The notochord is a transient embryonic structure that plays two key roles in vertebrate development. First, it secretes signals that pattern surrounding tissues along the dorsal-ventral and left-right axes. Second, it serves as the early axial skeleton of the embryo. The notochord forms from prenotochordal cells that migrate and proliferate to form a solid cord underneath the neural tube. It then extends throughout the future vertebral column to help develop the skull, vertebrae, and membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
The document discusses embryonic development from the 4th to 8th week. It describes how the neural tube forms from the neural plate and folds, and how it eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the fate of the neural crest in forming various structures. The ectoderm gives rise to other structures like the skin, ears and eyes. As the embryo folds and bends upon itself, its shape changes from a flat disc to a cylinder. This folding results in the gut and membranes that will aid in nutrient exchange for the growing embryo.
1) The document discusses the key stages in the first week of human development including fertilization, cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation.
2) Fertilization involves the fusion of an ovum and spermatozoa to form a zygote, which occurs in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions as it moves through the uterine tube.
3) By day 5-6, the blastocyst has formed with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium around day 7, initiating formation of the placenta and decidua. Abnormal implantation can result in
During the second week of development, the bilaminar germ disc undergoes several key events: 1) implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, 2) differentiation of the trophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers, establishing utero-placental circulation, and 3) differentiation of the embryoblast into hypoblast and epiblast layers, forming the amniotic and exocoelomic cavities. The trophoblast also begins forming primary villi and the extraembryonic mesoderm develops between the trophoblast and embryoblast, forming the chorionic cavity.
1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
3. By the end of the 4th week, the primitive streak begins to regress and disappear, and the embryonic disc becomes elongated with broad and narrow ends.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs where the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed. The notochord also begins developing from epiblast cells that ingress through the primitive streak and primitive node. These cells form the notochordal process which then fuses with endoderm and detaches to form the definitive notochord cord between the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm organizes into three segments - paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm - which will give rise to muscles, skeleton, urinary/genital systems, and other tissues.
(1) The neural crest cells migrate throughout the body and differentiate into many cell types including neurons and glial cells of the nervous system, adrenal medulla cells, pigment cells in the skin, and skeletal and connective tissues of the head.
(2) The mesoderm forms the somites which differentiate depending on their position into structures like vertebrae, ribs, muscles of the rib cage, limbs, back, and dermis of the skin.
(3) The endoderm develops structures of the digestive system like the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder as well as the respiratory system.
The notochord is a transient embryonic structure that plays two key roles in vertebrate development. First, it secretes signals that pattern surrounding tissues along the dorsal-ventral and left-right axes. Second, it serves as the early axial skeleton of the embryo. The notochord forms from prenotochordal cells that migrate and proliferate to form a solid cord underneath the neural tube. It then extends throughout the future vertebral column to help develop the skull, vertebrae, and membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
The document discusses embryonic development from the 4th to 8th week. It describes how the neural tube forms from the neural plate and folds, and how it eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the fate of the neural crest in forming various structures. The ectoderm gives rise to other structures like the skin, ears and eyes. As the embryo folds and bends upon itself, its shape changes from a flat disc to a cylinder. This folding results in the gut and membranes that will aid in nutrient exchange for the growing embryo.
1) The document discusses the key stages in the first week of human development including fertilization, cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation.
2) Fertilization involves the fusion of an ovum and spermatozoa to form a zygote, which occurs in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions as it moves through the uterine tube.
3) By day 5-6, the blastocyst has formed with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium around day 7, initiating formation of the placenta and decidua. Abnormal implantation can result in
During the second week of development, the bilaminar germ disc undergoes several key events: 1) implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, 2) differentiation of the trophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers, establishing utero-placental circulation, and 3) differentiation of the embryoblast into hypoblast and epiblast layers, forming the amniotic and exocoelomic cavities. The trophoblast also begins forming primary villi and the extraembryonic mesoderm develops between the trophoblast and embryoblast, forming the chorionic cavity.
1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
3. By the end of the 4th week, the primitive streak begins to regress and disappear, and the embryonic disc becomes elongated with broad and narrow ends.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs where the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed. The notochord also begins developing from epiblast cells that ingress through the primitive streak and primitive node. These cells form the notochordal process which then fuses with endoderm and detaches to form the definitive notochord cord between the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm organizes into three segments - paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm - which will give rise to muscles, skeleton, urinary/genital systems, and other tissues.
(1) The neural crest cells migrate throughout the body and differentiate into many cell types including neurons and glial cells of the nervous system, adrenal medulla cells, pigment cells in the skin, and skeletal and connective tissues of the head.
(2) The mesoderm forms the somites which differentiate depending on their position into structures like vertebrae, ribs, muscles of the rib cage, limbs, back, and dermis of the skin.
(3) The endoderm develops structures of the digestive system like the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder as well as the respiratory system.
This document describes the muscles and structures in the back of the neck. It discusses the superficial and deep muscles in the back of the neck, including the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and suboccipital muscles. It then focuses on the suboccipital triangle, bounded superiorly by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, superolaterally by the obliquus capitis superior, and inferiorly by the obliquus capitis inferior. The suboccipital triangle contains the suboccipital nerve, vertebral artery, and venous plexus and is the site of cisternal puncture to access the cisterna magna through the
This document describes the formation of the notochord and differentiation of the intra-embryonic mesoderm in 5 steps. It explains that the intra-embryonic mesoderm forms from proliferating cells on the sides of the primitive node and streak. This mesoderm then differentiates into the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital system, while the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm separated by the intra-embryonic coelom.
1. The document summarizes the key embryonic changes that occur during the first and second weeks of pregnancy. It describes the processes of fertilization, zygote formation, implantation, and development of the inner cell mass and outer cell mass.
2. During the second week, the inner cell mass rearranges to form two layers (the bilaminar germ disk) that will develop into the embryo, while the outer cell mass forms the trophoblasts and primary villus, which are precursors to the placenta.
3. A hormone called HCG is produced from the syncytiotrophoblast cells starting around 8 days after fertilization, and can be detected in pregnancy tests.
The document summarizes key events during the third week of human embryonic development. It describes how the bilaminar embryonic disc undergoes gastrulation to form the trilaminar embryo, with the three germ layers. It also discusses neurulation, somite formation, and the folding of the embryo. The main developments are the formation of the primitive streak, notochord, and somites, which establish the body plan and organize the developing systems and structures.
The document discusses the development of structures in the head and neck region from pharyngeal arches and pouches during weeks 4-8 of human embryo development. Key structures that develop include:
- Pharyngeal arches contribute to formation of face, tongue, palate, and nasal cavity. Pharyngeal pouches form parts of throat and ear.
- Tongue develops from swellings in the first pharyngeal arch. Palate develops from the intermaxillary segment and palatine shelves fusing. Nose develops from five facial prominences.
- Structures of the face, neck, and throat are innervated by cranial nerves associated with their pharyngeal arch of origin. Abnormal
The fourth ventricle is located in the posterior cranial fossa between the pons and cerebellum. It has an triangular outline in sagittal section and rhomboidal shape in horizontal section. It contains five recesses and has superior, inferior, and lateral angles. Its boundaries include the inferior cerebellar peduncle laterally and superior cerebellar peduncle superiorly. It has a roof formed by the convergence of superior cerebellar peduncles and floor formed by the posterior surfaces of the pons and medulla, featuring a median sulcus and medial eminence.
The pharyngeal arches develop in the fourth week as neural crest cells migrate into the head and neck region. Four pairs of pharyngeal arches form externally by the end of the fourth week. Each arch contains mesenchyme, ectoderm, endoderm, an aortic arch, nerve, cartilage, and muscles. The arches give rise to many structures in the head and neck through their derivatives. Pharyngeal pouches and clefts also form and contribute to various structures such as the parathyroid glands, thymus, and thyroid gland. Anomalies can occur in the development of these structures.
Posterior triangle of neck - Powerpoint lecture notes by Dr.N.Mugunthan.mgmcri1234
The posterior triangle of the neck is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle anteriorly and the trapezius muscle posteriorly. It is subdivided into the occipital and subclavian triangles by the omohyoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains nerves like the accessory nerve and branches of the brachial plexus, blood vessels like the external jugular vein and subclavian artery, and lymph nodes. Knowledge of the anatomy of the posterior triangle is important for procedures like brachial plexus blocks and catheterization of the external jugular vein.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the face, including:
1. The boundaries and skin of the face, which is very vascular and contains sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
2. The superficial fascia of the face contains the muscles of facial expression and fat.
3. The muscles of facial expression are divided into groups that control the scalp, eyelids, nose, mouth, and neck. These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve.
4. The arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves that supply the structures of the face.
The document discusses the anatomy of the face, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes. It describes several key facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and buccinator. It outlines the nerve supply to the face from branches of the trigeminal, facial, and cervical plexus nerves. Major arteries like the facial and superficial temporal arteries are identified as blood suppliers. Lymph from the face drains to submental, submandibular, and superficial parotid lymph nodes.
The fourth ventricle is located ventral to the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla. It is bounded laterally by the gracile and cuneate tubercles and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and superiorly by the superior cerebellar peduncle. Its roof is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and medullary velum. Its floor contains landmarks like the median sulcus, facial colliculus, and hypoglossal triangle. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the fourth ventricle through the median aperture and exits into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka and Magendi.
During the third to eighth week embryonic period (also called the period of organogenesis):
- Each of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
- By the end of this period, the main organ systems have been established and the external body form is recognizable.
- The ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neural crest derivatives, sensory epithelium of ears/eyes, epidermis, and other structures. The mesoderm gives rise to supporting tissues, muscles, blood and lymph cells, kidneys, gonads, and other structures.
Somites are bilaterally paired segments of paraxial mesoderm that form along the embryonic axis and give rise to important structures. Somites subdivide into sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that form vertebrae, ribs, muscle, tendons and skin. Somite formation depends on a "clock mechanism" where paraxial mesoderm segments into somites according to their position in a regulated process. Within each somite, cells are specified based on location and retain flexibility before differentiating into somite-derived tissues through epithelialization and mesenchymal transformation processes.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp. It discusses the 5 layers of the scalp from skin to pericranium. It details the nerve supply originating from 10 nerves on each side. The blood supply is outlined as arising from 5 sets of arteries on each side, along with the venous drainage and emissary veins. Key areas of applied anatomy discussed are the dangerous area of scalp, black eye formation, and the role of emissary veins. Lymphatic drainage is described as draining to preauricular, postauricular and occipital lymph nodes.
The document discusses the development of the pharyngeal apparatus during the 4th week of intrauterine development. It notes that there are initially six pharyngeal arches that develop in the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx, although the 6th arch is small and disappears, leaving five arches. Between the arches are four pharyngeal clefts lined by ectoderm and four pharyngeal pouches lined by endoderm. The derivatives of the pharyngeal arches include muscles, nerves, skeletal elements, and other structures. Clinical syndromes can result from abnormalities in development of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp, face, and muscles of facial expression. It describes the layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp, and the sensory and motor innervation of the scalp. It outlines the bones and muscles of the face, including the orbicularis oculi, nasalis, and orbicularis oris muscles. Finally, it briefly discusses the sensory and motor innervation of the face, including the trigeminal and facial nerves.
During the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, organogenesis occurs where organs develop from embryonic tissue. The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) give rise to specific tissues and organs. The ectoderm forms the neural tube which becomes the central nervous system. It also forms the neural crest cells which migrate and develop into many structures. The mesoderm separates into three masses - paraxial mesoderm forms the skeleton, intermediate mesoderm forms the genitourinary system, and lateral plate mesoderm forms body wall structures. Somites develop from the paraxial mesoderm and form skeletal muscle, bone and dermis. Blood vessels also develop throughout the mesoderm
This document discusses embryonic and fetal development from 3-8 weeks (embryonic period) and 9 weeks to birth (fetal period). During the embryonic period, the three germ layers give rise to specific tissues and organs as the main organ systems are established. Neurulation occurs as the neural tube forms from the neural plate. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the body. The mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into muscle, bone and skin tissues. Blood islands form and later hematopoietic stem cells arise. The endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract. During the fetal period, organs mature and the fetus grows rapidly in the third, fourth and fifth months.
This document describes the muscles and structures in the back of the neck. It discusses the superficial and deep muscles in the back of the neck, including the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and suboccipital muscles. It then focuses on the suboccipital triangle, bounded superiorly by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, superolaterally by the obliquus capitis superior, and inferiorly by the obliquus capitis inferior. The suboccipital triangle contains the suboccipital nerve, vertebral artery, and venous plexus and is the site of cisternal puncture to access the cisterna magna through the
This document describes the formation of the notochord and differentiation of the intra-embryonic mesoderm in 5 steps. It explains that the intra-embryonic mesoderm forms from proliferating cells on the sides of the primitive node and streak. This mesoderm then differentiates into the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital system, while the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm separated by the intra-embryonic coelom.
1. The document summarizes the key embryonic changes that occur during the first and second weeks of pregnancy. It describes the processes of fertilization, zygote formation, implantation, and development of the inner cell mass and outer cell mass.
2. During the second week, the inner cell mass rearranges to form two layers (the bilaminar germ disk) that will develop into the embryo, while the outer cell mass forms the trophoblasts and primary villus, which are precursors to the placenta.
3. A hormone called HCG is produced from the syncytiotrophoblast cells starting around 8 days after fertilization, and can be detected in pregnancy tests.
The document summarizes key events during the third week of human embryonic development. It describes how the bilaminar embryonic disc undergoes gastrulation to form the trilaminar embryo, with the three germ layers. It also discusses neurulation, somite formation, and the folding of the embryo. The main developments are the formation of the primitive streak, notochord, and somites, which establish the body plan and organize the developing systems and structures.
The document discusses the development of structures in the head and neck region from pharyngeal arches and pouches during weeks 4-8 of human embryo development. Key structures that develop include:
- Pharyngeal arches contribute to formation of face, tongue, palate, and nasal cavity. Pharyngeal pouches form parts of throat and ear.
- Tongue develops from swellings in the first pharyngeal arch. Palate develops from the intermaxillary segment and palatine shelves fusing. Nose develops from five facial prominences.
- Structures of the face, neck, and throat are innervated by cranial nerves associated with their pharyngeal arch of origin. Abnormal
The fourth ventricle is located in the posterior cranial fossa between the pons and cerebellum. It has an triangular outline in sagittal section and rhomboidal shape in horizontal section. It contains five recesses and has superior, inferior, and lateral angles. Its boundaries include the inferior cerebellar peduncle laterally and superior cerebellar peduncle superiorly. It has a roof formed by the convergence of superior cerebellar peduncles and floor formed by the posterior surfaces of the pons and medulla, featuring a median sulcus and medial eminence.
The pharyngeal arches develop in the fourth week as neural crest cells migrate into the head and neck region. Four pairs of pharyngeal arches form externally by the end of the fourth week. Each arch contains mesenchyme, ectoderm, endoderm, an aortic arch, nerve, cartilage, and muscles. The arches give rise to many structures in the head and neck through their derivatives. Pharyngeal pouches and clefts also form and contribute to various structures such as the parathyroid glands, thymus, and thyroid gland. Anomalies can occur in the development of these structures.
Posterior triangle of neck - Powerpoint lecture notes by Dr.N.Mugunthan.mgmcri1234
The posterior triangle of the neck is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle anteriorly and the trapezius muscle posteriorly. It is subdivided into the occipital and subclavian triangles by the omohyoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains nerves like the accessory nerve and branches of the brachial plexus, blood vessels like the external jugular vein and subclavian artery, and lymph nodes. Knowledge of the anatomy of the posterior triangle is important for procedures like brachial plexus blocks and catheterization of the external jugular vein.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the face, including:
1. The boundaries and skin of the face, which is very vascular and contains sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
2. The superficial fascia of the face contains the muscles of facial expression and fat.
3. The muscles of facial expression are divided into groups that control the scalp, eyelids, nose, mouth, and neck. These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve.
4. The arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves that supply the structures of the face.
The document discusses the anatomy of the face, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes. It describes several key facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and buccinator. It outlines the nerve supply to the face from branches of the trigeminal, facial, and cervical plexus nerves. Major arteries like the facial and superficial temporal arteries are identified as blood suppliers. Lymph from the face drains to submental, submandibular, and superficial parotid lymph nodes.
The fourth ventricle is located ventral to the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla. It is bounded laterally by the gracile and cuneate tubercles and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and superiorly by the superior cerebellar peduncle. Its roof is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and medullary velum. Its floor contains landmarks like the median sulcus, facial colliculus, and hypoglossal triangle. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the fourth ventricle through the median aperture and exits into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka and Magendi.
During the third to eighth week embryonic period (also called the period of organogenesis):
- Each of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
- By the end of this period, the main organ systems have been established and the external body form is recognizable.
- The ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neural crest derivatives, sensory epithelium of ears/eyes, epidermis, and other structures. The mesoderm gives rise to supporting tissues, muscles, blood and lymph cells, kidneys, gonads, and other structures.
Somites are bilaterally paired segments of paraxial mesoderm that form along the embryonic axis and give rise to important structures. Somites subdivide into sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that form vertebrae, ribs, muscle, tendons and skin. Somite formation depends on a "clock mechanism" where paraxial mesoderm segments into somites according to their position in a regulated process. Within each somite, cells are specified based on location and retain flexibility before differentiating into somite-derived tissues through epithelialization and mesenchymal transformation processes.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp. It discusses the 5 layers of the scalp from skin to pericranium. It details the nerve supply originating from 10 nerves on each side. The blood supply is outlined as arising from 5 sets of arteries on each side, along with the venous drainage and emissary veins. Key areas of applied anatomy discussed are the dangerous area of scalp, black eye formation, and the role of emissary veins. Lymphatic drainage is described as draining to preauricular, postauricular and occipital lymph nodes.
The document discusses the development of the pharyngeal apparatus during the 4th week of intrauterine development. It notes that there are initially six pharyngeal arches that develop in the lateral wall of the primitive pharynx, although the 6th arch is small and disappears, leaving five arches. Between the arches are four pharyngeal clefts lined by ectoderm and four pharyngeal pouches lined by endoderm. The derivatives of the pharyngeal arches include muscles, nerves, skeletal elements, and other structures. Clinical syndromes can result from abnormalities in development of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp, face, and muscles of facial expression. It describes the layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp, and the sensory and motor innervation of the scalp. It outlines the bones and muscles of the face, including the orbicularis oculi, nasalis, and orbicularis oris muscles. Finally, it briefly discusses the sensory and motor innervation of the face, including the trigeminal and facial nerves.
During the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, organogenesis occurs where organs develop from embryonic tissue. The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) give rise to specific tissues and organs. The ectoderm forms the neural tube which becomes the central nervous system. It also forms the neural crest cells which migrate and develop into many structures. The mesoderm separates into three masses - paraxial mesoderm forms the skeleton, intermediate mesoderm forms the genitourinary system, and lateral plate mesoderm forms body wall structures. Somites develop from the paraxial mesoderm and form skeletal muscle, bone and dermis. Blood vessels also develop throughout the mesoderm
This document discusses embryonic and fetal development from 3-8 weeks (embryonic period) and 9 weeks to birth (fetal period). During the embryonic period, the three germ layers give rise to specific tissues and organs as the main organ systems are established. Neurulation occurs as the neural tube forms from the neural plate. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the body. The mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into muscle, bone and skin tissues. Blood islands form and later hematopoietic stem cells arise. The endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract. During the fetal period, organs mature and the fetus grows rapidly in the third, fourth and fifth months.
This document outlines the key stages of mammalian embryonic development from formation of the germ layers through early organ development. It describes how the morula forms three germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. It then discusses formation of structures like the notochord, neural tube, neural crest cells, and subdivision of mesoderm. It details how the embryo folds, how branchial arches form and their fate, and early development of structures like the face and palate.
During the embryonic period from weeks 3-8:
- The three germ layers form and undergo folding, starting organogenesis.
- By week 8, the upper and lower limbs have their adult shapes and most organ systems have developed.
- The embryo is slightly longer than 1 inch but has the outward appearance of a human.
- This period establishes the main organ systems as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm differentiate into specific tissues and organs.
The document outlines the development of several endocrine glands, the central nervous system, eyes, ears, and skin/skin appendages. It describes how the hypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreatic islets develop from different embryonic tissues. It also summarizes the development of the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, eyes, ears, skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nails from the ectoderm and mesoderm during various embryonic weeks.
Embryology and Development of Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Spinal Cord Synd...AnthonyGokYan
This document discusses the development of the spinal cord and vertebral column as well as spina bifida. It begins by describing how the neural tube forms from ectoderm and influences vertebral column development. It then details the layers that form in the spinal cord - ventricular zone, mantle zone that forms gray matter, and marginal zone that forms white matter. Next, it discusses the formation of the vertebral column from somites and changes in spinal cord positioning. Finally, it describes spina bifida where the vertebral arches fail to fuse, occurring as occulta or cystica with varying neurological involvement.
During the third week of development, implantation of the conceptus in the uterus is complete. Gastrulation occurs, converting the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with three germ layers. Trophoblast cells continue to invade the uterine wall and develop the placenta, while folding of the embryonic disc transforms its shape from two-dimensional to three-dimensional.
The document summarizes the development of the nervous system from the ectoderm. Key points include:
1) The neural ectoderm differentiates into the central nervous system (neural tube), peripheral nervous system (neural crest cells), and cranial sensory ganglia.
2) Neurulation involves the thickening and folding of the neural plate to form the neural tube, which later divides into the brain and spinal cord.
3) The brain develops from the anterior part of the neural tube and forms ventricles while the spinal cord develops from the posterior part.
4) Common congenital anomalies can occur from incomplete closure of the neural tube, including anencephaly, spina bifida
Development of oral cavity and face .ppt by dr. samidha aroraSamidha Arora
The document summarizes the development of the oral cavity and face from the 4th week of embryonic development. It discusses how the frontonasal process, nasal placodes, maxillary processes, and mandibular processes give rise to different structures of the face. It also describes the development of the palate from palatal shelves growing from the maxillary processes that later fuse together.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs where the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm - are formed. The notochord also begins developing from epiblast cells that ingress through the primitive streak and primitive node. These cells form the notochordal process which then fuses with endoderm to form the definitive notochord, a cellular cord that defines the embryonic axes. The mesoderm organizes into three segments - paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm - which will give rise to muscles, skeleton, urinary and other organ systems.
The development of the human eye begins around day 22 of gestation with the outgrowth of the optic vesicle from the prosencephalon. The optic vesicle invaginates to form the optic cup, with the inner layer forming the retina and the outer layer forming the retinal pigment epithelium. The lens placode develops from surface ectoderm and invaginates to form the lens vesicle. Surrounding mesenchyme tissues differentiate to form various ocular structures. By approximately 33 days, the eye consists of the optic cup, lens, and surrounding tissues that will give rise to the iris, ciliary body, choroid, sclera, and other ocular components.
Most muscles arise from paraxial mesoderm in the 3rd week of development. Skeletal muscles derive from paraxial mesoderm, with progenitor cells coming from the dorsolateral and dorsomedial portions of somites. By the 5th week, muscle precursor cells are divided into a small dorsal epimere and larger ventral hypomere. Cardiac muscle develops from splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the heart tube, while smooth muscle arises from surrounding splanchnic mesoderm of the gut and vasculature.
Development of the Muscular System (Human Embryology, Zoo 404)Hilton Kollie
This is a PowerPoint presentation undertaken by Fasama H. Kollie and Antoinette H. Wright. This presentation gives a clue about how the muscular system develop during embryonic development.
Embryonic Gastrulation by Maryam Borhani-Haghighiborhanihm
Gastrulation is a phase in the embryonic development during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-layered") structure known as the gastrula.
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
The mesoderm generates organs between the ectoderm and endoderm. It is divided into four regions - chordamesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic layers, forming the body cavity. The heart develops from cardiogenic mesoderm along the BMP signaling pathway induced by endoderm, while the notochord and neural tube provide inhibitory signals. By 29 hours of incubation, the heart primordia have fused to form a single tube.
The embryonic stage occurs from 3-8 weeks of development. During this stage, the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) give rise to major organ systems. By the end of the embryonic period, the main organ systems are established. The ectoderm forms the central nervous system and skin/hair/nails. Neural crest cells migrate from the ectoderm to form many structures. The mesoderm forms muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. The endoderm forms the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system. Neurulation occurs during the third week, forming the neural tube which will become the brain and spinal cord.
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
Pathology of gastric cancer - Rawa MuhsinRawa Muhsin
This is a slideshow about the pathology of gastric cancer, including its pathogenesis, classification, histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular changes.
Thymoma is a thymic epithelial neoplasm that exhibits organotypic features of the thymus accompanied by reactive lymphocytes, and can range from well-differentiated (type A/AB) to poorly differentiated (type B3) based on World Health Organization classification. Surgical excision is the primary treatment and prognosis depends on tumor stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 90% for stage I to 50% for stage IV. Thymomas are typically indolent with low metastatic potential but thorough grossing and histological examination is important to determine tumor type and stage for prognostic and treatment purposes.
The Paris System for Reporting Urinary CytologyRawa Muhsin
The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology provides standardized diagnostic categories for urine cytology specimens. It divides results into negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma, positive for high-grade urothelial carcinoma, atypical urothelial cells, and suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma based on the number and features of abnormal cells seen. The system aims to determine whether high-grade urothelial carcinoma is present or not, as this has important implications for patient management and prognosis. Risk of malignancy increases from negative to atypical to suspicious to positive categories.
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a low-grade malignant tumor most common in young women. It is characterized by mutations in the CTNNB1 gene in 90-100% of cases. Clinically, it presents as an indolent, well-circumscribed solid and cystic mass distributed throughout the pancreas. Microscopically, it displays monomorphic sheets and pseudopapillary structures with degenerative changes and perineural/vascular invasion is rare. Immunohistochemistry is positive for beta-catenin, CD10, CD56 and other markers. Prognosis is generally excellent even with rare metastases.
This document describes reactive mesothelial hyperplasia, which is a benign proliferation of mesothelial cells in response to injury or inflammation. It discusses the histology, cytology, immunohistochemistry, definition, etiology, clinical features, macroscopy, microscopy, differential diagnosis versus malignant mesothelioma, and special studies that can help distinguish reactive hyperplasia from mesothelioma. Reactive hyperplasia is asymptomatic and resolves when the stimulus is removed, while mesothelioma is symptomatic and invasive. Loss of BAP1 or p16 by immunohistochemistry or FISH can help confirm a diagnosis of mesothelioma.
Hyperacute Rejection of Renal TransplantsRawa Muhsin
Hyperacute rejection of renal transplants is a rapid rejection that occurs within minutes to hours after transplantation due to preformed antibodies against donor endothelium. These antibodies activate complement and platelets, causing cyanosis, swelling, hemorrhage and necrosis of the graft. Microscopy shows platelet and neutrophil margination in the peritubular capillaries within hours along with widespread thrombi formation within a day. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence can detect C4d and complement deposition in the peritubular capillaries.
This document defines and describes extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, a rare malignant small round blue cell neoplasm originating from mesenchymal stem cells or neural crest stem cells. It most commonly occurs in the second decade of life and presents with swelling, pain, and constitutional symptoms. Treatment involves chemotherapy followed by surgery and/or radiation. Prognosis is poor with metastasis, large tumor size, or older patient age. Molecular testing reveals gene fusions between FET family genes like EWSR1 and ETS family genes in most cases.
An overview of milk, the difference between breast and formula milk, the types of milk formulas, and some of the diseases prevent the use of certain formulas in babies
Learning and Retaining Information - Spaced Repetition SystemsRawa Muhsin
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An overview of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human deficiency virus (HIV) and the drugs used for its treatment, including a classification of the established drugs, the HAART regimen, and investigational approaches
Chemical Mediators of Acute InflammationRawa Muhsin
This document discusses the chemical mediators of acute inflammation. It identifies two main types of mediators - cell-derived mediators and plasma protein-derived mediators. Cell-derived mediators include vasoactive amines, cytokines, eicosanoids, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, leukocytic lysosomal enzymes, and neuropeptides. Plasma protein-derived mediators involve the complement system and coagulation and kinin systems. Each mediator type is then discussed in more detail over several pages regarding their roles in the inflammatory response.
Embryology Course IX - Urogenital SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the urogenital system and includes:
1. Development of the kidneys and ureters
2. Development of the bladder and urethra
3. Development of the gonads and genital ducts
4. Development of the external genitalia
Embryology Course VIII - Digestive SystemRawa Muhsin
The document describes the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and associated organs from the embryonic stage through fetal development. It discusses how the foregut, midgut, and hindgut form the initial gut tube and how rotation and elongation result in the adult anatomy. Key developmental processes include formation of the dorsal mesentery and its roles, rotation of the stomach and duodenum, development of the liver, pancreas, and other digestive organs from embryonic buds, and the return of the intestinal loop from the umbilical herniation. The document provides detailed information on the embryonic origin and development of every part of the GIT.
Embryology Course VI - Cardiovascular SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the cardiovascular system and includes:
1. Development of the heart
2. Development of the arterial system
3. Development of the venous system
4. Development of lymphatics, overview of fetal circulation, and changes in fetal circulation at birth
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The document summarizes the development of the body cavities and respiratory system in an embryo. It describes how the intraembryonic coelom forms and later divides into the pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural cavities. It explains how the diaphragm develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, and esophageal mesentery. It also details the development of the respiratory system from the lung bud, and how the lungs grow and develop alveoli to support respiration.
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The document summarizes key topics from a chapter that will be discussed in a class session, including changes in the trophoblast, the placenta, umbilical cord, and twinning. For trophoblast changes, it notes that cytotrophoblast cells invade maternal arteries and convert them to increase blood flow, and that the barrier between maternal and fetal blood is initially four layers but is reduced to two layers by the fourth month. For the placenta, it describes its two components - fetal chorion frondosum and maternal decidua basalis - and notes that decidual septa penetrate the placenta and divide it into cotyledons. It also briefly outlines placental circulation and exchange. For twinning
Embryology Course II - 2nd and 3rd Weeks of DevelopmentRawa Muhsin
Day 8 of development:
- Blastocyst partially embeds and differentiates into trophoblast and embryoblast layers. Amniotic cavity appears.
Day 9-12 of development:
- Implantation site covered by fibrin, syncytiotrophoblast forms lacunae. Hypoblast cells form exocoelomic membrane lining yolk sac. Lacunar network and uteroplacental circulation establish. Extraembryonic mesoderm and chorionic cavity form.
Day 13 of development:
- Implantation site heals, cytotrophoblast forms primary villi. Definitive yolk sac and exocoelomic cysts form. Chorionic plate
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Embryology Course III - 3rd to 8th Weeks of Development
1.
2. Ectoderm Derivatives - Neurulation
The notochord and prechordal mesoderm induce the ectoderm to thicken and form the
neural plate (neuroectoderm) in the 3rd week of development
By the end of the 3rd week, the plate invaginates in the midline to form the neural groove
with thickened neural folds; the folds begin fusion at the level of the 5th somite (in the
cervical region) and proceeding both caudally and cranially
Cranial neuropore closes at day 25 (18 to 20 somites) and caudal neuropore closes at day
27 (25 somites); CNS thus represented by a close tube with narrow caudal end (spinal
cord) and broad cephalic end (brain vesicles)
3. Neurulation and Neural Crest Cells
As the neural tube is formed, it detaches from the surface ectoderm and lies deep to it;
during this detachment, some of the neuroectodermal cells at the inner border of the folds
undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and detach from the neural tube to form a
flattened irregular neural crest mass, from which neural crest cells migrate; the cells can
also migrate even before the folds fuse
The remaining ectoderm (the surface ectoderm) forms the epidermis of the skin
4. Neural Crest Cells
Neural crest cells from the trunk region leave the neural folds after closure of the tube in
this region; they migrate through one of two pathways:
Dorsal pathway: they migrate through the dermis and enter the epidermis through holes in the
basal lamina of its cells to form the melanocytes of the skin and hair follicles
Ventral pathway: they migrate through the anterior half of each somite (derivative of paraxial
mesoderm) and form spinal sensory ganglia, sympathetic and enteric (GIT) ganglia, Schwann
cells, and cells of the adrenal medulla (but not the cortex)
5. Neural Crest Cells
Neural crest cells from the cephalic region migrate before closure of the neural folds and
contribute to skull bones, cranial ganglia, glial cells, and melanocytes
6. Other Ectoderm Derivatives
After closure of the neural tube, bilateral ectodermal thickenings, the otic and lens
placodes (future vestibulocochlear apparatus and lenses, respectively), appear in the
cephalic region; both invaginate and form their future derivatives
There are also the limb ridges that stimulate development of upper and lower limbs
7. Mesoderm Derivatives
The thin sheet of (intraembryonic) mesoderm differentiates into three parts around the
middle of the third week:
Paraxial mesoderm which is thickened,
Intermediate mesoderm which is relatively thin, and
Lateral plate mesoderm; small spaces appear in the lateral place and join to form a cavity, the
intraembryonic coelom, thus dividing the lateral plate into somatic (parietal) and splanchnic
(visceral) layers
9. Intraembryonic Coelom (Body Cavity)
The primordium of the body cavity begins as isolated coelomic spaces in the
lateral plate mesoderm and cardiogenic area which coalesce to form a single
horseshoe-shaped cavity that communicates laterally with the extraembryonic
cavity
10. Intraembryonic Coelom (Body Cavity)
The intraembryonic coelom can be understood by imagining a horseshoe of cavity placed
within the mesoderm of the embryo
11. Folding of the Embryo – Head Fold
The flat trilaminar embryonic disc folds into a 3D embryo by four folds: head (cephalic)
fold, tail (caudal) fold and two lateral folds all stimulated by development of the CNS
Growth of the forebrain beyond buccopharyngeal membrane results in the the head fold
which pushes the heart, pericardial coelom, and septum transversum down and
incorporates a portion of the yolk sac forming the foregut in addition to placing the
buccopharyngeal membrane at the site of the future mouth
12. Folding of the Embryo – Tail Fold
Primordium of spinal cord stimulates the tail fold by which it pushes the connecting stalk
to the ventral aspect of the embryo, incorporates a portion of the yolk sac forming the
hindgut, in addition to incorporating part of the allantois to the body of the embryo, and
shifting the position of the cloacal membrane to the site of the future anus
14. Folding of the Embryo – Lateral Folding
The spinal cord and somites stimulate lateral folding which causes incorporation of
another portion of the yolk sac forming the midgut, and ventrolateral body walls of the
embryo are formed; connection with yolk sac is reduced to yolk stalk (or omphaloenteric
duct) which is the site of the future umbilicus
15. Intraembryonic Coelom (Body Cavity)
As a result of the lateral folding of the embryo, the communication with the
extraembryonic cavity is narrowed to a very small area around the umbilical cord; later
when the amniotic cavity obliterates most of the extraembryonic cavity, this
communication is completely lost
16. Paraxial Mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm is organized, cephalocaudally, into segments known as:
Somitomeres: more loosely organized in the head region forming in association with
segmentation of the neural tube into neuromeres
Somites: more compact and defined regions forming from the occipital region caudally; first
somite forms on the 20th day, and last pair at the end of the 5th week
17. Fate of the Somites
Each somite can be divided into two main portions: sclerotome and dermomyotome; it
also receives its own segmental nerve component
The sclerotome is the ventromedial portion of the somite which forms a loosely organized
tissue (the mesenchyme) and migrates around the notochord and spinal cord, forming the
vertebral column, in addition to forming tendons for its muscles
18. Fate of the Somites
The dermomyotome is the dorsolateral portion of the somite; it can be divided into three
parts: the ventrolateral lip (VLL) and dorsomedial lip (DML) of muscle-forming cells, and
the remaining dorsal dermatome
The ventrolateral lip cells migrate forward and form limb and body wall musculature; the
dorsomedial lip cells migrate down the ventral aspect of the dermatome and form the
muscles of the back; the dermatome forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissue;
throughout migration, these cells retain their original segmental nerve component
19. Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm
The intermediate mesoderm later forms the urogenital system
The lateral plate mesoderm divides into the somatic and splanchnic layers; the somatic
layer contributes to the ventrolateral body wall and forms the parietal layer of the body
while the splanchnic layer contributes to the wall of the gut and forms the visceral layer of
these membranes
20. Formation of Blood and Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are formed in two ways:
Vasculogenesis: the process where blood vessels form from blood islands
Angiogenesis: the process where new vessels are formed from existing ones
Blood islands are composed of specialized mesenchymal cells called hemangioblasts; these
cells are derived from mesoderm; such mesoderm cells are induced to become
hemangioblasts under the effect of VEGF released by neighboring mesoderm cells
Cavities appear within the blood island; central cells become hematopoietic stem cells
(the ancestor of all types of blood cells), while peripheral cells become angioblasts for the
formation of the vascular endothelium
21. Formation of Blood and Blood Vessels
The first blood vessels form in the extraembryonic mesoderm lining the yolk sac, in the
connecting stalk, and in the chorionic plate at the beginning of the third week; embryonic
vessels begin to form about two days later; the heart begins beating at the beginning of
the forth week; the cardiovascular system is the first functional system to develop
Embryonic vessels first form mainly in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros area; then in the
liver; then the definitive hematopoietic area, the bone marrow
22. The Primitive Circulation
The heart begins beating at the beginning of the forth week; the cardiovascular system is
the first functional system to develop
23. Left-Out Materials
When something in the book is not mentioned in the
session, it could be due to one of two reasons:
It is not a significant concept or structural piece of
information
It is going to be repeated in greater detail in another
chapter
Something not discussed in the session will not be
included for the quizzes but may be required at university