This is a presentation I created while in my Fourth Year in college. Produced for the Robotics Club. For introducing junior members to the concept of Embedded Systems.

1. AN INTRODUCTION

2.  Normal everyday items contain computer chips, complete with CPU, memory,
programs
 Television, Entertainment. Center, Automobiles, Irrigation,
 MP3, cell phones, GPS,
 microwave, home alarms, thermostats,
 network routers, game consoles
 Special purpose machines contain computers
 Manufacturing, metering, sensing,
 ATM machines, kiosks
 Medical Instruments, Aircraft, Satellites
 The electronics that are used in these appliances etc are embedded systems,
or ‘embeds’ . . .

3.  What is an Embedded System??
 The embedded systems is wide and varied, and it is difficult to exact
definitions or descriptions. . .
 it constantly evolves with advances in technology and dramatic decreases in
the cost of implementing various hardware and software components.
 In recent years, the field has outgrown many of its traditional descriptions.
 In the college, as well as here, in the Club, we will consider Embedded
Systems as simply:
HARDWARE + SOFTWARE

4.  Embedded systems are more limited in hardware and/or software
functionality than a personal computer (PC).
 An embedded system is designed to perform a dedicated function.
 An embedded system is a computer system with higher quality and reliability
requirements than other types of computer systems.
 Some devices that are called embedded systems, such as PDAs or web pads,
are not really embedded systems.
 the wide spectrum of embedded system devices is that there is no single
definition reflecting them all.

5.  Why Is the Architecture of an Embedded System Important?
 Because it clearly outlines the requirements of the system, an architecture
can act as a solid basis for analyzing and testing the quality of a device and
its performance under various circumstances.
 the various structures of an architecture can then be leveraged for designing
future products with similar characteristics, thus allowing design knowledge
to be reused, and leading to a decrease of future design and development
costs.
 architecture by definition is a set of representations of those elements
and their relationships. before starting development, take control of the
design by defining the architecture first.
 embedded architecture is a useful tool in understanding all of the major
elements, why each component is there, and why the elements behave the
way they do.

6. HARDWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 What the Embedded Systems Model indicates is that all embedded systems
share one similarity at the highest level; that is, they all have at least one
layer (hardware) or all layers (hardware, system software and application
software) into which all components fall.
 The hardware layer contains all the major physical components located on an
embedded board, whereas the system and application software layers contain
all of the software located on and being processed by the embedded system
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

7. APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEMLIBRARIES KERNEL
HARDWARE

8.  The Hardware of the Embed consists of several components and includes the
power supply, memory and processing power among others
 The main fundamental part of the Hardware is the Processor
 Embedded Systems are characterized by their limited footprint, and small but
easily accessible memory.

9. Actuators
sensors
input
Permanent memory
Program
memoryuC
Output
Communication Device
Input devices are possibly keyboard or
keypad for typing in alpha numeric
commands. An example is a remote
clock
Sensors are used in an environment for
measurement of various parameters
Permanent Memory is used to store data
indefinitely. Possibly a flash device.
This is the brain of the system. Possibly a
microcontroller or microprocessor.
This is temporary ‘volatile’ memory. Of the order
of a few KBs, not more. Holds bootstrap
code(ROM) and intermediate storage results(RAM)
The output of such a system, would probably
be an LCD display, or a speaker
These, are used to produce a mechanical
response. The future will see more of these
in embedded systems.
This is the Clock. This produces the master
beat by which the entire circuit operates
The Clock, uC/uP and the Program Memory
form the CPU of the system
This is a futuristic addition to the traditional
architecture. A module for communication to the
external world (Bluetooth, Zigbee)
Basically, an Embed consists of these.
However, there are other elements that
need to be considered while designing such a
system. For the sake of simplicity, we are
not including it here.
This block diagram shows the typical hardware in an
Embedded System

10. Display
Controller
clock
Counter
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
…..
Clock of the circuit functions this way

11.  The processing capability of an Embed is given by it’s processor, which maybe:
 A General Purpose Processor
 A microcontroller
 A Digital Signal Processor
 The simplest, and perhaps the most commonly used uc is the PIC series
 PIC controllers are simple, and inexpensive
 Newer form of uc with more advanced architecture and better processing
power is available, known as the Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processor.

13.  The memory on board an Embed is limited.
 The highest amounts of memory available would be 512KB or less
 Memory on board an Embed exists as:
 RAM – assists in processing(holds intermediate processing results)
 ROM – involved in loading up the system(holds the bootstrap code)
 Flash – Additional memory for limited storage

14.  Software consists of both the Application Software, and the Operating System
bundled together as a package.
 The Software of an Embedded System is not programmed on the board itself.
Rather, it is developed on a host system such as, a desktop, and then
transferred onto the Board.
 The Software maybe in the form of C or it’s variants (C++, C#, Embedded C, C
Objective) or Java, or any other convenient language.
 The Application Software may be developed separately, and the Operating
System maybe obtained from a separate vendor.
 Examples of available Operating Systems are Python, Mandrake OS etc

15. #include<pic.h>
#include"pic_serial.h"
#include"pic_lcd8.h"
#include"pic_adc.h“
void interrupt ser()
{
if(RCIF==1)
{
strng[j]=RCREG;
if(strng[0]=='*')j++; else j=0;
RCIF=0;

16.  When approaching embedded systems architecture design, several models can
be applied to describe the cycle of embedded system design
 The waterfall model: there is a process for developing a system in steps,
where results of one step flow into the next step.
 The spiral model: there is a process for developing a system in steps, and
throughout the various steps, feedback is obtained and incorporated back into
the process.
 the embedded system design and development process is divided into four
phases: creating the architecture, implementing the architecture, testing the
system, and maintaining the system.

20. OLD NEW
Many connecting
wires
One wire runs all
over the vehicle
and carries
power and
signal
S
W
I
T
C
H
E
S
L
A
M
P
S
Switches +
signal
encoders
Lamps +
signal
decoders

21. 5. JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) test
and programming port.
6. RAM, a single ESMT M12L64164A 8
MB chip.
7. Flash memory, obscured by sticker.
8. Power supply regulator.
9. Main power supply fuse.
10. Power connector.
11. Reset button.
12. Quartz crystal.
13. Ethernet port.
14. Ethernet transformer, Delta LF8505.
15. KS8721B Ethernet PHY transmitter
receiver.
16. USB port.
17. Telephone (RJ11) port.
18. Telephone connector fuses.
Netgear DG632 ADSL Modem/router.
1. Telephone decoupling electronics (for ADSL).
2. Multicolor LED (displaying network status).
3. Single color LED (displaying USB status).
4. Main processor, a TNETD7300GDU, a member of
Texas Instruments' AR7 product line.

22.  $45 billion market in 2004, rising to $88 billion in 2009
 Many more embedded processors per person, than general purpose
processors
 A cell phone may have 20-100 separate processors
 Value of embedded electronics in Automobiles: 25% of total cost, to rise to
35% by 2015
 Embedded market is 50 times the desktop market
 Application Domains:
 Automotive, Avionics, Industrial Automation, Telecommunication, Consumer
Electronics, Medical, IT hardware
 Cutting edge:
 Multicore processors, Network on Chip, System on chip (e.g. the iPhone, PS-3)

23.  A lot of Automation, as well as Appliances depend on Embedded Systems and
therefore Embeds give us a good area for research and exploration.
 It gives us whole avenues
 One of our aims is to do research. This is a very good field for us to start with.
 We need Embedded Systems based projects to be designed here in this Club.
 The College is facing it’s own problems in infrastructure, and it is one of our aims
to discover solutions to such problems in our own capacity.
 Embedded Systems and Embeds WILL help us reach that level.
 We have focused on basics for too long
 It’s time to move on
 We have the knowledge to grow more and gain further expertise
Why us??? Why do we need to learn about this ??

24.  Microprocessors and microcontrollers
 Digital communication
 Digital signal processing
 Digital image processing
 Very large scale integration – design
Here also, another possible
set of applications for your
system
Here you learn about possible
applications for your system
Here is where you learn about
the brain of the system. . .Here is where you learn
about the process of
communication between
devices. . .
Not directly implementable,
but still useful for Embedded
System development

25. PRESENTATION DETAILS
This Presentation was developed for perusal by The Robotics Club, Gnanamani College of Technology and is the
sole property of the same. It can be availed at the Club website, www.robo-meniac.jimdo.com
A number of external sources have been referred in making this presentation. The author expresses his gratitude to
the makers of those sources.
Name : Introduction to Embedded Systems
Details : Regarding Embedded Electronics
Topics : Introduction
Architecture
Hardware
Software
Design
Outlook
Our needs
Target Audience : Third Year students
Date of Conception : 22/02/2014
Reference No. : #TY1314ES01