you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Climax:
The terminal stabilized system or community is known as Climax.
Climax Community:
When the final terminal community becomes stabilized for a longer period and can maintain itself in equilibrium with the climate of the area, it is known as a climax community.
The first time the term Climax was used by Clements in 1936. This type of community remains the same throughout time if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the result of the succession process does not always mean only big trees. They could be:
Cacti in deserts or
Grasses in fields
stability of climax
The climax community may change if there are changes in climate or long-term evolutionary changes in one or more species. Climax communities are said to be in a state of equilibrium because organisms have already adapted to their environment and succession is no longer taking place. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is stable.
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
primary productivity, photosynthesis, the primary producers in the aquatic environment. the factors affecting primary productivity in water, gross and net primary productivity, methods of measuring primary productivity based on measurements of oxygen evoution, carbohydrate estimation and chlorophyll method. the methods include radiocarbon(C14) method, C13 method , dark and light bottle method chlorophyll method, remote sensing and also incubation
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Climax:
The terminal stabilized system or community is known as Climax.
Climax Community:
When the final terminal community becomes stabilized for a longer period and can maintain itself in equilibrium with the climate of the area, it is known as a climax community.
The first time the term Climax was used by Clements in 1936. This type of community remains the same throughout time if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the result of the succession process does not always mean only big trees. They could be:
Cacti in deserts or
Grasses in fields
stability of climax
The climax community may change if there are changes in climate or long-term evolutionary changes in one or more species. Climax communities are said to be in a state of equilibrium because organisms have already adapted to their environment and succession is no longer taking place. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is stable.
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
primary productivity, photosynthesis, the primary producers in the aquatic environment. the factors affecting primary productivity in water, gross and net primary productivity, methods of measuring primary productivity based on measurements of oxygen evoution, carbohydrate estimation and chlorophyll method. the methods include radiocarbon(C14) method, C13 method , dark and light bottle method chlorophyll method, remote sensing and also incubation
PHOTOSYNTHESIS in plants and others.pptARUNKUMARMR5
photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Shelf-life extension of minimally processed carrots by gaseous chlorine dioxideSthitaprajna Moharana
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a strong oxidizing and sanitizing agent that has a broad and high biocidal effectiveness and big penetration ability; its efficacy to prolong the shelf-life of a minimally processed (MP) vegetable, grated carrots (Daucus carota L.), was tested in this study. Carrots were sorted, their ends removed, hand peeled, cut, washed, spin dried and separated in 2 portions, one to be treated with ClO2 gas and the other to remain untreated for comparisons. MP carrots were decontaminated in a cabinet at 91% relative humidity and 28 °C for up to 6 min, including 30 s of ClO2 injection to the cabinet, then stored under equilibrium modified atmosphere (4.5% O2, 8.9% CO2, 86.6% N2) at 7 °C for shelf-life studies. ClO2 concentration in the cabinet rose to 1.33 mg/l after 30 s of treatment, and then fell to nil before 6 min. The shelf-life study included: O2 and CO2 headspace concentrations, microbiological quality (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, lactic acid bacteria, and
yeasts), sensory quality (odour, flavour, texture, overall visual quality, and white blushing), and pH. ClO2 did not affect respiration rate of MP carrots significantly (α≤0.05), and lowered the pH significantly (α≤0.05). The applied packaging configuration kept O2 headspace concentrations in treated samples in equilibrium and prevented CO2 accumulation. After ClO2 treatment, the decontamination levels (log CFU/g) achieved were 1.88, 1.71, 2.60, and 0.66 for mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, and yeasts respectively. The initial sensory quality of MP carrots was not impaired significantly (α≤0.05). A lag phase of at least 2 days was observed for mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, and lactic acid bacteria in treated samples, while mesophilic aerobic bacteria and psychrotrophs increased parallelly. Odour was the only important attribute in sensory deterioration, but it reached an unacceptable score when samples were already rejected from the microbiological point of view. The shelf-life extension was limited to one day due to the restricted effect of the ClO2 treatment on yeast counts. Nevertheless, ClO2 seems to be a promising alternative to prolong the shelf-life of grated carrots.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Measurement of primary productivity
1. * MEASUREMENT OF PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY:- AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM
Presented to: Presented by:
Dr. S.SUNDARAMOORTHY Narpat Singh
Prof. Msc. 3rd sem
2. *Measurement of primary
productivity in aquatic system
measurement are two types:-
1. Classical method :-
i. Aquatic system :- four method
Harvest method
Bomb calorimeter
Chlorophyll method
Dissolve oxygen method/O2 assimilation D.O./Light-Dark
bottle method
2. Mordan method
3. *1.Harvest method
harvest method harvest in quantified in terms of biomass,
economic, biochemical, biomass can be fresh weight (aquatic
system).
When we apply in aquatic system (maprophyte +
phytoplankton present)macrophyte harvesting in unit area by
uprooting phytoplankton are filter taking unit volume or
filtration is taking.
The sample can be economic yield part is referred to as
production measurement.
In case of chlorophcea protest bacteria measurement or
protein per unit volume.
4. *Bomb -calorimeter
The bomb calorimeter consist primarily or the sample. Energy
turn of 1g biomass is dryad
Bomb calorimeter in steel jacket burn or sample generating heat
and have water, temperature in increased and read on Bachmann
thermometer
1* c temperature increased / rise similar to 1 kcal energy.
5. *Continue…
*Merit :-
it required minimum equipment/tool.
It is actual and easy to perform.
Applicable for all ecosystem.
Demerit:-
It is destructive method.
It measure only in NPP& NCPP.
After harvesting respiration loss.
6. *2.Chlorophyll- method
It is used commonly in aquatic system specially
phytoplankton more chlorophyll.
This is a classical method.
In aquatic system (phytoplankton) chlorophyll content
quantify different interval and productivity predicated of
volume per unit area of volume.
Chlorophyll content α energy capture
Energy capture α productivity
7. *3.light-Dark bottle-method
Also called is dissolved oxygen method/ O2 assimilation D.O.
Classical method most common or measurement of NPP in both
marine and fresh water aquatic system.
6CO2 +12H2 O chlorophyll C6 H12 O6 +6O2 +6H2O.
This process in aquatic system results in release of O2 in water
and this O2 dissolve in water and DO content increased equal
amount or CO2 absorption and equal amount of is release in
water.
8. *Continue…
Paired light and dark bottles are used to measure
photosynthesis(GPP) , respiration and NPP by phytoplankton
in aquatic system.
A sample of water containing phytoplankton (primary
producer) is placed in both bottles and allowed to incubates
for a period 6h of time.
DOlight – DODark = NPP
Respiration = Doinitial - Dodark
GPP= NPP+R
9. *Continue…
In the light bottle O2 is produced in photosynthesis and
consumed in respiration .
The resulting change (increase) in O2 concentration represents
the different in the net it which these two process occur:
1. NPP water is also incubated over time the same time .
2. another set of dark bottles the lack or light will prevent
photosynthesis.
The oxygen content of the water will decline as a function of
respiration . The different between the values of oxygen
(initial) and later dark is respiration.
The different between the values of O2 in the light
(photosynthsis+respiration) and dark (respiration) bottle at the
end or the time period therefore provides total photosynthesis
=GPP.