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English law.aplang
- 1. ENGLISH SAVIORS ADD LINKS: CONTROL CLICK, ADD LINK, ETC.
- 2. sentences: simple complex compound compound complex subordinate clauses: noun clause adjective clause adverb clause essay structures: subject by subject point by point parts of a sentence: subject predicate pronoun appositive direct object indirect object preposition predicate nominative predicate adjective object of preposition article present participle past participle participle phrase gerund infinitive
- 3. SENTENCES
- 4. SIMPLE SENTENCES • has one independent clause, no dependent clauses. has one subject and one verb. short does not always mean simple and vice versa
- 5. COMPLEX SENTENCE • contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause could be either an adverb or adjective
- 6. COMPOUND SENTENCE • has two or more independent clauses but no dependent clauses. FANBOYS or conjunctive adverbs (therefore, consequently, therefore) are used for relationship between ideas. Commas are used. Has one subject. She ____, but she ____.
- 7. COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE • has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. • IC + IC, SC • DC= Dependent Clause or SC= Subordinate Clause • IC= Independent Clause or MC= Main Clause
- 9. NOUN CLAUSE • subject and verb • incomplete on its own • used as a noun • can show up as the subject, direct object, object of preposition, indirect object, predicate nominative
- 10. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE • subject and verb (incomplete on its own) • used as an adjective to modify noun or pronoun • usually followed by relative pronouns: who whom whose which that • Ex: The girl who won the game was nice
- 11. ADVERB CLAUSE • used as an adverb to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb • tells how, when, where, or under what condition • introduced by subordinating conjunctions: in order that, when, as if, since, whenever, after, before, unless, although, if, until, as, etc.
- 13. SUBJECT • the noun, or what is doing the action
- 14. PREDICATE • what about the subject
- 15. PRONOUN • renames the noun
- 16. APPOSITIVE • a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it • Ex: Nate, my husband, is tall
- 17. DIRECT OBJECT • follows a transitive verb. can be a noun, pronoun, phrases, or clauses • subject + adverb + who/what = DO • Ex: I bought a new car. • *the car is being bought (what is being “verbed”)
- 18. INDIRECT OBJECT • precedes the direct object and tells whom or for whom the action of the verb is being done. it’s who is receiving the direct object • Ex: I gave my friend some advice. • *always a noun or a pronoun that is not part of a prepositional phrase
- 19. PREPOSITION • anywhere a cat can go • Ex: to, for, down, on, etc.
- 20. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE • a noun or pronoun that follows the linking verb and describes or renames the subject • Ex: She is the tallest girl in the school.
- 21. PREDICATE ADJECTIVE • describes and follows the linking verb and tells something about the subject • Ex: The trash smells bad.
- 22. OBJECT OF PREPOSITION • noun(s) that follows preposition • Ex: I Bought 6 flavors of ice cream. DO P OP
- 23. ARTICLE • a kind of adjective which is always used and gives some information of a noun • Ex: There is a cat. • Ex: There is the cat.
- 24. PRESENT PARTICIPLE • can tell time • Ex: Jumping, Walking
- 25. PAST PARTICIPLE • can tell time • Ex: Jumped, Walked
- 26. PARTICIPLE PHRASE • participle + modifier + object • Ex: Reaching out, I grab a chip. • Ex: Removing his shoes, he jumped into the pool.
- 27. GERUND • a verb that acts as a noun and ends in -ing. • Ex: Swimming, Singing • Can be the subject
- 28. INFINITIVE • is not assigned to anyone • Ex, to walk, to run, to cry
- 29. ESSAY STRUCTURES
- 30. COMPARATIVE ESSAY FORMAT SUBJECT BY SUBJECT • Intro:hook, background/main points, thesis (reason for comparison) • Reason 1 • Ex. A Reason 2 • Reason 3 • Reason 4 • Reason 1 • Ex. B Reason 2 • Reason 3 • Reason 4 • Conclusion: restate thesis, summarize main points, clincher
- 31. COMPARATIVE ESSAY FORMAT POINT BY POINT • Intro:hook, background, subjects, thesis, spark interest }reason for comparison • Reason 1 Ex. A • Ex. B • Reason 2 Ex. A • Ex. B “Unlike A, B has ____” • Reason 3 Ex. A • Ex. B “In terms of reason 3, A ___” • Reason 4 Ex. A • Ex. B • Conclusion: restate thesis, summarize main points, clincher
- 32. LITERARY DEVICES
- 33. LITERARY DEVICES• Motif: repeated objects, phrases, ideas, to develop theme and tie piece together • Juxtaposition: putting two elements side by side for comparison (often characters and setting) • Symbol: something concrete that stands for something abstract (usually a concept), can be an object, character, situation, or event. Characteristics of a symbol align with concept • Setting: time and place where an action is set. Physical and social context are displayed. Time, place, and social environment. Evokes mood or atmosphere. Traditional associations. Can reveal attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors of characters. Makes plot move forward. • Selection of Detail: information that the author chooses to include, or purposely leaves out
- 34. LITERARY DEVICES CONT. • Irony: using a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal meaning. • dramatic: the reader sees the character’s mistakes • verbal: writer says one thing but means another • situational: great difference between the purpose of an action and its outcome • Allusion: A reference to a familiar person, place, thing, or event. Historical, literary (Shakespeare), and biblical. Works figuratively by comparison. • Anthropomorphism: when an object or animal does human things (actually doing vs. seeming to) • Personification: the object or animal seems to do human actions • Intertextuality: ongoing interaction between old texts and new texts with anything from oblique references to extensive quotations. Writers employ materials from previous texts. More focused.
- 36. RHETORICAL DEVICES • Metaphor • Aphorism • Rhetorical Questions • Juxtaposition • Personification • Analogy • Understatement • Selection of Detail
- 37. RHETORICAL DEVICES CONT. • Oxymoron • Onomatopoeia • Word Choice • Parallelism • Simile • Imagery • Hyperbole • Chiasmus
- 38. DICTION • WHAT: one word • HOW: denotation? connotation? striking? unusual? formal? colloquial? jargon? • WHY: impact or effect of choosing this word versus choosing another word
- 39. IMAGERY • WHAT: an image • HOW: which of the five senses is evoked through what words and details? Images from nature that create a connection? • WHY: What emotions or other impacts does the imagery evoke? What’s the impact of evoking that sense?
- 40. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE • WHAT: comparison • HOW: qualities of topic vs. qualities of to what it’s being compared • WHY: Does this build understanding? Detail further? Explain? Illustrate? Create tone? Emphasize on an element?
- 41. ALLUSION • WHAT: reference • HOW: qualities of topic vs. qualities of the allusion • WHY: What does this convey? What does this achieve: detail further? Explanation? Tone? Emphasis of a quality or characteristic?
- 42. SELECTION OF DETAIL • WHAT: specific detail • HOW: what information does this provide or not provide? • WHY: Why include this information? How does it serve the bigger picture? What would change if it was left out?
- 43. ARRANGEMENT • WHAT: Observation about mode of development or organizational structure; title; pivotal moments • HOW: What particular feature is revealed through the example (setting up conflict; leading to an effect; ending a cyclical arrangement)? • WHY: Why choose this pattern of development? What point or impact is made through it (the analogy, the classification/division, etc.)?
- 44. SYNTAX • WHAT: Type of sentence, length of sentence, or other device • HOW: Features of the sentence construction (fewer words as compared to other sentences; climax- crescendos to most important idea; simple sentence that contains universal truth, etc.) • WHY: What is the effect or impact of such a sentence? What does it emphasize or call attention to?
- 45. STEP 1 OF 3 RHETORICAL ANALYSIS • What: device + blended text
- 46. STEP 2 OF 3 RHETORICAL ANALYSIS • How: • describe the process of building that example of device • break apart how the device was made • describe how the writer built that example of the device • apply the definition of the device • *think chronological, steps determine outcome, cause and effect, order of importance, picture the steps from the writer’s point of view
- 47. STEP 3 OF 3 RHETORICAL ANALYSIS • Why: why was the device used? • what it accomplishes • what its effect is • why it matters • specific outcome 47
- 48. ARGUMENT
- 49. ISSUE • What is the problem? What has happened to bring this argument forth? The controversy, the problem, or an idea about which people hold differing views • Ex: We should ban all cell phones in school • Possible Issues: kids are using them to cheat, kids’ test scores are going down
- 50. CLAIM • Thesis statement of an argument. What is the writer’s opinion • The position asserted on a debatable issue • Claim of Fact: can be proved or verified • Claim of Value: something is better than something else • Claim of Policy: advocate for a change to an existing law or policy
- 51. BACKGROUND • Information the audience/reader needs in order to understand the argument • Ex: Terms, History
- 52. AUDIENCE • Build your argument around your audience • Know the audience • What do they currently believe and why? • Are they biased? neutral? on the subject • Are they educated? Without education?
- 53. REASONS • General statements that bolster the claim (logos) • Interpretive and debatable
- 54. SUPPORT • Ideas and information intended to convince readers claim is believable or sound • Four types: Statistical, Expert, Personal, Analogical (PEAS) • Emotional Appeals: pathos • Credibility of speaker/writer: ethos
- 55. JUSTIFICATION • The logical underpinning demonstrating why support was selected
- 56. BACKING • any of the necessary to further the support • The common sense rules people accept as true • Laws and definitions • Scientific principles or principles of a particular area of study
- 57. COUNTER ARGUMENT • The points or arguments the opposing side would make against your claim • Ex: Claim: WHS should ban cell phones • Counter: parents need to be able to reach their children in case of an emergency
- 58. COUNTER THE COUNTER • Refutation: argues against the counter • Acknowledgement: accommodate the opposing view because it’s valid • Accommodation: admit the counter has merit but find a way to address it
- 59. RHETORICAL INTRO AND CONCLUSION • Introduction: • Brief Hook: 2 sentences focused on main concept and any situational information • Thesis Statement • “using rhetorical devices” • Conclusion: • Restate Thesis
- 60. RHETORICAL TIPS • List devices chronologically • 3-4 devices per “chunk”
- 61. INDICATE COMPARISON • again • and • also • as well (as) • comparably • corresponding • equally • furthermore • in addition (to) • in effect • in the same way • like • likewise • moreover • resembling • similarly • too
- 62. INDICATE CONTRAST • after all • although • at least • but • by contrast • conversely • even so • even though • for all that • granted • however • in contrast (to) • in spite of • nevertheless • not only • notwithstanding • on the contrary • on the other hand • or • otherwise • still • unlike • whereas • yet
- 63. INDICATE SEQUENCE OR TIME • after • afterward • all this time • as soon as • at last • at length • at the same time • before • currently • during • earlier • eventually • finally • first • second • following • formerly • immediately • in the first place • in the future • in the meantime • last • later • lately • meanwhile • not long after • next • now • presently • previously • shortly • simultaneously • since • soon • subsequently • temporarily • then • thereafter • thereupon • until • when • while
- 64. INDICATE PLACE • above • adjacent to • below • beneath • beside • close by • far away • further back • here • in the distance • in the foreground • near at hand • nearby • next door • on the other side • opposite • there • to the right • to the west • under
- 65. INDICATE CAUSE AND EFFECT • accordingly • as a consequence • as a result (of) • because (of) • consequently • due to • hence • it follows that • resulting from • since • so • then • therefore • thereupon • thus
- 66. INDICATE EMPHASIS • assuredly • certainly • chiefly • clearly • equally • especially • even more important • evidently • furthermore • in addition to • in fact • in particular • in truth • incidentally • indeed • it is true • moreover • perhaps • naturally • obviously • of course • really • similarly • surely • to be sure • truly • understandably • undoubtedly • very likely • without doubt
- 67. INDICATE SUMMARY • consequently • finally • in a word • in brief • in conclusion • in effect • in fact • in other words • in short • in simpler terms • in sum • on the whole • that is • therefore • thus • to conclude • to put it another way • to sum up • to summarize
- 68. INDICATE EXAMPLES • an illustration • as an example • for example • for instance • in particular • like • namely • specifically • such as • that is • thus • to illustrate
- 69. INDICATE QUALIFICATION OR CONCESSION • after all • by and large • for the most part • granted • I admit • in most cases • mainly • naturally • of course • sometimes • to be sure • with few exceptions