Presentation on the topic - Great sephanous vein
in this presentaion all the topis like course , tributaries ,clinical aspects etc. of vein are covered.
content source - MBBS BOOKS OF 1ST YEAR
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
This is an oblique intermuscular passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall ,
Situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
Presentation on the topic - Great sephanous vein
in this presentaion all the topis like course , tributaries ,clinical aspects etc. of vein are covered.
content source - MBBS BOOKS OF 1ST YEAR
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
This is an oblique intermuscular passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall ,
Situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
This presentation provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the inguinal canal, a passage in the lower abdomen that allows the spermatic cord (in males) or round ligament (in females) to pass from the abdomen to the scrotum (in males) or labia majora (in females). The presentation includes images and diagrams to help explain the anatomy of the inguinal canal
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. THE FEMORAL CANAL
• The femoral canal is the smallest anatomical
compartment, located in most medial part of
the femoral sheath.
• It is approximately 1.3cm long.
• The opening to the femoral canal is located at its
superior border, known as the femoral ring.
– The femoral ring is closed by a connective tissue layer –
the femoral septum.
– This septum is pierced by the lymphatic vessels exiting
the canal. Cloquet’s node is a lymph node situated in the
femoral canal.
3. Borders
• The femoral canal is located in the anterior thigh,
within the femoral triangle. It can be thought of as
a rectangular shaped compartment.
• It has four borders and an opening:
– Medial border – Lacunar ligament.
– Lateral border – Femoral vein.
– Anterior border – Inguinal ligament.
– Posterior border – Pectineal ligament, superior ramus of
the pubic bone, and the pectineus muscle
4. FEMORAL CANAL
• Below the inguinal ligament, the
canal is located posterior to the
saphenous opening and thin
cribriform fascia, and anterior to the
fascia covering the pectineus muscle.
5. Femoral ring
• The opening to the femoral canal is located at
its superior border, known as the femoral
ring.
• The femoral ring is closed by a connective
tissue layer – the femoral septum.
• This septum is pierced by the lymphatic
vessels exiting the canal.
• Cloquet’s node is a lymph node situated in the
femoral canal.
8. Contents
• The femoral canal contains:
–Lymphatic vessels – draining the deep inguinal
lymph nodes.
–Deep lymph node – the lacunar node.
–Empty space.
–Loose connective tissue.
–The empty space allows distension of the
adjacent femoral vein, so it can cope with
increased venous return, or increased intra-
abdominal pressure.
9.
10. Clinical Relevance: Femoral Hernia
• The femoral canal is of particular clinical importance,
as it a common site of bowel herniation.
• In a femoral hernia, part of the small intestine
protrudes through the femoral ring.
• It presents as a lump situated inferolaterally to
the pubic tubercle.
– This type of herniation is more common in women, due to
their wider bony pelvis.
• The borders of the femoral canal are tough, and not
particularly extendible. This can compress the hernia,
interfering with its blood supply. A hernia with a
compromised blood supply is known as
a strangulated hernia
