IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper deals with constructing a composite probability distribution, which can be used for
representing the failure time distribution of mixed devices, and mixed component. This distribution
is called a composite exponential Burr – type XII model, it consist of exponential density up to
certain value of threshold parameter, the second is a four parameter Burr – type XII for the rest of
model, this give better fitting for data rather than single model like exponential alone or single Burr –
type XII. The . . of this distribution has five parameters (, , , ,
), according to certain
imposed conditions on the function and on its derivatives at the threshold parameter (
), this help us
to find some mathematical relations between parameters, therefore the number of five unknown
parameters is reduced to two unknown parameters rather than five.
In this paper the probability density of this composite distribution is derived, also its
cumulative distribution function (C.D.F) also obtained. Finally the parameters (, ) are estimated
using maximum likelihood method for ordered observations.
Histogram expansion a technique of histogram equlizationeSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper I have described histogram expansion. Histogram expansion is a technique of histogram equalization. In this I have
described three different techniques of expansion namely dynamic range expansion, linear contrast expansion and symmetric range
expansion. Each of these has their specific uses and advantages. For colored images linear contrast expansion is used. These all
methods help in easy study of histograms and helps in image enhancement.
Index Terms: Histogram expansion, Dynamic range expansion, Linear contrast expansion, Symmetric range expansion
Study of Different Structural Elements Used For Thin Composite PlateIOSR Journals
Composites are extensively used in aerospace and automotive industry. The requirement usually is to
create holes in composite members to facilitate mounting of various members. These holes act as stress
concentration regions and the causes of failure. At present, the analytical treatments developed are very
restrictive to particular cases. Thus to analyze complex hole patterns subjected to tensile loadings there is
necessity of FEA software. FEA tool offers different structural elements for analysis, each with different number
of nodes. Engineer has to shortlist the elements and need to carryout permutations for selecting suitable element
for analysis. Thus study of these different elements is carried out as part of this paper. Different Structural
Finite elements are thus studied and applied to a model under study for tensile loading condition. The results of
FE Analysis are validated against analytical solution and best fit Structural element is suggested at the end if
paper. Scope of this study is limited to graphite/epoxy composites and can be extended further.
Ech a novel multilevel thresholding technique for minutiae based fingerprint ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:
A combination of exponential and Lindley failure rate model is considered and named it as exponential-Lindley
additive failure rate model. In this paper, we studied the distributional properties, central and non-central moments,
estimation of parameters, testing of hypothesis and the power of likelihood ratio criterion about the proposed model.
Key words: Exponential distribution, Lindley distribution, ML estimation, Likelihood ratio type criterion.
Single to multiple kernel learning with four popular svm kernels (survey)eSAT Journals
Abstract Machine learning applications and pattern recognition have gained great attention recently because of the variety of applications
depend on machine learning techniques, these techniques could make many processes easier and also reduce the amount of
human interference (more automation). This paper research four of the most popular kernels used with Support Vector Machines
(SVM) for Classification purposes. This survey uses Linear, Polynomial, Gaussian and Sigmoid kernels, each in a single form and
all together as un-weighted sum of kernels as form of Multi-Kernel Learning (MKL), with eleven datasets, these data sets are
benchmark datasets with different types of features and different number of classes, so some will be used with Two-Classes
Classification (Binary Classification) and some with Multi-Class Classification. Shogun machine learning Toolbox is used with
Python programming language to perform the classification and also to handle the pre-classification operations like Feature
Scaling (Normalization).The Cross Validation technique is used to find the best performance Out of the suggested different
kernels' methods .To compare the final results two performance measuring techniques are used; classification accuracy and Area
Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). General basics of SVM and used Kernels with classification parameters are
given through the first part of the paper, then experimental details are explained in steps and after those steps, experimental
results from the steps are given with final histograms represent the differences of the outputs' accuracies and the areas under
ROC curves (AUC). Finally best methods obtained are applied on remote sensing data sets and the results are compared to a
state of art work published in the field using the same set of data.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Classification, SVM, MKL, Cross Validation and ROC
This paper deals with constructing a composite probability distribution, which can be used for
representing the failure time distribution of mixed devices, and mixed component. This distribution
is called a composite exponential Burr – type XII model, it consist of exponential density up to
certain value of threshold parameter, the second is a four parameter Burr – type XII for the rest of
model, this give better fitting for data rather than single model like exponential alone or single Burr –
type XII. The . . of this distribution has five parameters (, , , ,
), according to certain
imposed conditions on the function and on its derivatives at the threshold parameter (
), this help us
to find some mathematical relations between parameters, therefore the number of five unknown
parameters is reduced to two unknown parameters rather than five.
In this paper the probability density of this composite distribution is derived, also its
cumulative distribution function (C.D.F) also obtained. Finally the parameters (, ) are estimated
using maximum likelihood method for ordered observations.
Histogram expansion a technique of histogram equlizationeSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper I have described histogram expansion. Histogram expansion is a technique of histogram equalization. In this I have
described three different techniques of expansion namely dynamic range expansion, linear contrast expansion and symmetric range
expansion. Each of these has their specific uses and advantages. For colored images linear contrast expansion is used. These all
methods help in easy study of histograms and helps in image enhancement.
Index Terms: Histogram expansion, Dynamic range expansion, Linear contrast expansion, Symmetric range expansion
Study of Different Structural Elements Used For Thin Composite PlateIOSR Journals
Composites are extensively used in aerospace and automotive industry. The requirement usually is to
create holes in composite members to facilitate mounting of various members. These holes act as stress
concentration regions and the causes of failure. At present, the analytical treatments developed are very
restrictive to particular cases. Thus to analyze complex hole patterns subjected to tensile loadings there is
necessity of FEA software. FEA tool offers different structural elements for analysis, each with different number
of nodes. Engineer has to shortlist the elements and need to carryout permutations for selecting suitable element
for analysis. Thus study of these different elements is carried out as part of this paper. Different Structural
Finite elements are thus studied and applied to a model under study for tensile loading condition. The results of
FE Analysis are validated against analytical solution and best fit Structural element is suggested at the end if
paper. Scope of this study is limited to graphite/epoxy composites and can be extended further.
Ech a novel multilevel thresholding technique for minutiae based fingerprint ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:
A combination of exponential and Lindley failure rate model is considered and named it as exponential-Lindley
additive failure rate model. In this paper, we studied the distributional properties, central and non-central moments,
estimation of parameters, testing of hypothesis and the power of likelihood ratio criterion about the proposed model.
Key words: Exponential distribution, Lindley distribution, ML estimation, Likelihood ratio type criterion.
Single to multiple kernel learning with four popular svm kernels (survey)eSAT Journals
Abstract Machine learning applications and pattern recognition have gained great attention recently because of the variety of applications
depend on machine learning techniques, these techniques could make many processes easier and also reduce the amount of
human interference (more automation). This paper research four of the most popular kernels used with Support Vector Machines
(SVM) for Classification purposes. This survey uses Linear, Polynomial, Gaussian and Sigmoid kernels, each in a single form and
all together as un-weighted sum of kernels as form of Multi-Kernel Learning (MKL), with eleven datasets, these data sets are
benchmark datasets with different types of features and different number of classes, so some will be used with Two-Classes
Classification (Binary Classification) and some with Multi-Class Classification. Shogun machine learning Toolbox is used with
Python programming language to perform the classification and also to handle the pre-classification operations like Feature
Scaling (Normalization).The Cross Validation technique is used to find the best performance Out of the suggested different
kernels' methods .To compare the final results two performance measuring techniques are used; classification accuracy and Area
Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). General basics of SVM and used Kernels with classification parameters are
given through the first part of the paper, then experimental details are explained in steps and after those steps, experimental
results from the steps are given with final histograms represent the differences of the outputs' accuracies and the areas under
ROC curves (AUC). Finally best methods obtained are applied on remote sensing data sets and the results are compared to a
state of art work published in the field using the same set of data.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Classification, SVM, MKL, Cross Validation and ROC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In stereo vision, the epipolar geometry is the intrinsic projective geometry between the two views. The
essential and fundamental matrices relate corresponding points in stereo images. The essential matrix
describes the geometry when the used cameras are calibrated, and the fundamental matrix expresses the
geometry when the cameras are uncalibrated. Since the nineties, researchers devoted a lot of effort to
estimate the fundamental matrix. Although it is a landmark of computer vision, in the current work, three
derivations of the essential and fundamental matrices have been revised. The Longuet-Higgins' derivation
of the essential matrix where he draws a mapping between the position vectors of a 3D point; however, the
one-to-one feature of that mapping is lost when he changed it to a relation between the image points. In the
two other derivations, we demonstrate that the authors established a mapping between the image points
through the misuse of mathematics.
In this paper we have described histogram expansion. Histogram expansion is a technique of histogram equalization. In this we have described three different techniques of expansion namely dynamic range expansion, linear contrast expansion and symmetric range expansion. Each of these has their specific uses and advantages. For colored images linear contrast expansion is used. These all methods help in easy study of histograms and helps in image enhancement.
In this article, we propose a new approach to solve intuitionistic fuzzy assignment
problem. Classical assignment problem deals with deterministic cost. In practical
situations it is not easy to determine the parameters. The parameters can be modeled
to fuzzy or intuitionistic fuzzy parameters. This paper develops an approach based on
diagonal optimal algorithm to solve an intuitionistic fuzzy assignment problem. A new
ranking procedure based on combined arithmetic mean is used to order the
intuitionistic fuzzy numbers so that Diagonal optimal algorithm [22] can be applied to
solve the intuitionistic fuzzy assignment problem. To illustrate the effectiveness of the
algorithm numerical examples were given..
Fourth order improved finite difference approach to pure bending analysis o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Analytical Methods provides exact solutions which have restrictions due to their inherent difficulties. On the other hand, Numerical methods provide approximate solution to governing differential equations. In this research, Improved Finite Difference Method (IFDM) using Polynomial series was used to develop a finite difference pattern. The patterns were applied in analyzing pure bending of line continuum with various boundary conditions. The results obtained from this numerical method were compared with those from exact method to check the accuracy of the solution. The results were found to be identical and very close to the exact results, with percentage difference ranging from 0 – 0.02%. Hence, Improved Finite Difference Method provides simple and approximate solution that are close to the exact value for pure bending analysis of line continuum. Key Words: Improved Finite Difference, Polynomial Series, Linear continuum, Numerical Methods…
Number of iterations needed in Monte Carlo Simulation using reliability analy...IJERA Editor
There are many methods in geotechnical engineering which could take advantage of Monte Carlo Simulation to
establish probability of failure, since closed form solutions are almost impossible to use in most cases. The
problem that arises with using Monte Carlo Simulation is the number of iterations needed for a particular
simulation.This article will show why it’s important to calculate number of iterations needed for Monte Carlo
Simulation used in reliability analysis for tunnel supports using convergence – confinement method. Number if
iterations needed will be calculated with two methods. In the first method, the analyst has to accept a distribution
function for the performance function. The other method suggested by this article is to calculate number of
iterations based on the convergence of the factor the analyst is interested in the calculation.
Reliability analysis will be performed for the diversion tunnel in Rrëshen, Albania, by using both methods
mentioned and results will be confronted
Analysis of stress in circular hollow section by fea and analytical techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract This study focus on stress calculation in a cantilever beam by FEA &Analytical techniques. To know the value of maximum load bearing capacity of any particular beam this study has been generated. Structural analysis is foremost requirement in a design process. Also when we perform FEA analysis of any structure we cannot blindly trust on its result. If we don’t have any past result data of that structure, it became difficult for us to know the deviation of result. For that purpose we may require analytical calculation result in order to compare result value of FEA. Hence in this study a range of load values are applied on cantilever beam by both techniques. Later graph has been plotted for different load values & verification of results is carried out. Keywords: Structure Analysis, CATIA, FEA and Benchmarking
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ORIENTATION FIELDijesajournal
ABSTRACT
This paper introduces an effective method of fingerprint classification based on discriminative feature gathering from orientation field. A nonlinear support vector machines (SVMs) is adopted for the classification. The orientation field is estimated through a pixel-Wise gradient descent method and the percentage of directional block classes is estimated. These percentages are classified into four-dimensional vector considered as a good feature that can be combined with an accurate singular point to classify the fingerprint into one of five classes. This method shows high classification accuracy relative to other spatial domain classifiers.
Vibration analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic and inertia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
New approach to calculating the fundamental matrix IJECEIAES
The estimation of the fundamental matrix (F) is to determine the epipolar geometry and to establish a geometrical relation between two images of the same scene or elaborate video frames. In the literature, we find many techniques that have been proposed for robust estimations such as RANSAC (random sample consensus), least squares median (LMeds), and M estimators as exhaustive. This article presents a comparison between the different detectors that are (Harris, FAST, SIFT, and SURF) in terms of detected points number, the number of correct matches and the computation speed of the ‘F’. Our method based first on the extraction of descriptors by the algorithm (SURF) was used in comparison to the other one because of its robustness, then set the threshold of uniqueness to obtain the best points and also normalize these points and rank it according to the weighting function of the different regions at the end of the estimation of the matrix ''F'' by the technique of the M-estimator at eight points, to calculate the average error and the speed of the calculation ''F''. The results of the experimental simulation were applied to the real images with different changes of viewpoints, for example (rotation, lighting and moving object), give a good agreement in terms of the counting speed of the fundamental matrix and the acceptable average error. The results of the simulation it shows this technique of use in real-time applications
Analysis and simulation of rayleigh fading channel in digital communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze slow, flat, Rayleigh fading channels in modern digital communication systems having different coherent modulation techniques. Most of the packages can only be used to analyze analog communication systems, but modern systems are, increasingly, digital. Improved many-on-many (IMOM) is a two-dimensional, graphical-oriented, radio frequency modeling tool is used to determine probability of channel bit error rather than information bit error, which allows generic solutions independent of the specifics of the system under investigation as long as the particular modulation type is known. Constellation diagram of various modulation techniques, power of faded signal and signal at receiver are plotted in MATLAB environment. The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) is suitable example of this analysis. Keywords- IMOM, Rayleigh Fading, Bit Error, MATLAB
EVALUATE THE STRAIN ENERGY ERROR FOR THE LASER WELD BY THE H-REFINEMENT OF TH...AM Publications
Currently, the finite element method (FEM) is still one of the useful tools in numerical simulation for technical problems. With this method, a continuum model presented by a certain number of elements with a simple approximation field causes the presence of discretization error in solutions. This paper considers the butt weld by laser which subjected the tension for AISI 1018 steel highness 8 mm. The aim of the study is to use the h-refinement of the FEM in estimation the strain energy error for the laser weld mentioned. The results show that the stability of the h-refinement shown by the value of the relative error of the strain energy is quite small, specifically; FEM is less than 5.7% and extra is no more than 3.7%.
32 8950 surendar s comparison of surface roughness (edit ari)newIAESIJEECS
Cancelable biometrics, a template transformation approach, attempts to provide robustness for authentication services based on biometrics. Several biometric template protection techniques represent the biometric information in binary form as it provides benefits in matching and storage. In this context, it becomes clear that often such transformed binary representations can be easily compromised and breached. In this paper, we propose an efficient non-invertible template transformation approach using random projection technique and Discrete Fourier transformation to shield the binary biometric representations. The cancelable fingerprint templates designed by the proposed technique meets the requirements of revocability, diversity, non-invertibility and performance. The matching performance of the cancelable fingerprint templates generated using proposed technique, have improved when compared with the state-of-art methods.
Face recognition based on curvelets, invariant moments features and SVMTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Recent studies highlighted on face recognition methods. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for face recognition by combining Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCvT) and Invariant Moments with Support vector machine (SVM), which improves rate of face recognition in various situations. The reason of using this approach depends on two things. first, Curvelet transform which is a multi-resolution method, that can efficiently represent image edge discontinuities; Second, the Invariant Moments analysis which is a statistical method that meets with the translation, rotation and scale invariance in the image. Furthermore, SVM is employed to classify the face image based on the extracted features. This process is applied on each of ORL and Yale databases to evaluate the performance of the suggested method. Experimentally, the proposed method results show that our system can compose efficient and reasonable face recognition feature, and obtain useful recognition accuracy, which is able to face and side-face states detection of persons to decrease fault rate of production.
ALGORITHMIC AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A 3D RECONSTRUCTION MEDICAL IMA...IJCSEIT Journal
This paper presents an optimization of an FPGA circuit implementation of 3D reconstruction algorithm of
medicals images. It is based on an algorithmic specification in the shape of a Factorized and Conditioned
Data Dependences Graph (GFCDD). An automatic and optimized implementation of the algorithm of «
Marching Cubes » has been carried out. The repetitive property of the algorithm has been exploited, as
much as possible, by means of the methodology “Adequacy Algorithm Structures”.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In stereo vision, the epipolar geometry is the intrinsic projective geometry between the two views. The
essential and fundamental matrices relate corresponding points in stereo images. The essential matrix
describes the geometry when the used cameras are calibrated, and the fundamental matrix expresses the
geometry when the cameras are uncalibrated. Since the nineties, researchers devoted a lot of effort to
estimate the fundamental matrix. Although it is a landmark of computer vision, in the current work, three
derivations of the essential and fundamental matrices have been revised. The Longuet-Higgins' derivation
of the essential matrix where he draws a mapping between the position vectors of a 3D point; however, the
one-to-one feature of that mapping is lost when he changed it to a relation between the image points. In the
two other derivations, we demonstrate that the authors established a mapping between the image points
through the misuse of mathematics.
In this paper we have described histogram expansion. Histogram expansion is a technique of histogram equalization. In this we have described three different techniques of expansion namely dynamic range expansion, linear contrast expansion and symmetric range expansion. Each of these has their specific uses and advantages. For colored images linear contrast expansion is used. These all methods help in easy study of histograms and helps in image enhancement.
In this article, we propose a new approach to solve intuitionistic fuzzy assignment
problem. Classical assignment problem deals with deterministic cost. In practical
situations it is not easy to determine the parameters. The parameters can be modeled
to fuzzy or intuitionistic fuzzy parameters. This paper develops an approach based on
diagonal optimal algorithm to solve an intuitionistic fuzzy assignment problem. A new
ranking procedure based on combined arithmetic mean is used to order the
intuitionistic fuzzy numbers so that Diagonal optimal algorithm [22] can be applied to
solve the intuitionistic fuzzy assignment problem. To illustrate the effectiveness of the
algorithm numerical examples were given..
Fourth order improved finite difference approach to pure bending analysis o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Analytical Methods provides exact solutions which have restrictions due to their inherent difficulties. On the other hand, Numerical methods provide approximate solution to governing differential equations. In this research, Improved Finite Difference Method (IFDM) using Polynomial series was used to develop a finite difference pattern. The patterns were applied in analyzing pure bending of line continuum with various boundary conditions. The results obtained from this numerical method were compared with those from exact method to check the accuracy of the solution. The results were found to be identical and very close to the exact results, with percentage difference ranging from 0 – 0.02%. Hence, Improved Finite Difference Method provides simple and approximate solution that are close to the exact value for pure bending analysis of line continuum. Key Words: Improved Finite Difference, Polynomial Series, Linear continuum, Numerical Methods…
Number of iterations needed in Monte Carlo Simulation using reliability analy...IJERA Editor
There are many methods in geotechnical engineering which could take advantage of Monte Carlo Simulation to
establish probability of failure, since closed form solutions are almost impossible to use in most cases. The
problem that arises with using Monte Carlo Simulation is the number of iterations needed for a particular
simulation.This article will show why it’s important to calculate number of iterations needed for Monte Carlo
Simulation used in reliability analysis for tunnel supports using convergence – confinement method. Number if
iterations needed will be calculated with two methods. In the first method, the analyst has to accept a distribution
function for the performance function. The other method suggested by this article is to calculate number of
iterations based on the convergence of the factor the analyst is interested in the calculation.
Reliability analysis will be performed for the diversion tunnel in Rrëshen, Albania, by using both methods
mentioned and results will be confronted
Analysis of stress in circular hollow section by fea and analytical techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract This study focus on stress calculation in a cantilever beam by FEA &Analytical techniques. To know the value of maximum load bearing capacity of any particular beam this study has been generated. Structural analysis is foremost requirement in a design process. Also when we perform FEA analysis of any structure we cannot blindly trust on its result. If we don’t have any past result data of that structure, it became difficult for us to know the deviation of result. For that purpose we may require analytical calculation result in order to compare result value of FEA. Hence in this study a range of load values are applied on cantilever beam by both techniques. Later graph has been plotted for different load values & verification of results is carried out. Keywords: Structure Analysis, CATIA, FEA and Benchmarking
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ORIENTATION FIELDijesajournal
ABSTRACT
This paper introduces an effective method of fingerprint classification based on discriminative feature gathering from orientation field. A nonlinear support vector machines (SVMs) is adopted for the classification. The orientation field is estimated through a pixel-Wise gradient descent method and the percentage of directional block classes is estimated. These percentages are classified into four-dimensional vector considered as a good feature that can be combined with an accurate singular point to classify the fingerprint into one of five classes. This method shows high classification accuracy relative to other spatial domain classifiers.
Vibration analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic and inertia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
New approach to calculating the fundamental matrix IJECEIAES
The estimation of the fundamental matrix (F) is to determine the epipolar geometry and to establish a geometrical relation between two images of the same scene or elaborate video frames. In the literature, we find many techniques that have been proposed for robust estimations such as RANSAC (random sample consensus), least squares median (LMeds), and M estimators as exhaustive. This article presents a comparison between the different detectors that are (Harris, FAST, SIFT, and SURF) in terms of detected points number, the number of correct matches and the computation speed of the ‘F’. Our method based first on the extraction of descriptors by the algorithm (SURF) was used in comparison to the other one because of its robustness, then set the threshold of uniqueness to obtain the best points and also normalize these points and rank it according to the weighting function of the different regions at the end of the estimation of the matrix ''F'' by the technique of the M-estimator at eight points, to calculate the average error and the speed of the calculation ''F''. The results of the experimental simulation were applied to the real images with different changes of viewpoints, for example (rotation, lighting and moving object), give a good agreement in terms of the counting speed of the fundamental matrix and the acceptable average error. The results of the simulation it shows this technique of use in real-time applications
Analysis and simulation of rayleigh fading channel in digital communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze slow, flat, Rayleigh fading channels in modern digital communication systems having different coherent modulation techniques. Most of the packages can only be used to analyze analog communication systems, but modern systems are, increasingly, digital. Improved many-on-many (IMOM) is a two-dimensional, graphical-oriented, radio frequency modeling tool is used to determine probability of channel bit error rather than information bit error, which allows generic solutions independent of the specifics of the system under investigation as long as the particular modulation type is known. Constellation diagram of various modulation techniques, power of faded signal and signal at receiver are plotted in MATLAB environment. The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) is suitable example of this analysis. Keywords- IMOM, Rayleigh Fading, Bit Error, MATLAB
EVALUATE THE STRAIN ENERGY ERROR FOR THE LASER WELD BY THE H-REFINEMENT OF TH...AM Publications
Currently, the finite element method (FEM) is still one of the useful tools in numerical simulation for technical problems. With this method, a continuum model presented by a certain number of elements with a simple approximation field causes the presence of discretization error in solutions. This paper considers the butt weld by laser which subjected the tension for AISI 1018 steel highness 8 mm. The aim of the study is to use the h-refinement of the FEM in estimation the strain energy error for the laser weld mentioned. The results show that the stability of the h-refinement shown by the value of the relative error of the strain energy is quite small, specifically; FEM is less than 5.7% and extra is no more than 3.7%.
32 8950 surendar s comparison of surface roughness (edit ari)newIAESIJEECS
Cancelable biometrics, a template transformation approach, attempts to provide robustness for authentication services based on biometrics. Several biometric template protection techniques represent the biometric information in binary form as it provides benefits in matching and storage. In this context, it becomes clear that often such transformed binary representations can be easily compromised and breached. In this paper, we propose an efficient non-invertible template transformation approach using random projection technique and Discrete Fourier transformation to shield the binary biometric representations. The cancelable fingerprint templates designed by the proposed technique meets the requirements of revocability, diversity, non-invertibility and performance. The matching performance of the cancelable fingerprint templates generated using proposed technique, have improved when compared with the state-of-art methods.
Face recognition based on curvelets, invariant moments features and SVMTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Recent studies highlighted on face recognition methods. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for face recognition by combining Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCvT) and Invariant Moments with Support vector machine (SVM), which improves rate of face recognition in various situations. The reason of using this approach depends on two things. first, Curvelet transform which is a multi-resolution method, that can efficiently represent image edge discontinuities; Second, the Invariant Moments analysis which is a statistical method that meets with the translation, rotation and scale invariance in the image. Furthermore, SVM is employed to classify the face image based on the extracted features. This process is applied on each of ORL and Yale databases to evaluate the performance of the suggested method. Experimentally, the proposed method results show that our system can compose efficient and reasonable face recognition feature, and obtain useful recognition accuracy, which is able to face and side-face states detection of persons to decrease fault rate of production.
ALGORITHMIC AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A 3D RECONSTRUCTION MEDICAL IMA...IJCSEIT Journal
This paper presents an optimization of an FPGA circuit implementation of 3D reconstruction algorithm of
medicals images. It is based on an algorithmic specification in the shape of a Factorized and Conditioned
Data Dependences Graph (GFCDD). An automatic and optimized implementation of the algorithm of «
Marching Cubes » has been carried out. The repetitive property of the algorithm has been exploited, as
much as possible, by means of the methodology “Adequacy Algorithm Structures”.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Key frame extraction for video summarization using motion activity descriptorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A novel work for bin packing problem by ant colony optimizationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Failure prediction of propeller shaft prototype using finite element analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract
A premature failure that occurs before the expected load cycle during the torsional fatigue test of a propeller shaft assembly prototype is studied. In these test crack mainly originated repetitively from one of the components, namely Flange yoke at same region. To determine the root reason of the failure a detail CAD model of Flange yoke was developed and analyzed by Finite Element Method. Fatigue crack initiation and location were determined and compared with test data. We found good correlation between FEM results with testing failure results. Design improvements solutions are proposed to increase the fatigue life. Mechanical properties of the Flange yoke were determined by the tensile strength test. Using these input datas stress and strain analysis was performed in ANSYS software.
Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Stress Concentration, Structural Analysis
Numerical modeling to evaluate pile head deflection under the lateral loadeSAT Journals
Abstract The complex behavior of pile head deflection under the lateral load can be studied using various analytical methods and the softwares. Often the lateral pile load testing is carried out in the field to confirm the calculated lateral pile capacity. However, even with the use of sophisticated latest softwares, the accurate deflection of pile head cannot be estimated. Hence an attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the pile head deflection using the field load-deflection data and the corresponding soil and pile properties. A preliminary mathematical model has been developed using a technique of dimensional analysis (DA) to evaluate pile head deflection under different pile diameters, different pile materials and varying soil conditions. The estimated pile head deflection using DA equation is compared with 14nos. of measured lateral pile load test results conducted at the site. It can be observed from this study that, the dimensional analysis can be used effectively to estimate the pile head deflection. More variables based on more field results can be introduced in the mathematical model to increase the accuracy in the estimation of pile head deflection. Keywords: Pile head deflection, Lateral pile load, Dimensional analysis
Application of ann for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The application of artificial neural networks (ANN) for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beams with transverse
reinforcement is investigated in this paper. An ANN model is built, trained and tested using the available test data of 216 RC beams
collected from the literature also the experimental data of twenty seven fly ash concrete beams under shear. The experimental shear
strength were also compared to those obtained using building codal equations and empirical equations proposed by various
researchers. The ANN model was found to predict satisfactorily when compared to available analytical predictions.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Building codes, Comparison, Charts, Empirical Equations, Fly ash
Concrete, Shear Strength.
Application of ann for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The application of artificial neural networks (ANN) for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beams with transverse
reinforcement is investigated in this paper. An ANN model is built, trained and tested using the available test data of 216 RC beams
collected from the literature also the experimental data of twenty seven fly ash concrete beams under shear. The experimental shear
strength were also compared to those obtained using building codal equations and empirical equations proposed by various
researchers. The ANN model was found to predict satisfactorily when compared to available analytical predictions.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Building codes, Comparison, Charts, Empirical Equations, Fly ash
Concrete, Shear Strength.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of elements on linear elastic stress analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract The question of “what type of elements should be used?” never fails to pop up in the minds of analysts when carrying out finite element analysis (FEA). Indeed, the selection of elements from a variety of different types of elements is part and partial of FEA. Initially, only one-dimensional (1D) elements were developed. The introduction of two-dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) elements, which came later, greatly increase the capability of finite element (FE) programs to model and solve complex engineering problems. Not only do these elements provide improvement in accuracy of the results but also brought about new challenges which include evaluation of numerical errors, validity of results, setup and execution time as well as large computer memory capacity. The outcome of the analysis is very much dependent of the type of element chosen. The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the selection of elements in FEA by considering the effects of different types of elements on the results of FEA. A simple case study of an I-beam subjected to an asymmetric load is carried out by FEA. Three different models of the I-beam were prepared and analyzed separately using 1D elements, 2D elements, and 3D elements. The results of these models were compared with the mathematical model of the I-beam. The FEA results of these models showed good agreement with the theoretical calculation despite the small and negligible errors in the analysis. Since the aim of FEA is an effective and efficient solution to engineering problems, it becomes a necessity to consider factors such as structural shape, desired analysis results, and computer capability while choosing the right element for the analysis. Keywords: Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Modeling, Stress Analysis, and Linear Static Analysis.
Design and Analysis Nose Landing Gear SupportIJSRD
Nose landing gear support bracket is one of the main parts in the nose landing gear assembly, whose function is to maintain the stability of the landing gear during the movements. This work is focused on the FEA analysis of support bracket by varying the stress concentration area, The objective of this work is to determine the static and modal analysis of support bracket with different stress concentration areas, then analysis is done using ANSYS WORKBENCH, These results could provide some useful suggestions for design and improvement for the better component
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Role of Simulation in Deep Drawn Cylindrical PartIJSRD
Simulation is widely used in forming industry due to its speed and lower cost and it has been proven to be effective in prediction of formability and spring back behavior. The purpose of finite element simulation in the sheet metal forming process is to minimize the time and cost in the design phase by predicting key outcomes such as the final shape of the part, the possibility of various defects and the flow of material. Such simulation is most useful and efficient when it is performed in the early stage of design by designers, rather than by analysis specialists after the detailed design is complete. The accuracy of such simulation depends on knowledge of material properties, boundary conditions and processing parameters. In the industry today, numerical sheet metal forming simulation is very important tool for reducing load time and improving part quality. In this paper finite element model for the deep-drawing of cylindrical cups is constructed and the simulation results are obtained by using different simulation parameters, i.e. punch velocity, coefficient of friction and blank holder force of the FE mesh-elements and these results are compared with experimental work.
Massmomentsof inertia of joined wing unmanned aerial vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract Determination of mass moments of inertia of aircraft during the early stages of design is of great importance for the sizing of control surfaces and the evaluation of the dynamic characteristics. In the article are reviewed the problems of the analytic calculation of mass moments of inertia of an unmanned air vehicle at the conceptual design stage, of their automated determination with a CAD/CAMcodeatthedetaileddesignstageandoftheirmeasurementafterexperimentalmodelsareproduced.A comparison is made of the accuracy of the different methods. Keywords: UAV, momentsofinertia, physicalpendulum, torsion pendulum
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, dissipates the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the building, inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration.
The work deals with modelling and finite element analysis of a high damping rubber bearing in ANSYS 12.0. A displacement controlled transient analysis was done to analyse the behaviour of the isolator during earthquakes.
Keywords: Base isolation, High damping rubber, Transient analysis
Damage tolerance evaluation of wing in presence of large landing gear cutout ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aircraft is symbol of a high performance mechanical structure, which has the ability to fly with a very high structural safety record. Aircraft experiences variable loading in service. Rarely an aircraft will fail due to a static overload during its service life. For the continued airworthiness of an aircraft during its entire economic service life, fatigue and damage tolerance design, analysis, testing and service experience correlation play a pivotal role. The present study includes the stress analysis and damage tolerance evaluation of the wing through a stiffened panel of the bottom skin with a landing gear cutout. Wing bottom skin experiences tensile stress field during flight. Cutouts required for fuel access and landing gear opening and retraction in the bottom skin will introduce stress concentration. Fatigue cracks will initiate from high tensile stress locations. An integral stiffened panel consisting a landing gear cutout is considered for the analysis. Stress analysis will identify the maximum tensile stress location in the panel. In a metallic structure fatigue manifests itself in the form of a crack which propagates. If the crack in a critical location goes unnoticed it could lead to a catastrophic failure of the airframe. A critical condition will occur when the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip becomes equal to fracture toughness of the material. SIF calculations will be carried out for a crack with incremental crack lengths using MVCCI method. Analytical evaluation of the crack arrest capability of the stiffening members ahead of the crack tip will be carried out. Index Terms: Key Aircraft, Design, wing, landing gear cutout, stress analysis, FEM, damage tolerance, integral stiffened panel.
Damage tolerance evaluation of wing in presence of large landing gear cutout ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of normalized cross correlation to image registrationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Evaluation of 6 noded quareter point element for crack analysis by analytical method
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 756
EVALUATION OF 6-NODED QUARETER POINT ELEMENT FOR CRACK ANALYSIS BY ANALYTICAL METHOD Nanavare Prashant1, Vijaykumar N Chalwa2, Patil Deogonda3 1Assistance Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SMSMPITR, Akluj 2Dean R&D, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SMSMPITR, Akluj 3Assistance Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SMSMPITR, Akluj Abstract Catastrophic fracture failure of engineering structures is caused by cracks that extend beyond a safe size. Cracks, present to some extent in all structures, either as a result of manufacturing fabrication defects or localized damage in service, may grow by mechanisms such as fatigue, stress-corrosion or creep. The crack growth leads to a decrease in the structural strength. Thus, when the service loading cannot be sustained by the current residual strength, fracture occur leading to the failure of the structure. The analysis of cracks within structures is an important application if the damage tolerance and durability of structures and components are to be predicted. Often cracks cannot be avoided in structures; however the fatigue life of the structure depends on the location and size of these cracks. In order to predict the fatigue life for any component, a fatigue life and crack growth study needs to be performed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that 50 to 90 percent of all mechanical failures are due to fatigue, and the majority of these failures are unexpected. Fatigue causes failure in many structures in automobiles, ships and aircraft as well as any other device which undergo repeated loading. In 1978, a comprehensive study indicated a cost of $119 billion (in 1982 dollars) due to fracture in the United States. 1.1 Finite Element Analysis An analytical solution is a mathematical expression that gives the values of the desired unknown quantity at any location in a body (or structure), and as a consequence, it is valid for an infinite number of locations in the body or structure. However, analytical solutions can be obtained only for simple engineering problems .It is extremely difficult and many a times impossible, to obtain the exact analytical mathematical solutions for many complex engineering problems. In such cases, the technique known as FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) is used.
Fig.1 :-(b) Discretization
In FEM the body is divided in to finite number of smaller units known as elements. This process of dividing the body into finite number of elements is known as discretization. Fig.1 illustrates the discretization. The assemblage of elements then represents the original body. These elements are considered interconnected at joints are known as nodes or nodal points. Instead of solving problems for the entire body in one operation, the solutions are formulated for each element and combined to obtain the solution for the original body. This approach is known as going from part to whole. Though it will be theoretically correct to satisfy the continuity requirements all along the edges of elements, this will lead to more complicated analysis. Hence, in FEM, in order to make analysis more simpler ,it is assumed that the elements are connected at the finite number of joints called NODES or NODAL POINTS. It is only at nodes the continuity equations are required to be satisfied.In FEM, the amount of data to be handled is dependent upon the number of elements in to which the original body is divided.
Fig.2: (b) Discretization
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 757
For a large number of elements it is a formidable task to
handle the volume of data manually and hence in such cases
the use of computers inevitable.
It has been found that the accuracy of solution, in genral,
increases with the number of elements taken.However, more
number of elements will result in increased computation.
2. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY
The objective of this project is to develop an element the crack
tip crack. Project currently focuses on 2D problems.
Problem definition
Generally crack happens in the problem shown in sketches as
shown above
Problem Description
Crack propagation in a plate with holes at different location is
studied.
Problem
In this problem a simple plate with notch is taken. The plate is
considered a plane stress problem. The below figure shows
that dimension of the plate
Fig.3.Dimension of the plate
A plate having a notch when a tensile is applied on both side
of Plate at the end of notch crack is occurred.
The material; properties used for the plate is given in the table
below.
Table 1:- Material properties
Material Properties Value Unit
Modulus of Elasticity,
E
210000 MPa
Poisson ratio, v 0.29
Paris Coefficient, C 1.33559e-
13
mm/cycl
e
Paris Exponent, n 2.954
3. FORMULATION
3.1 Modeling of the Crack
The main difficulty in modeling the crack in FEM is to model
the singularity (1/√r) behavior of the crack tip. Traditionally a
very fine mesh was used at the crack tip to capture the
singularity behavior. But this makes the computational time
expensive. A special type of element is, therefore, used in this
formulation. This special type of element is known as quarter
point element. An introduction to this kind of element is given
below.
3.2 Quarter Point Elements
As mentioned earlier, one of the major difficulties in fracture
mechanics using FEM is the modeling of the singularity (1/√r)
in the stress field formed at the crack tip. Henshell and Shaw
discovered that it was possible to represent the (1/√r) stress
singularity using quadratic isoperimetric elements. Barsoum
formulated a quadratic isoperimetric element able to represent
the (1/√r) stress singularity moving the mid side node of the
two sides to the quarter point position [8]. A brief formulation
of the element is given. Figure 5.1 shows the quarter point 8-
noded element.
Fig.4:-.Quarter point 8-noded element
The geometry of an 8-noded plane isoparametric element can
be mapped into a normalized square space (ξ, η), (-1≥ ξ ≥1,-1≥
η ≥1) through the following transformation
The shape functions for the three nodes can be written as,
(1)
2
5 N 1 From Equation,
1
1
1
2
N
2
1
1
2
N
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 758
2
1 2 5
1 1
1 1 1
2 2
x x x x
(2)
Choosing, x1=0, x2=L and x5=L/4
2 1
1 1
2 4
L
x L
(3)
Thus,
1 2
x
L
(4)
and in the Jacobian,
x
is given by:
1
2
x L x
L
(5)
Which makes the determinant of the Jacobian vanish at the
crack tip when x=0
Regarding the displacement along the line 1-5-2:
2
1 2 5
1 1
1 1 1
2 2
u u u u
(6)
And writing in terms of x
1 2 5
1 1
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 4
2 2
x x x x x x
u u u u
L L L L L L
(7)
So, the strain in the x direction is given by:
(8)
The singularity achieved for the strain filed in Equation 8 is of
order 1/√x, therefore, at the crack tip, the stress is infinite
which, is the same singularity achieved beyond the elastic
plane analysis. A 6-noded triangular element is shown in the
Figure 5.
Fig:-5: Quarter point 6-noded element
In this case the singularity is investigated along the x-axis,
where η=0, and for this line we have,
2 1 2 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 2 4 2 2 4
l l
x l l l
It reduces to, 1
2 1 2 1
4
l
x
(9)
Thus,
1
1 2
x
l
(10)
Which is the same singularity achieved in 8-noded element.
Quadrilateral quarter point element is used less frequently in
practice than the triangular version. These may be because of
fewer number of this element being able to place around the
crack tip. With fewer elements, the circumferential variations
of the stress and displacement fields around a crack tip may be
can less accurately represented then the triangular case where
more elements can be placed around the tip.
3.3 Modeling Crack tip using Quarter Point Element
In the present work, 6-noded quarter point element is used to
model the crack tip. The macro developed, clear.mac, has the
capability to automatically model the crack tip with 6-noded
quarter point element. The user has to input the crack initiation
node and the crack tip location. Most of the time, the crack
initiates at maximum principles stress. The procedure is shown
below in the figures
a) Un-cracked region b) Define Crack tip and end point c)
Element deletion around crack tip
d) Step 4: Local remeshing with QP element
Fig.6:- Automatic Modeling of crack
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 759
Once the crack tip is remeshed with QP element, static analysis is carried out. The stress intensity factor and propagation angle are found out. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE An element is developed for modeling the crack point. This element widely used by swarts FRANCE 2D, ANSYS
1) Evaluated element valid and used by s/w
2) Results of s/w and modeling are quarter
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