This session discusses the development of the urogenital system and includes:
1. Development of the kidneys and ureters
2. Development of the bladder and urethra
3. Development of the gonads and genital ducts
4. Development of the external genitalia
this is Dr.haider's lec, the one we took today , he left it on the desktop and said you can take it =D and btw for the pics he said check any anatomy book even the ones in the library
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
this is Dr.haider's lec, the one we took today , he left it on the desktop and said you can take it =D and btw for the pics he said check any anatomy book even the ones in the library
Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
describe the histological structures and clinical importance of the adrenal gland
"Exploring Male Lower Genitourinary Anatomy: A Comprehensive Guide".pptxhafizumairm01
Lower Genitourinary Anatomy: A Comprehensive Overview
The lower genitourinary (GU) system includes the structures of the urinary and reproductive systems located in the pelvis. Here's an extensive overview of the anatomy, focusing on both male and female systems:
Male Lower Genitourinary Anatomy
Bladder:
Location: Situated in the pelvis, posterior to the pubic symphysis.
Function: Stores urine until it is expelled from the body through the urethra.
Structure: A muscular sac with a trigone area at the base where the ureters enter and the urethra exits.
Urethra:
Location: Extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis.
Function: Conducts urine and semen out of the body.
Parts: Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra.
Prostate Gland:
Location: Surrounds the prostatic urethra, below the bladder.
Function: Produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
Seminal Vesicles:
Location: Posterior to the bladder, above the prostate.
Function: Secretes a fluid rich in fructose that provides energy for sperm.
Testes:
Location: Housed within the scrotum.
Function: Produce sperm and testosterone.
Development: Descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum during fetal development.
Epididymis:
Location: Coiled tube on the back of each testis.
Function: Stores and matures sperm.
Vas Deferens:
Location: Extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts.
Function: Transports mature sperm to the urethra during ejaculation.
Penis:
Structure: Composed of the root, body (shaft), and glans.
Function: Facilitates sexual intercourse and excretes urine.
Components: Contains erectile tissues (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum) that fill with blood to produce an erection.
Stay informed and share this essential knowledge! 🌟 #Anatomy #HealthEducation #GenitourinarySystem #MedicalKnowledge
Similar to Embryology Course IX - Urogenital System (20)
Pathology of gastric cancer - Rawa MuhsinRawa Muhsin
This is a slideshow about the pathology of gastric cancer, including its pathogenesis, classification, histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular changes.
An overview of milk, the difference between breast and formula milk, the types of milk formulas, and some of the diseases prevent the use of certain formulas in babies
Learning and Retaining Information - Spaced Repetition SystemsRawa Muhsin
An overview of the process of learning and forgetting, and the role of spaced repetition systems (and the software designed to facilitate it) in improving learning
An overview of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human deficiency virus (HIV) and the drugs used for its treatment, including a classification of the established drugs, the HAART regimen, and investigational approaches
Embryology Course VI - Cardiovascular SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the cardiovascular system and includes:
1. Development of the heart
2. Development of the arterial system
3. Development of the venous system
4. Development of lymphatics, overview of fetal circulation, and changes in fetal circulation at birth
Embryology Course II - 2nd and 3rd Weeks of DevelopmentRawa Muhsin
This session discusses:
1. The changes that occur in the second week of life
2. Some of the main events of the third week and beyond, including gastrulation and notochord formation, as well as the growth of the villous system
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Embryology Course IX - Urogenital System
1. • The Urogenital System
• The Kidneys
• The Bladder and Urethra
• Gonads, Genital Ducts, and External Genitalia
• Descent of the Testes and Ovaries
2. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney; it is composed of a glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule,
and ducts which together form the excretory unit that drains into the collecting duct
3. Urinary and genital systems are functionally separate but are both embryologically derived from the
intermediate mesoderm, composed of a nephrogenic cord and a gonadal ridge
4. Three kidney systems form: pronephros (pl. -nephroi), mesonephros, and metanephros
The pronephroi are composed of segmented cell clusters in the cervical region, called nephrotomes,
that soon degenerate; their duct extends to the cloaca and persists as the mesonephric duct
5. The mesonephros forms a large ovoid body from the upper thoracic to upper lumbar region; the
excretory tubules become S-shaped; their medial end becomes Bowman’s capsule and it acquires a
tuft of capillaries that forms the glomerulus; the lateral end connects with the mesonephric duct
(also called wolffian duct) which is the remnant of the pronephric duct
All the mesonephric excretory units and duct degenerate in female; some of the caudal units and duct
persist in the male and contribute to the genital system
6.
7.
8. The definitive kidney forms from two sources: the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesoderm
The ureteric bud grows from the caudal end of the mesonephric duct towards the metanephric
mesoderm and begins forming generations of branches
The ureteric bud forms the ureter, then renal pelvis, major calices, minor calices, and finally
collecting tubules; these tubules induce the metanephric tissue cap to form renal vesicles that
develop into the excretory units (Bowman’s capsule and excretory tubules)
9.
10.
11.
12. The kidneys ascend from their initial pelvic position to the lumbar region due to
• Diminution of body curvature
• Growth of body in lumbar and sacral regions
Blood supply also changes as the kidneys ascend until they arise from aorta in the lumbar region;
kidneys become functional at the 12th week
13.
14. The distal end of the hindgut is dilated, forming the cloaca; the boundary between the cloaca and the
ectoderm is the site of the cloacal membrane; the anterior portion of the cloaca receives the
allantois; mesoderm from around the allantois and yolk sac forms the urorectal septum which
separates the region of the allantois from that of the rest of the hindgut
Later the tip of the septum comes close to the cloacal membrane, though they never make contact;
the cloacal membrane ruptures at the end of the 7th week forming a ventral opening for the
urogenital sinus and a dorsal opening for the anorectal canal, separated by the urorectal septum (later
forming the perineal body)
15.
16. The urogenital sinus is divided into three parts:
• Upper part (vesical part): develops into the bladder
• Middle part (pelvic part): develops into urethra (entire urethra in females and prostatic and membranous parts of male urethra)
• Lower part (phallic part): grows toward the genital tubercle
17. The urogenital sinus is divided into three parts:
• Upper part (vesical part): develops into the bladder
• Middle part (pelvic part): develops into urethra (entire urethra in females and prostatic and membranous parts of male urethra)
• Lower part (phallic part): grows toward the genital tubercle
18. The bladder is initially continuous with the lumen of the allantois; later allantois becomes a thick
fibrous cord known as urachus; urachus is called median umbilical ligament in adults
The caudal ends of mesonephric ducts are absorbed into the cloaca, thus the ureters obtain their
own separate entrance into the cloaca; ascent of kidneys pulls ureters cranially while mesonephric
ducts move close together to form ejaculatory ducts in male and enter prostatic urethra
Site of incorporation of ureters and ducts is called trigone of bladder and is this formed by their
mesoderm; however, later the endoderm proliferates and replaces trigone mesoderm
19. The bladder is initially continuous with the lumen of the allantois; later allantois becomes a thick
fibrous cord known as urachus; urachus is called median umbilical ligament in adults
The caudal ends of mesonephric ducts are absorbed into the cloaca, thus the ureters obtain their
own separate entrance into the cloaca; ascent of kidneys pulls ureters cranially while mesonephric
ducts move close together to form ejaculatory ducts in male and enter prostatic urethra
Site of incorporation of ureters and ducts is called trigone of bladder and is this formed by their
mesoderm; however, later the endoderm proliferates and replaces trigone mesoderm
20.
21.
22. The epithelium of the male urethra is derived from endoderm except for its caudalmost end (navicular
fossa) in the glans which is derived from ectoderm
This endoderm proliferates and gives rise to the prostate and bulbourethral glands also
23. The entire female urethra is derived from endoderm; the endoderm proliferates and gives rise to
urethral and paraurethral glands (Skene’s glands) in addition to the greater vestibular glands
24. The genital ridges appear medial to the mesonephroi; these develop into the gonads and are derived
from three sources:
• Somatic mesoderm (mesothelium) lining posterior abdominal wall
• Underlying mesenchyme from intermediate mesoderm; some epithelial cords break and penetrate the
mesenchyme to form primitive sex cords in both sexes (indifferent gonad)
• Primordial germ cells (spermatogonia and oogonia) derived from the yolk sac; they migrate through dorsal
mesentery of hindgut until they reach the genital ridges and penetrate them
25.
26.
27. In addition to the mesonephric or wolffian ducts, a pair of paramesonephric or mullerian ducts form
by invagination of the epithelium on the anterolateral surface of the genital ridge;
The duct opens into the abdominal cavity above, runs down lateral to the mesonephric duct then
crosses it ventrally and comes in contact with the paramesonephric duct of the opposite site; initially
separated by a septum, later they fuse to form the uterine canal; they open into the urogenital sinus
at the paramesonephric or mullerian tubercle
28.
29.
30.
31. The Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which directs development of male ducts; this causes the
primitive sex cords to proliferate and penetrate deeper into the medulla to form testis or medullary
cords; toward the hilum they form a thin network called rete testis; later a dense layer of fibrous
connective tissue called tunica albuginea separates the testis cords from the surface epithelium
Testis cords are solid cords composed of primordial germ cells and Sertoli cells; interstitial cells of
Leydig develop from the mesenchyme and begin secreting testosterone at the 8th week, allowing the
testis to influence genital ducts and external genitalia
32. At puberty, testis cords obtain a lumen and become seminiferous tubules which are continuous with
the rete testis; rete testis connect with the excretory units of the mesonephric system in this area,
which are called epigenital tubules and later become the ductuli efferentes (efferent ductules);
These efferent ductules are by default connected to the mesonephric duct which becomes highly
convoluted below the efferent ductules to form the epididymis; from the tail of the epididymis until
urogenital sinus, the mesonephric duct forms the vas deference (ductus deference)
33. Near its entrance to the urogenital sinus, the vas deference forms the outgrowth of the seminal
vesicle; from this site to the urogenital sinus, the vas is known as the ejaculatory duct
Paramesonephric ducts degenerate in males and their only derivatives are the prostatic utricle and
the appendix testis; the paramesonephric tubercle becomes the seminal colliculus; other derivatives
of the mesonephric ducts include the appendix epididymis and the paradidymis
34.
35.
36.
37. In females, absence of Y chromosome causes the primitive sex cords in the medulla to degenerate
and form ovarian medulla (stroma); however, a second generation of cords form which penetrate the
mesenchyme but remain close to the surface and each surrounds one or more primordial germ cells;
the secondary sex cords form follicular cells while the primordial germ cells differentiate into oogonia
38. The paramesonephric ducts have three parts:
• A cranial vertical part which opens into the abdominal cavity
• A middle horizontal part which crosses the mesonephric duct
• A caudal vertical part which fuses with that of the opposite duct
The first two parts form the uterine tube while the caudal ones form the uterus
The mesonephric excretory units degenerate in females except for remnants like epoophoron and
paroophoron in the mesovarium; remnants of mesonephric duct are the duct of epoophoron and an
occasional Gartner’s cyst in the vaginal wall
39. The second part of the paramesonephric ducts moves mediocaudally causing the entire urogenital
ridge to lie in a transverse plane; as a result, the peritoneal linings of both sides fuse, forming the
broad ligament of the uterus extending from the sides of the uterus to the lateral pelvic wall
This ligament holds the uterine tube in its upper border and the ovary on its posterior border by the
mesovarium; the ligament divides the pelvic cavity into the uterorrectal and uterovesical pouches
40.
41.
42. The entrance of the paramesonephric ducts into the urogenital sinus is called the mullerian or
paramesonephric tubercle; at this site, two solid evaginations grow cranially, increasing the distance
between uterus and urogenital sinus; these are sinuvaginal bulbs and fuse to form a vaginal plate
Later the plate completely canalizes except for a thin tissue plate at its caudal end called the hymen;
it develops a small opening in perinatal life; the wing-like vaginal fornices near the uterus are derived
from paramesonephric ducts; thus the vagina has dual origin: urogenital sinus (endoderm) and
paramesonephric ducts (intermediate mesoderm)
43. The entrance of the paramesonephric ducts into the urogenital sinus is called the mullerian or
paramesonephric tubercle; at this site, two solid evaginations grow cranially, increasing the distance
between uterus and urogenital sinus; these are sinuvaginal bulbs and fuse to form a vaginal plate
Later the plate completely canalizes except for a thin tissue plate at its caudal end called the hymen;
it develops a small opening in perinatal life; the wing-like vaginal fornices near the uterus are derived
from paramesonephric ducts; thus the vagina has dual origin: urogenital sinus (endoderm) and
paramesonephric ducts (intermediate mesoderm)
44.
45. Mesenchyme on either side of the cloacal membrane proliferates and forms cloacal folds; lateral to
the cloacal folds, labioscrotal swellings also form; the cloacal folds fuse at the cranial end of the
cloacal membrane to form a genital tubercle; once the urorectal septum arrives, the folds are called
urethral folds ventrally and anal folds dorsally
46. In the male, the genital tubercle (phallus) enlarges rapidly and pulls the urethral folds forward; the
urethral folds surround a lining of endoderm derived from elongation of the phallic part of urogenital
sinus, and is called the urethral plate; later the two folds fuse, forming the penile urethra
Penile urethra doesn’t reach the tip of the glans; ingrowth of ectodermal cells forms a solid epithelial
cord which connects with penile urethra and later canalizes to form the navicular fossa and external
urethral meatus
Labioscrotal swellings are called scrotal swellings in the male; they fuse to form the two sides of the
scrotum and are separated by a scrotal septum
47. In the female, the genital tubercle doesn’t enlarge and forms the clitoris; the urethral folds don’t fuse
and remain separate as the labia minora; the labioscrotal swellings (called labial swellings in females)
remain separate and form the labia majora; the urethral groove becomes the vestibule and receives
the openings for both the urethra and the vagina