This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from castor oil through transesterification and tested the performance and emissions of diesel engines running on blends of the castor oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Specifically, the study produced biodiesel via the transesterification of castor oil with methanol. The castor oil biodiesel was then blended with petroleum diesel in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% proportions. The blends were tested in a diesel engine to analyze performance metrics like fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. The study found that a 25% blend of castor oil biodiesel performed best without needing engine modifications.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATI...Ijripublishers Ijri
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives
to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
Production of Biodiesel using waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapur temple (...IJEAB
In India, due to various mythological and religious reasons hundreds of devotees pour oil over the idols in Hanuman or Maruti and Shani temples. The oil once poured cannot be reutilized and was ultimately wasted. These waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapurwas used to produce biodiesel. Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to catalyze transesterification of waste temple oil. The cells of P.aeruginosa were immobilized within the sodium alginate. Biodiesel production and its applications were gaining popularity in recent years due to decreased petroleum based reserves. Biodiesel cost formed from waste temple oil was higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost.To decrease the cost of biofuel, waste temple oil was used as alternative as feedstock. It has lower emission of pollutants; it is biodegradable and enhances engine lubricity. Waste temple oil contains triglycerides that were used for biodiesel production by chemical and biological method.Transesterification reaction of oil produces methyl esters that are substitutes for fatty acid alkyl biodiesel fuel. Characteristics of oil were studied such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, saponification number.Parameters such as temperature,oil: methanol ratio were studied and 88%, 96% of biodiesel yield was obtained with effect of temperature and oil: methanol ratio on transesterification reaction. Withaddition ofNaOH or KOH to fatty acids which formed salt known as soap,which is excellent emulsifying and cleaning agents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATI...Ijripublishers Ijri
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives
to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
Production of Biodiesel using waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapur temple (...IJEAB
In India, due to various mythological and religious reasons hundreds of devotees pour oil over the idols in Hanuman or Maruti and Shani temples. The oil once poured cannot be reutilized and was ultimately wasted. These waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapurwas used to produce biodiesel. Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to catalyze transesterification of waste temple oil. The cells of P.aeruginosa were immobilized within the sodium alginate. Biodiesel production and its applications were gaining popularity in recent years due to decreased petroleum based reserves. Biodiesel cost formed from waste temple oil was higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost.To decrease the cost of biofuel, waste temple oil was used as alternative as feedstock. It has lower emission of pollutants; it is biodegradable and enhances engine lubricity. Waste temple oil contains triglycerides that were used for biodiesel production by chemical and biological method.Transesterification reaction of oil produces methyl esters that are substitutes for fatty acid alkyl biodiesel fuel. Characteristics of oil were studied such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, saponification number.Parameters such as temperature,oil: methanol ratio were studied and 88%, 96% of biodiesel yield was obtained with effect of temperature and oil: methanol ratio on transesterification reaction. Withaddition ofNaOH or KOH to fatty acids which formed salt known as soap,which is excellent emulsifying and cleaning agents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Di...IJERA Editor
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel. Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled, 4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable or animal fat based oils.
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
Parallel generators of pseudo random numbers with control of calculation errors
Sub1533
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil with its
Performance and Emission Test
R.Sattanathan
Department of Thermal Engineering, Christ the King Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract: With increase in the demand of petroleum products the prices of petrol & diesel are increasing worldwide. Hence alternative
sources of energy for running our generators, automobiles etc. are being considered worldwide. Both the edible and non-edible
vegetable oils can be used as the raw materials for the biodiesel. Industrially, the most common method for biodiesel production is a
basic homogeneous reaction. It is usually produced by a transesterification reaction of vegetable or waste oil with alcohol, such as
ethanol and methanol. Diesel and Castor oil methyl ester (Diesel, B25, B50, B75, B100) fuel blends are used for conducting the
performance and emission in terms of load increments from no load to full load. The bio- diesel can be used as 25% blend with
petroleum diesel in existing engines without any modification. The objective of this study is to compare the engine performance and
emission results of biodiesel derived from used castor oil when applied in different proportions in engines.
Keywords: Diesel, Biodiesel, Methanol, Castor oil, Diesel Engine, Emission, Performance
1. Introduction
Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl
monoesters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and
animal fats .It has been the focus of a considerable amount of
recent research because it is renewable and reduces the
emission of some pollutants. In Europe, rapeseed oil-based
esters have been widely used as an alternative diesel fuel.
A number of researchers have investigated vegetable oil-
based fuels. Most have concluded that vegetable oils can be
safely burned for short periods of time in a diesel engine.
However, using raw vegetable oil in a diesel engine for
extended periods of time may result in severe engine
deposits, injector coking, and thickening of the lubricating
oil. The high viscosity of raw oil reduces fuel atomization
and increases fuel spray Penetration.
Higher spray penetration is thought to be partly responsible
for the difficulties experienced with engine deposits and
thickening of the lubricating oil. However, These effects can
be reduced or eliminated through transesterification removes
glycerol from the triglycerides and replaces it with radicals
from Several researchers have observed that the exhaust
emission are affected by the use of biodiesel
The use of vegetable oil for energy purposes is not new. It
has been used world over as a source of energy for lighting
and heating since time immemorial. As early as in 1900, a
diesel-cycle engine was demonstrated to run wholly on
groundnut oil at the Paris exposition. Rudolf Diesel, the
inventor of diesel engine at the world exhibition in Paris
presented the concept of using the bio fuels in diesel engine.
Energy is the basic need for economic development of any
country. The single largest source of energy in India after
coal is petroleum, about two third of which is imported from
OPEC (Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries) [3].
2. Need for Biodiesel
Due to the increase in price of petroleum and environmental
concern about pollution coming from automobile emission,
biodiesel is an emerging as developing area of high concern.
The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel
depletion and environmental degradation [1]. Alternative
fuels, promise to harmonize sustainable development,
management, energy conversion, environmental preservation
and efficiency [1]. Vegetable oil is a promising alternative to
petroleum products. The economic feasibility of biodiesel
depends on the price of crude petroleum and the cost of
transporting diesel over long distances to remote areas [1].
It is a fact that the cost of diesel will increase in future owing
to increase in its demand and limited supply [1]. A great deal
of research and development on internal combustion engines
has taken place not only in the design area but also in finding
an appropriate fuel [1]. Many researchers have concluded
that biodiesel holds promise as a perfect alternative fuel for
diesel engines, since biodiesel properties are very close to
diesel. The fuel properties of biodiesel such as cetane
number, gravity, heat of combustion, and viscosity influence
the combustion and so the engine performance and emission
characteristics because it has different physical and chemical
properties than petroleum-based diesel fuel.
The consumption of diesel oil is several times higher than
that of petrol fuel. Due to the shortage of petroleum products
and its increasing cost, efforts are on to develop alternative
fuel especially for biodiesel oil for its partial replacement [1].
It has been found that the vegetable oils are promising fuels
because their properties are similar to that of diesel and are
produced easily and renewably from the crops. Vegetable
oils are non-toxic, renewable sources of energy, which do
not contribute to the global CO2 build up. In terms of the
economical benefits, vegetable fuels could be used as an
emergency energy source in the event of another petroleum
fuel shortage.
Paper ID: SUB1533 273
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015
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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
3. Characterization of Castor Plant and Oil
The castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a species of
flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae [2].
Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean
Basin, Eastern Africa, and India [2]. Castor seed is the
source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses [2].
The comparative advantage of Castor is that its growing
period is much shorter than that of Jatropha and Pongamia,
and there is considerably greater experience and awareness
among farmers about its cultivation [3].It is a fast-growing,
suckering perennial shrub which can reach the size of a small
tree (around 12 metres / 39 feet), as shown in Fig.1 [2].
Figure 1: Castor plant
The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in
triglycerides, mainly ricinolein [4]. The seeds are contains
ricin, toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations
throughout the plant. The toxicity of raw castor beans due to
the presence of ricin a poisonous substance. The toxin
provides the castor oil plant with some degree of natural
protection from insect pests, as shown in Fig.2.
Figure 2: Castor pod
Castor grows well under hot and humid tropical conditions
and has a growing period of 4 to 5 months. Castor oil is a
colourless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odour
or taste. Castor oil properties indicate a very low pour and
cloud points which make this biofuel a good alternative in
winter conditions [3].It is hard non-drying oil that neither
becomes stiff with cold nor unduly thin with heat hence is
used as a lubricant for jet and racing cars engines. It is the
only source of an 18-carbon hydroxylated fatty acid with one
double bond in each of the fatty acid chain and ricinoleic
acid make up about 89% of the fatty acid composition. The
physico-chemical properties that were studied included:
FFA, density, fire point, flash point, cloud point, specific
gravity, calorific value and kinematic viscosity. The physical
and chemical properties of the Castor oil as shown in the
Table 1.
Table 1: Properties of Castor oil
Properties Castor oil
FFA (%) 0.264
Density (Kg/m3
) 962.8
Fire point(0
C) 335
Flash point (0
C) 298
Cloud point (0
C) 15.8
Specific gravity 0.9628
Calorific value (kJ/kg) 35684.5
Kinematic Viscosity (mm2
/s) 109.53
4. Castor Oil in India
• India is the undisputed leader in castor oil production.
• India supplies over 70% of the total production of castor
oil in the world.
• The Indian variety of castor has 48% oil content of which
42% can be extracted, while the cake retains the rest.
• Gujarat is the largest producer of Castor seed in India.
• Since the freezing point of castor oil biodiesel is high, it
is suitable for cold climates.
5. Biodiesel Processing
The process of converting the raw vegetable oil into
biodiesel, which is fatty acid alkyl ester, is named as
transesterification. Transesterification being the most used
method. Conversion is complicated if oil contains higher
amounts of FFA (>1% w/w) that will be form soap with
alkaline catalyst. The soap can reduce separation of the
biodiesel from the glycerin fraction. Crude oil contains about
more than 30 % FFA, which is far beyond the 1% level. Few
researchers have worked with feedstock having higher FFA
levels using alternative processes. Pretreatment step to
reduce the free fatty acids of these feed stocks to less than
1% before transesterification reaction was completed to
produce biodiesel. The reduction of FFA <1% is best if
esterification followed by Trans-esterification.
5.1Esterification Process
Normally most of the oils are converted into biodiesel esters
using the base catalyzed transesterification method. But there
are certain exceptional cases wherein direct trans-
esterification cannot be performed. Such cases appear in raw
vegetable oils (Non edible oil) like Olive oil, Jatropha and
Cotton seed oil, etc. because these raw vegetable oils possess
high free fatty acid (FFA).
For determining whether the raw vegetable oils can be trans-
esterified directly the acid value is the most important
property that must be known. If the acid value <3 then the
raw vegetable oil can be directly trans-esterified. If the acid
value >3 then there is slight change in the production of
biodiesel process. At first the oil undergoes esterification and
then followed by transesterification.
Paper ID: SUB1533 274
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015
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In the esterification process the excess of the free acid gets
reacted. The remaining acid content in the oil undergoes
trans-esterification process. So this method is effective for
oils that contain high free fatty acid (FFA) content.
5.2 Transesterification process
Transesterification also called alcoholysis is the
displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a
process similar to hydrolysis, except that an alcohol is
worked instead of water. Suitable alcohols include butanol,
methanol, ethanol, propanol, and amyl alcohol. Ethanol and
methanol are utilized most frequently. This process is mostly
used to reduce the viscosity of triglycerides, thereby
enhancing the chemical and physical properties of biofuel
and improve engine performance. Thus fatty acid methyl
ester (also known as biodiesel) is obtained by
transesterification.
6. Production of Biodiesel
6.1 Procedure of Making Biodiesl
The vegetable oils and fats are made up mainly of
triglycerides. When, these triglycerides react chemically with
alcohols in presence of a catalyst (base/acid) result in fatty
acid esters. This methyl esters show striking similarity to
petroleum derived diesel and are called "Biodiesel".
Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of oil obtains
from the seeds.
Figure 3: Experimental setup
In the preparation of biodiesel five distinct stages will be
involved,
1)Heating of oil.
2)Preparation of alkaline mixture.
3)Adding of alkaline alcohol to oil and stirring the mixture.
4)Settling of separation of glycerol.
5)Washing of ethyl ester with water.
A flow chart detail for making biodiesel is given below, as
shown in Fig.4:
Figure 4: Flow chart of biodiesel production
6.2 Characterization of Diesel and Biodiesel
The prepared Castor oil methyl ester (COME) was mixed
with diesel in five different proportions i.e. pure diesel, 25%,
50%,75% and 100% to prepare its blends i.e. COME25,
COME50, COME75 and COME100. Kinematic viscosity of
the Castor oil was determined with the help of Redwood
Viscometer and Density of the fuel was found using mass
and volume measurement apparatus. While Table 2 shows
the prepared sample blends of diesel and Castor oil methyl
ester.
Properties Diesel B 25 B 50 B 75 B 100
Density (Kg/m3
) 845.0 868.4 891.8 912.5 945.2
Flash point (0
C) 68 89.7 134 167 189.4
Cloud point (0
C) - -5 -9 -14 -19
Pour point (0
C) - 6 - 15 - 27 - 31 -35
Kinematic Viscosity (mm2
/s) 3.51 4.82 7.85 13.7 16.5
Specific gravity 0.845 0.8684 0.8918 0.9125 0.9542
7. Performance and Emission Test
7.1 Performance Test
The performance and emission characteristics of engine are
determined using Castor neat oil and their blends with pure
diesel. These results are compared with pure diesel. By
analyzing the graphs, it was observed that the performance
characteristics are reduced and emission characteristics are
increased at the rated load compared to those of diesel.
This is mainly due to lower calorific value, low flash point,
high viscosity and delayed combustion process. From the
analysis of graph, it can be observed that 25% of neat pure
Castor oil mixed with 75% of pure diesel is the best suited
blend for Diesel engine without heating and without any
engine modifications. The concluded is castor oil can be used
as an alternate to diesel, which is of low cost, easily available
and low emission. This usage of bio-diesel has a great impact
in reducing the dependency of India on oil imports.
Paper ID: SUB1533 275
4. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015
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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Figure 5: Testing Engine setup
The engine was tested with pure diesel and prepared blends
of castor biodiesel at diesel, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%
loading at a speed of 1500 rpm only .Fuel consumption,
brake power, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas
temperature were measured with different blends of castor
biodiesel. The engine specifications are shown in the Table
3.
Table 3: Engine specifications
Type four stroke, water cooled, direct injection
Capacity 550cc
Rated power 5.2 kW@1500rpm
Bore x stroke 87.5x110mm
No of cylinder 1
Compression ratio 17.5:1
7.2 Emission test
Increasing concern about combustion related pollutants, such
as total organic carbon, particulate matter (PM), CO, ,
sulphur and nitrogen oxides, metals and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), amongst others, is driving governments
to put more stringent requirements on fuel regulations.
Exhaust emissions from diesel burning in motor vehicles
contain hundreds of compounds, either in the exhaust gas or
particulate phases. Several of compounds are proved, such as
formaldehyde, benzene, acrolein, sulphate, PAHs, etc.
Amongst vehicular fuels, diesel also produces larger
quantities of fine particulate matters, which consists basically
of carbonaceous material, soluble organic fraction (SOF),
sulphate and metals. As a consequence, the use of alternative
biofuels in order to reduce the environmental impacts of
diesel emissions has been extensively investigated Trends in
the regional use of biomass-derived fuels, such as methanol,
biodiesel and agricultural residues - as a proposed control
initiative against elevated carbon monoxide levels in urban
areas - have expanded to a global scale.
From a standard point of the air quality in large urban
centres, especially those to which public transportation is
largely dependent on heavy-duty diesel vehicles, as is the
case of the majority of Brazilian cities, several studies have
pointed to the fact that biodiesel burning, either pure or in
mixtures with diesel, can reduce the emissions of carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), total hydrocarbons
(THC) and sulphur compounds, although quite different
conclusions can also be found related to other substances,
since an increase in NOx and SOF (soluble organic fractions)
emissions is also reported.
8. Result
In the current investigation, it has confirmed that castor oil
may be used as resource to obtain biodiesel fuel. The final
result shows that alkaline catalyzed transesterification is a
promising area of research for the production of biodiesel in
large scale. The Effects of different parameters such as time,
temperature, reactant ratio and catalyst concentration on the
biodiesel yield were analyzed.
This all-round study of biodiesel production from castor oil
has been carried out. The best combination of the parameters
was found as 9:1 molar ratio of Methanol to oil, 0.8% NaoH
catalyst, 60℃ reaction temperature and 2 hours of reaction
time.
Catalysts used for the production of biodiesel are sodium
hydroxide and sulfuric acid. Different values were carried
out for these catalysts varying the catalyst concentration, oil
to methanol ratio, reaction temperature and time. The Effects
of various parameters on biodiesel quality are discussed
below:
Table 4: Catalyst variations
Molar Ratio
(ml)
NAOH
(mg)
Temperature
(0
c)
Time
(hr)
Yield
(%)
3:1 0.2 60 2 78
3:1 0.4 60 2 81.3
3:1 0.6 60 2 82
3:1 0.8 60 2 84.4
Table 5: Molar ratio variations
Molar Ratio
(ml)
NAOH
(mg)
Temperature
(0
c)
Time
(hr)
Yield
(%)
3:1 0.2 60 2 81
6:1 0.2 60 2 83.3
9:1 0.2 60 2 85.1
12:1 0.2 60 2 79.4
Table 6: Temperature variations
Molar Ratio
(ml)
NAOH
(mg)
Temperature
(0
c)
Time
(hr)
Yield
(%)
3:1 0.2 60 2 85
3:1 0.2 62 2 82.3
3:1 0.2 64 2 81
3:1 0.2 66 2 79.4
Paper ID: SUB1533 276
5. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
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Table 7: Time variations
Molar Ratio
(ml)
NAOH
(mg)
Temperature
(0
c)
Time
(hr)
Yield
(%)
3:1 0.2 60 2 86.7
3:1 0.2 60 2.30 84.3
3:1 0.2 60 3 82
3:1 0.2 60 3.30 80.5
9. Conclusion
The objective of this project was to characterize the effect of
oxidation on the exhaust emissions from a biodiesel-fueled
engine. Based on the experimental results, the following final
conclusions can be drawn.
The brake power of biodiesel was nearly the same as with
diesel, while the specific fuel consumption was higher than
that of petro diesel. Carbon deposits inside the engine were
normal, with the exception of inlet valve deposits.
The engine performance of the oxidized and unoxidized
biodiesels and their blends was similar to that diesel fuel
with nearly the same thermal efficiency, but with higher fuel
consumption reflecting their lower energy content.
Biodiesel fuels can be performance improving additives in
compression ignition engines. Performance testing showed
that while the power decreased and the brake specific fuel
consumption increased for all of the biodiesel samples,
compared diesel fuel, the amount of the changes were in
direct proportion to the lower energy content of the biodiesel.
9.1 Carbon Monoxide Emission
Figure 6 shows the CO emission increases with for diesel
and biodiesel. The biodiesel produces a high amount of
carbon monoxide that diesel at all load condition. The
highest value of CO at 25% blend of castor oil is 3.51% in
respect to the value of 1.54% for diesel.
Figure 6: BHP Vs Carbon Monoxide
9.2 Unburnt Hydrocarbon Emission
Figure 7 shows the variation of unburnt hydrocarbon
emissions with brake power output for castor oil and its
blends with diesel in the test engine. Biodiesel shows
considerably less HC emissions than diesel fuel. This should
be than the availability of sufficient amount of oxygen in a
biodiesel which enable the complete combustion when
compared to diesel combustion. UHC of 25% blend of castor
oil has lower emissions compared with all other blends.
While, UHC of 25% and 50% blends of castor oil compared
well.
Figure7: BHP Vs Unburned Hydrocarbon
9.3 Smoke Emission
Figure 8 shows the variation of smoke emissions with brake
power output for castor oil and its blends with diesel in the
test engine. Diesel has higher smoke emission compared
with all other blends of castor oil. 75% blend of the castor oil
smoke opacity is well comparable with diesel. The smoke
level for biodiesel is low compared to diesel at all loads,
Reason due to the high oxygen content and lower sulphur
content of biodiesel. Smoke of neat castor oil has lowest
values compared with all other blends and diesel.
Figure 8: BHP Vs Smoke
9.4 NOx Emission
Figure 9 shows the variation of nitrogen oxides emissions
with brake power output for castor oil and its blends with
diesel in the test engine. NOx of 25% blend of castor oil is
slightly lower than that of diesel. Diesel has higher NOx
emissions compared with all other blends throughout all
operating loads. NOx emissions neat castor oil has maximum
value at 81.95% of rated loads and exhibited lower emission
Paper ID: SUB1533 277
6. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015
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rate compared with all other blends at all load. Generally
NOx emission higher for biodiesel compared to the diesel.
Figure 9: BHP Vs Oxides of Nitrogen
9.5 Brake Thermal Efficiency
Figure 10 shows the variation of brake thermal efficiency
(BTE) with brake power output for castor oil and its blends
with diesel in the test engine. Brake thermal efficiency of
25% blend of castor oil compared well with diesel and
exhibited the highest value at 79.94% of total load. The
maximum BTE at 25% blend of castor oil is 23.21%
obtained at 4 Kw against the 24.3 %, for pure diesel.
Figure10: BHP Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency
9.6 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
Figure 11 shows the variation of brake specific fuel
consumption with brake power output for castor oil and its
blends with diesel in the test engine. Diesel has lower BSFC
value compared with all other blends, whereas 25% blend of
castor oil has lower BSFC values. At the maximum thermal
efficiency load of 25% blend, the bsfc of castor oil is 0.342
Kg/Kw- hr, corresponding to the 0.281 value for diesel.
Figure 11: BHP Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency
10. Acknowledgement
The author sincerely thanks to Mr. G. Muthukumaravel
Pillai, Assistant Professor and Friends (S.Muneeswaran,
L.Sankara Narayanan and R.Suresh) and their organization-
Infant Jesus college of Engineering, Keela Vallanadu,
Tuticorin, for support, co-operation, and encouragement to
get the permission and to conduct the experimental work in
IC engines and also production of biodiesel.
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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Author Profile
R. Sattanathan has passed the B.E degree in
Mechanical Engineering from Infant Jesus college of
Engineering, Keela Vallanadu, Tamil Nadu, India in
2010-2013.Pressently, he is doing M.E in Thermal
Engineering from Christ the King Engineering College,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Paper ID: SUB1533 279