cause Effect
- 1. PATTERNS OF Compare & Contrast Cause & Effect ORGANIZATION Karen Hamilton Silvestri, Instructional Specialist The Learning Center at Robeson Community College
- 2. Cause and Effect Offers the cause of something and its effects Answers the question “Why?” Structure: A cause followed by an effect(s)
- 3. Words That ShowCause and Effect Which item below is easier to understand? A. The young woman decided to go away to school. Her boyfriend began talking about getting married. B. The young woman decided to go away to school because her boyfriend began talking about getting married.
- 4. Words That ShowCause and Effect Here are some common words that show cause and effect: Cause and Effect Words therefore so owing to because (of) thus (as a) result effect reason (as a) consequence results in cause explanation consequently leads to if…then accordingly due to since affect
- 5. Words That ShowCause and Effect • The first street traffic lights were created in 1920 by a Detroit policeman. He picked the colors red, yellow, and green because railroads used them. • Don’t eat an egg that has a crack in it. The reason is that the egg may be contaminated.
- 6. The Cause andEffect Pattern Cause Effect An author uses the cause and effect pattern to show why something happens or the effects of something that has happened.
- 7. The Cause andEffect Pattern A. As a result, federal authorities required that ships carry enough lifeboats to save everyone on board. B. The sinking of the ship Titanic led to safer sea travel. C.When the Titanic sank, many died because there were too few lifeboats.
- 8. The Cause andEffect Pattern Here is the logical order for the sentences on the last screen. The sinking of the ship Titanic led to safer sea travel. When the Titanic sank, many died because there were too few lifeboats. As a result, federal authorities required that ships carry enough lifeboats to save everyone on board.
- 9. Compare and Contrast Contrast: shows how two things are different Compare: shows how two things are the same A passage of comparison and contrast focuses on how two or more things are alike and different. Sometimes an author compares a familiar item with something that is less well-known.
- 10. Words and PhrasesUsed in Comparison and Contrast Words that signal a comparison Words that signal a contrast As however Also Although Like Whereas Alike In contrast Likewise Yet Resembles Differs from Similar Instead Just as Unlike Just like On the contrary Equally Different from Same both On the other hand
- 11. Words That ShowComparison Which item below is easier to understand? A. The computerized scanner has streamlined the supermarket checkout line. Computerized fingerprint identification allows the police to do in seconds what once took two hours. B. The computerized scanner has streamlined the supermarket checkout line. Similarly, computerized fingerprint identification allows the police to do in seconds what once took two hours.
- 12. Words That ShowComparison Here are some common words that show comparison: Comparison Words (just) as both in like fashion in a similar fashion (just) like equal(ly) in like manner in a similar manner alike resemble similar(ly) (in) the same way same likewise similarity (in) common
- 13. Words That ShowComparison • Both alligators and crocodiles use nerve-packed bumps in their jaws to sense the movement of nearby prey. • Surveys show that women who work out of the home and stay-at-home moms are equally concerned about their children’s welfare.
- 14. Words That ShowContrast Which item below is easier to understand? A. The company pays the manager handsomely. He doesn’t do much work. B. The company pays the manager handsomely even though he doesn’t do much work.
- 15. Words That ShowContrast Here are some common words that show contrast: Contrast Words but instead (of) even though difference yet in contrast as opposed to different(ly) however on the other hand in spite of differ (from) although on the contrary despite unlike nevertheless converse(ly) rather than while still opposite
- 16. Words That ShowContrast • Women communicate differently in the workplace than men do. • The average person can safely tolerate ten bee stings for each pound of body weight. This means that the average adult could withstand more than a thousand stings. However, one sting can cause death in a person who is allergic to such stings.
- 17. The Comparison and/orContrast Pattern is is like different from The comparison-contrast pattern shows how two things are alike or how they are different, or both.
- 18. The Comparison and/orContrast Pattern A. New products are often introduced with “informational” advertising, telling what the products are, why they are needed, and where they are available. B. New products are generally advertised differently from established products. C. Established products, on the other hand, can rely on “reminder” advertisements, which provide little hard information about the product.
- 19. The Comparison and/orContrast Pattern Here is the logical order for the sentences on the last screen. New products are generally advertised differently from established products. New products are often introduced with “informational” advertising, telling what the products are, why they are needed, and where they are available. Established products, on the other hand, can rely on “reminder” advertisements, which provide little hard information about the product.
- 20. SOURCES The Effective Reader (Updated Edition) by D. J. Henry © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers TEN STEPS TO ADVANCING COLLEGE READING SKILLS Fourth Edition, John Langan © 2008 Townsend Press
- 21. Visit http://wps.ablongman.com/long_henry_er_1/ to practice these concepts online.
Editor's Notes
- #2 In this module, you’ll find two more patterns that are commonly used in writing – Cause and Effect, Comparison and Contrast
- #3 In the CAUSE AND EFFECT pattern the author talks about why something happened or what results came from an event.The CAUSE states why something happened. The EFFECT states the result or outcome of the cause.In a passage that is organized according to cause and effect, the author tells what happened (effect) and why it happened (cause). Several causes might be given for one or the passage might describe several effects of one cause.
- #4 In the first item, we’re not sure about the relationship between the two sentences. The word because in the second item makes it clear that the woman decided to go away as a result of her boyfriend’s interest in marriage. Because and words like it are cause and effect words. Sample signal words for Cause and Effect include because, consequently, as a result, due to, etc.
- #5 Cause and effect words signal that the author is explaining the reason why something happened or the resultof something happening.
- #6 Notice how the cause and effect words introduce a reasonfor something or the result of something.
- #7 Here is a visual of the Cause and Effect pattern. Notice that this pattern can be organized two ways – one with the CAUSE as the main idea and the EFFECT as the supporting details and one with the EFFECT as the main idea and the CAUSES as the supporting details.
- #8 See if you can arrange the following sentences in an order that makes sense. Which sentence should come first? Second? Last?
- #9 Each sentence has a cause and effect word or phrase, suggesting the cause and effect the pattern or organization. The sinking of the ship had the effectof making sea travel safer. The lack of lifeboats caused many deaths. The many deaths caused federal authorities to institute requirements about lifeboats.
- #10 COMPARISON shows ways in which two or more ideas are SIMILAR (the same). Some transition (signal) words include similar, like, just as, likewise, similarly, etc. (see page 324 of your textbook)CONTRAST shows ways in which two or more ideas are DIFFERENT. Sample transition (signal) words include different, but, yet, despite, differently, even though, however, in contrast, etc. (see page 327 of your textbook)COMPARE AND CONTRAST patterns show how two or more ideas are SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT.
- #11 Becoming familiar with these signal words will help you to quickly identify the type of pattern being used in a passage. And we already know that SIGNAL WORDS help us to identify SUPPORTING DETAILS, right?
- #12 In the second item, the word similarly makes it clear that the author is comparing the benefits of computerization in both types of work. Similarly and other words like it are comparison words.
- #13 Comparison words signal similarities. Authors use a comparison transition to show that a second idea is like the first one in some way.
- #14 Notice how the comparison words show that things are alike in some way.
- #15 The first item is puzzling: does the company pay the manager well because he doesn’t do much work? The second item makes it clear that the company pays him well even though he doesn’t do much work. Even though and words and phrases like it are contrast words.
- #16 Contrast words signal that an author is pointing out differences between two subjects. Authors use them to show how two things differ in one or more ways.
- #17 Notice how the contrast words (differently, however)signal that one idea is different from another idea.
- #18 Here is a visual of the pattern. Notice that a writer may use just COMPARISON, or just CONTRAST. The writer also has the option of using COMPARISON AND CONTRAST together.
- #19 See if you can arrange the following sentences in an order that makes sense. Which sentence should come first? Second? Last?
- #20 The contrast worddifferently in the first sentence suggests a comparison and/or contrast pattern of organization. The second and third sentences then contrast two types of advertising. The phraseon the other hand emphasizes the pattern of organization.