ENBE Final Project Report

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Content:
1. Introduction 3
2. The Town (and the City) 4
3. Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient and old cities/town 5 – 7
4. Investigation & Data Collection: The present towns/cities 8 – 12
5. Investigation & Data Collection: The future and better township 13 - 14
6. Peaceville 15 - 19
7. References list 20
8. Plans

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1.Introduction
In this last assignment of ENBE, we are given the task to propose a new city
located in Malaysia as a mayor. The purpose of this city is to accommodate the
over population of the region. Also, the requirements of this town include the
population should be between 80,000 and 200,000, the size should be around
15km2 – 30km2. It is also stated in the brief that we should choose one type of
grid system to design the town.
In order to complete this assignment, what we need to do first is the get a strong
concept on cities and towns. How they are formed and what keeps them
together. We also need to explore the vital elements that are needed for a
town to be sustainable and to prosper. Also, since the main function of the city is
to solve the ‘over-crowded’ issue, more attention should be put on how to
make this town capable to accommodate more people.

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2.The Town (and the City)
2.1 The Town Definition
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city.
2.2 The City Definition
A relatively large and permanent human settlement with particular
administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law. Some refer city
as a place ‘continuously built up’.
2.3 How towns are formed: Sustainability
In the medieval age, towns usually form near the river as it is a good water
source. It can also be formed at intersection point or important points of
trade routes. Another reason is the advance in agricultural technology
that can provide food for more people, so more villagers can stay
together without facing the shortage of food. When more people gather,
some form of hierarchy starts to form and tend to stay on that way until a
catastrophe happens.
2.4 How cities are formed: Urbanization
Cities usually develop from a town because of specialization. One part of
the town may do one thing better than another part of a town, so it is
logically better for each part to the town to specialize on what they do
best. This creates districts in a town which soon makes it a city. That is also
why in cities we have business districts that concentrates on the economic
sector of the city. Also, cities form because people from outside the city
move into the city in search of jobs, usually in factories. This process is
called ‘urbanization’.
2.5 What makes a good town?
For a town to be a good town it has to be self-sufficient. This means the
economy should not be based on resources than can run out very easily
like logging. Instead it should be based on manufacturing (factories) or
even better, tourism. These activities can provide a steady income for the
locals.
A good town also needs to have a good sense of community like having
a decent school and university or social events. Having a regional hospital
and a government industry in the town also provides stability and also
steady income to the town.
Another aspect of a good town is that it has enough jobs that can keep
the younger generations there. This in turn can keep the economy going.

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3.Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient Towns / Cities
3.1 How ancient cities/towns form:
Ancient towns and cities share a particular trait in common – it is near a
river. All of the four largest ancient civilizations – Mesopotamia, Indus River
Valley, Yellow River Valley, and the Tigris-Euphrates (ancient Egypt) –
prosper because of the rivers. This is mainly because of a few reasons: First,
water was the most convenient mode of transport, especially for long
distances. Second, rivers were the only source of drinkable water. Third,
rivers were also the source of protein (fish). So, when more and more
people gather at the same stretch of river to build settlements, they
interact with each other and thus formed villages, which later expands to
a town.
3.2 Case-study: Mohenjo-Daro (Indus River Valley civilization) & Anyang (Yellow
River Valley civilization)
3.2.1 Mohenjo-Daro – Indus River Valley Civilization
The Indus River Valley Civilization started about 2500 B.C.E. along
the south-western part of the Indus
River. The largest city was Mohenjo-
Daro, in present day Pakistan, and
settlements stretched all along the
river. Natural borders consisted of
mountains and the Arabian Sea,
sheltering the civilization from attack
and disease. Water from the river
fertilized and irrigated crops. Proximity
to the river allowed boats to become
a viable transportation option. The
development of widespread irrigation
systems allowed the indigenous
population to provide food for
themselves. Wheat and barley were
primary crops, however rye, peas,
cotton, and rice were also grown.
Domestication of animals also served
as an important tool for cultivation
and as a source of food.

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Mohenjo-Daro was one of the largest settlements of the Indus
Valley Civilization. It has a planned layout based on a street grid
of rectilinear buildings. The city is divided into Citadel and lower
city.
The Citadel is known as the city centre. It houses public baths,
a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two
large assembly halls. The Lower city is full of high walls and neighbourhood.
The streets here are also well planned, separating public and private areas
well. Mohenjo-Daro has no city walls but is fortified with guard posts. The first
urban sanitization system is also found here. All houses has access to water
and drainage facilities.
The main feature of Mohenjo-Daro is the Great Bath. It is a public swimming
pool measuring 12m x 7m x 2.4m. It may have been used for religious or
spiritual ceremonies.

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3.2.2 Anyang – Yellow River Valley Civilization
The Yellow River Valley Civilization began around 4000 B.C. in
China, around the Yellow
River. The river stretched
all the way from Mongolia
to the Pacific Ocean.
China is surrounded by
mountain ranges and river
valleys, which make it
hard for people to travel
and trade their crops and
live stocks, so they have to
mostly rely on their food. The river provides fertilized soil for plantation of corps.
The Shang King ruled from the capital city of Anyang. His kingdom was
divided into different territories that were ruled by aristocratic warlords
(military leaders).
Anyang, located in
Henan Province in northern China,
served as a capital of the Shang
dynasty. The city is divided into
two parts by a city wall. The inner
part of the city consists of the
castle, temple and administrative
centre of the civilization. The King
and people with high statuses live
inside the walls, while the outer
perimeter of the walls is
surrounded by farms and farmers’ homes.
3.3 Conclusion
These two ancient cities has provided me with a good example of how a
simple structure of a city/town can form. First of all there must be a source of
energy (food). Next, there are specific regions for different activities that take
place around the city/town. This is called specialization. In Mohenjo-Daro,
systemized drainage system straight, planned roads are the main features
that make the city special. In Anyang’s case, there is a city wall that defines
clearly the region of the city, which are the inner region (administrative region)
and outer region (economical region). These properties are useful in planning
a town with high efficiency.

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4.Investigation & Data Collection:
Present Towns / Cities
4.1 How modern cities/town form: The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing
processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and
1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to
machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes,
improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power,
and the development of machine tools. It also included the change from
wood and other bio-fuels to coal. This revolution led to the creation of
factories in several countries. The factory system contributed to the growth
of urban areas, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in
search of work in the factories.
4.2 Case-study: Copenhagen, Denmark – The Finger Plan
Copenhagen is the capital and
most populated city of Denmark.
With a population about 2
million, it is known for its prestige
as a green city. This city is
planned with The Finger Plan.
This is is an urban plan from 1947
which provides a strategy for
the development of
Copenhagen.
4.2.1 The Principles
The public should have easy
access to infrastructural
facilities such as green
spaces, bike paths,
commuter trains and
motorways. People should
have the possibility to enjoy
forests and lakes, agricultural
landscapes, rivers, streams
and fjords and still benefit from the close proximity to the city centre.
The form of the Five Finger Plan makes traffic and transportation of
people and goods a much easier task.

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4.2.2 The Goals
Urbanisation shall take place in the slender regions of the ‘fingers’,
while green wedges of undeveloped land will remain between the ‘fingers’.
This way of development will also make way for easy transportation etc. rails
and inhabitant can live in close proximity to green spaces.
4.3 Case study: Amsterdam, Netherlands
Amsterdam is the capital of Netherlands and is known for its unique history
and canal formations. Although it has existed for hundreds of years, its first
major expansion was formed in the first decade of the 17th century.
Because the city was literally full after the Golden Age started, it was
decided to build a canal ring around the old city and move the defense
wall outward (over 1km eastwards and almost 1km to the west). The canal
ring was built in two phases, one starting in 1610 and one starting in 1660.

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The city expanded again in the 1800s to overcome overpopulation as
the city’s economy started growing rapidly in the 19th century. The major
expansion in this period was the 1876 Plan-Kalff, as shown below:
The next large expansions were undertaken between 1920 and 1940,
consisting of Plan Zuid (South), designed by Berlage, and Plan West. These
developments included a lot of Amsterdam School architecture.
Plan Zuid:

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Plan West:
After WWII, several big urban plans have been realized. Much of it,
realized between 1951 and 1966 was the execution of the General Extension
Plan of 1935. Most of these developments are based on early modernist
ideals.

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The Bijlmermeer was built just before 1970 and is considered one of the
most radical post-war plans in The Netherlands. Part of it has already been
demolished because it turned out to be not as utopian as planned.
4.4 Conclusion
After the Industrial Revolution, numerous cities around the world have
started to bloom into a multi-purpose mega-metropolis. These new towns
have precisely-planned segment in the city as to where any activity
should happen. This not only makes city activities much more efficient, it
also decreases the time needed for citizens to commute from one point to
another in the town/city. Besides, it also allows sufficient space for further
planning and placement of green features in the city.

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5. Investigation & Data Collection:
Future Towns / Cities
5.1 Case-study: Skolkovo, Russia
Skolkovo is a modern Russian center of research and development the
construction of which will be started in the year of 2012. Skolkovo will
embrace a university campus, an industrial zone and a cluster of research
laboratories. It will also have a vast number of various facilities needed for
scientists and white collars to organize their work and life on-site.
15.2 thousand people will live in the
oasis of 400 hectares, 7 thousands of
employees will be coming here for
working. The centre will focus on four
priority activities starting with the
letter E: ecology, ergonomics,
efficiency and economy. 120 billion
rubles will be invested in the
construction of Innograd. Though
scientists are to move in 2015, the
conception of the project is ready
by now.
Meet the winners for the Skolkovo
Innovation Center and those
whose projects failed to be
accepted. The finalist was
represented by AREP. The
concept is based on the principle
of flexibility making Innograd
capable of adapting to the
changes in the strategies related
to the long-term of the project
development. The central
parkway of Innograd embraces municipal buildings on the right and
residential apartments on the left. The Mall connects the research center with
the train station of Innograd. The waste recycling process utilities are right on
the territory of the town. Different sources for energy recycling like sun
batteries or geothermal sources
will be widely used.
The central parkway of Innograd
embraces municipal buildings on
the right and residential
apartment on the left. Next is the
principal square with a cluster of
congress buildings and the

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theater. The concept rests on the
lack of private property as the
apartments will be rented for the
period from 1 day to 10 years.
External transport is one of the
main problems. According to the
conception offered, Innograd will
have to use the Mozhaisk road
which is overloaded as it is. One
will be able to reach the town
by trains (Belarusian and Kiev railway stations) and even planes (Vnukovo
airport). Inside the town walking, using bicycles and public transport will be
widely adopted. Ecologic transportation and usage of biogas as transport
fuel are promoted.

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6. PEACEVILLE
Peaceville is a new town located in Johor. With an area measuring 8km x 3km, this
new town is able to accommodate more than 160 000 citizens.
Location:
Johor, Malaysia

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Tanjung Pelepas
Sungai Pulai

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Why is it there?
Sungai Pulai is near to The Port of Tanjung Pelepas (Pelabuhan Tanjung
Pelepas) which is one of the major ports of Malaysia. This location is very
strategic as Peaceville is able to serve the needs of the port with its industrial
sectors. The port also provides a steady foothold for the town to expand and
grow in line with the port, similar to Port Klang.
Aim:
To provide a non-compact area for the citizens to live in with sufficient public
amenities and efficient transport.
Basic Information:
- Area : approx. 24km
- Population: 160, 128
- Religion: All religions in Malaysia
- Height form sea level: 100m – 50m
- Economy: Industrial, Tourism, Agriculture.
Important considerations when planning the town:
- Energy efficient.
- Efficient transport system.
- Suitable population density.
- Reachable public services.
- Activities concentrated by the river.
Sustainable/Green approaches:
- Public transports work on electricity and solar power.
- Collection of waste to produce biomass energy.
- Less usage of cars = less emission of CO2
- TES (Thermal Energy Storage) system reduces peak electric demand and
stores the cooling energy during off-peak period.
- Daylighting System – bring daylight into dark spaces in homes.
- LED streetlamps.
- Indoor Air Filtration System
Transport & Transportation Links:
Main transport: Water Taxi
Reason: As there is a river flowing through the town, a water taxi will be the
best mode of transport especially for long distances. This is because the
energy needed to operate a water taxi is significantly smaller than a land
vehicle, thus we can opt for electricity and solar power/biomass to operate
the water taxis. Also, all important areas of the town are located by the river,
therefore it is the fastest way to get there.

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Secondary Transport: Electric Trains
Reason: The water taxi has as limited range as it can only travel by water. To
get further inland, I need a public transport that produces the least noise and
waste. The railway extends only in the middle of the town to the left (to be
showed in map), as the higher and medium class areas rarely depend on
public transports and there is a possibility that the railway may decrease the
land value in the area. This train system also has supporting lines that can
facilitate inland areas without jeopardising the main line.
Transport Hub
Reason: In the middle of the town, close to the government sector, I placed a
transport hub that connects the electric rail line, the water taxi station, and
also a cross-country line. Accommodations and other facilities can be
provided for travellers.
Type of grid system used:
I am doing a square grid.
It is the easiest to reproduce when hand drawn, and can easily be divided
into smaller parts for detail plans.
I also need an organic shape for my town sections, therefore a square grid is
already sufficient to estimate the areas covered by each sector.
How will the river benefit the residents?
- Efficient mode of transport.
- A vista for local parks.
- An element for tourist attraction.
- Minute power generation for the town.
Low Head Hydro Power along Linear Park:
- Creates hydro energy with low tidal flow.
- Does NOT need a dam!
- A source of renewable energy that has minimal impact on the environment!
1) Gravitation Water Vortex Power Plant
- Estimated power output: ~150kW
- No regulation system necessary.
- Small fishes are able to pass the turbine.
- Fish can pass the plant in both directions.
2) Kinetic Pavements
- Installed along the pedestrian walkway.
- Produces ~8 Watt per footstep.
- Powers LED Street lamps along the Main Road.
- No extra space needed.
- No harmful wastes produces.

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3) Solar Power Roof
- Installed on all small buildings along Linear Park.
- Powers the small buildings themselves.
- Water Taxi stations utilize solar power to charge water taxis.
Main Road = Linear Park = River
- Renewable source of electricity.
- Green strip of the town.
- Separates the main road from the river = AVOIDING DIRECT POLLUTION

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7.Reference Links
http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzcitytown.htm
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070525034216AAd6OCJ
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/city
https://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110118115756AADj4EI
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_towns_and_cities_begin_to_grow_in_medieval
_Europe?#slide=29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City
http://www.econport.org/content/handbook/Urbanecon/exist.html
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1583419
http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/units/un02pg01.asp
http://www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
http://englishrussia.com/2011/05/18/town-of-the-future/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Pelepas
http://www.ptp.com.my/

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PLANS
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ENBE Final Project Report

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ENBE Final Project Report