This is the presentation for the teachers teaching human physiology for under graduates and post graduates of degree in Zoology.

1. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Nagabhushan Charantimath M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
EXCRETION:
Organs, physiology, disorders & dialysis
DEPT OF STUDIES IN ZOOLOGY,
VSK UNIVERSITY, BALLARI, Karnataka, INDIA

2. Excretion
Human excretion is the process of
eliminating waste products from the
body. This vital function involves
multiple organs and systems, such as
the kidneys, urinary system,
lungs, GIT and skin. Understanding
human excretion is crucial for
maintaining overall health and well-
being.

3. THE KIDNEYS
3

4. Anatomy and function of the kidneys
Anatomy of the Kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in
the upper abdominal cavity. They are protected by
the lower ribcage and are positioned symmetrically
on either side of the spine.
Each kidney is composed of several parts,
including the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal
pelvis, and nephrons, which are the functional
units responsible for urine formation.
Function of the Kidneys
The primary function of the kidneys is to filter
waste products and excess substances from the
blood, producing urine as a result. They also play
a crucial role in regulating blood pressure,
electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production.
The kidneys are vital for maintaining overall bodily
homeostasis and are responsible for filtering
approximately 120-150 quarts of
blood daily.

5. THE KIDNEYS
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
5

6. THE NEPHRONS
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
6

7. THE NEPHRONS
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
7
MC,
PCT,
HL,
DCT,
CD

8. The Process of Urine Formation
1 Ultra Filtration
The first step in urine formation involves the
filtration of blood through the glomerulus in the
kidney, separating waste products from
essential substances.
2 Selective Reabsorption
After filtration, the renal tubules reabsorb
essential substances like water,
glucose, and amino acids back into the
bloodstream.
3 Tubular Secretion
Additional waste products, such as hydrogen
ions and certain drugs, are actively secreted
into the filtrate to be excreted as urine.

9. THE URINE FORMATION
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
9

10. MICTURITION
10

11. HORMONES
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
11

12. RENAL FAILURE
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
12
• Glomerulonephritis,
• Nephrotic syndrome,
• Diabetic nephropathy,
• Acute renal failure,
• Chronic renal failure,
• Congenital disorders,
• Renal calculus,
• Tumours of the kidney,
• UTI,
• Urinary incontinence etc.

13. RENAL FAILURE
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
13

14. Common Renal Disorders and Diseases
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Progressive loss of kidney function over time,
often caused by diabetes or high blood
pressure.
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to blood
or protein in the urine and impaired kidney
function.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
A genetic disorder causing clusters of cysts to
develop within the kidneys, leading to kidney
enlargement and impaired function.
Nephrotic Syndrome
A group of symptoms including proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema, often caused by
damage to the filters in the kidneys.

15. Acute Renal Failure: Causes, Symptoms and
Treatment
• Causes: Sudden drop in blood flow, severe dehydration, urinary tract obstruction
• Symptoms: Decreased urine output, fluid retention, confusion, nausea
• Treatment: Addressing the underlying cause, optimizing fluid and electrolyte
balance, dialysis if necessary

16. Chronic renal failure: causes, symptoms and
treatment
1
Causes
High blood pressure, diabetes, and glomerulonephritis
2
Symptoms
Fatigue, swelling, and decreased urine output
3
Treatment
Medication, dialysis, and kidney transplant

17. Kidney Stones: Formation, Symptoms, and
Treatment
Formation of Kidney Stones
Kidney stones form when certain substances in the urine
become highly concentrated, leading to crystallization and
stone formation in the kidneys.
Symptoms
The symptoms of kidney stones may include severe pain in
the back or side, blood in the urine, and frequent urination.
Treatment
Treatment for kidney stones depends on the size and location
of the stone and may involve pain management, hydration, or
surgical intervention.

18. DIALYSIS AND ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
Dr. Nagabhushan CM
18
Dialysis is the procedure to remove waste materials
and toxic substances and to restore normal volume
and composition of body fluid in severe renal failure.
(hemodialysis.)

19. DIALYSIS AND ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
19
(hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis)

20. 20
THANK YOU
• Copyright free images,
• Google,
• Tina Sanders book of Physiology,
• Ross and Williams Medical book on human Physiology,
• Gamma with AI
Acknowledgement
Dr. Nagabhushan Charantimath M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D
Assistant Professor,
DoS in Zoology,
Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, BALLARI, Karnataka, INDIA