The document discusses the properties of the halogen elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. It explains that they are in group 7 of the periodic table and have 7 electrons in their outer shell. It wants to gain an extra electron to achieve a stable full outer shell. It provides details about the physical states, colors, reactivities and boiling points of the halogens. Fluorine is the most reactive and astatine is the least stable and rarest of the group.

1. CHEMICAL PATTERNS Module 3

2. By the end of this lesson I should be able to…….. Predict the electron arrangement in atoms using the periodic table. Appreciate that atoms like to have full orbits of electrons if they are to be stable. Understand the link between electron arrangement and reactivity. Know which elements are the halogens. Know the properties of the halogens

3. Using Power Point If it is written in white – it should be in my exercise book! If it is written in red – it need not be in my exercise book.

4. The Atom

5. The Atom

6. Arranging electrons Kr Ar Ne Br Cl Fl K Na Li Periodic table group Electron arrangement Atomic no. Element

7. Arranging electrons Kr Ar Ne Br Cl Fl K Na 3 Li Periodic table group Electron arrangement Atomic no. Element

8. Arranging electrons Kr Ar Ne Br Cl Fl K Na 1 2,1 3 Li Periodic table group Electron arrangement Atomic no. Element

9. Arranging electrons Kr Ar Ne Br Cl Fl K 2,8,1 11 Na 1 2,1 3 Li Periodic table group Electron arrangement Atomic no. Element

10. Arranging electrons Kr Ar Ne Br Cl Fl 19 K 2,8,1 11 Na 1 2,1 3 Li Periodic table group Electron arrangement Atomic no. Element

11. Arranging electrons Kr 18 Ar 10 Ne 35 Br 17 Cl 9 Fl 19 K 2,8,1 11 Na 1 2,1 3 Li Periodic table group Electron arrangement Atomic no. Element

12. Groups in the Periodic Table Elements in the same group always have the same number of electrons in their outer orbitals. All members of Group 1, the Alkali Metals, have 1 electron in their outer shell.

13. Groups in the Periodic Table All members of Group 2 have 2 electrons in their outer shell. All members of Group 7, the halogens, have 7 electrons in their outer shell.

14. Groups in the Periodic Table All members of Group 8, the Noble Gases, have 8 electrons in their outer shell.

15. Stable (happy) atoms! Atoms will always try and get full outer shells of electrons. If the outer shell is full the atom is stable! Atoms will always try and react in order to end up with a full outer shell!

16. Group 1 metals will react in order to lose their outer electron. This means they will have a positive charge after they have reacted. Because the lose one negative charge they are left positive overall.

17. Group 7 halogens will react in order to gain an extra outer electron. This means they will have a negative charge after they have reacted. Because the gain one negative charge they are left negative overall.

18. Move into room 143! Looking at the HALOGENS!

19. The Halogens 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

20. Fluorine A very pale yellow gas Incredibly corrosive – it can not be kept in a glass jar because it would rot the glass. These containers of fluorine are made of quartz.

21. The Halogens - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

22. The Halogens 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

23. Chlorine A green gas Very poisonous Used in the First World War in the gas attacks that blinded and killed thousands of soldiers (used by both the Germans and the British)

24. The Halogens - 35 Green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

25. The Halogens 35 Br Bromine - 35 Green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

26. Bromine A brown liquid Will boil and turn into a gas with very little heating. Very poisonous – can dissolve your lungs. Said to be put in the tea of troops to supress sexual desires!

27. The Halogens 59 brown liquid 35 Br Bromine - 35 green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

28. The Halogens 53 I Iodine 59 brown liquid 35 Br Bromine - 35 green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

29. Iodine A dark purple solid. A strange substance which turns from a solid to a gas when heated – without first turning into a liquid. Used in antiseptic to kill bacteria.

30. The Halogens 184 purple solid 53 I Iodine 59 brown liquid 35 Br Bromine - 35 green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

31. The Halogens At Astatine 184 purple solid 53 I Iodine 59 brown liquid 35 Br Bromine - 35 green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

32. Astatine A black solid. Very dangerous and usually radioactive. There is less than 30g in the entire Earth at any one time! Has no use what-so-ever!

33. The Halogens 337 (estimated) Black solid 85 At Astatine 184 purple solid 53 I Iodine 59 brown liquid 35 Br Bromine - 35 green gas 17 Cl Chlorine - 188 pale yellow gas 9 Fl Fluorine Boiling point O C State at room temperature Atomic no. Symbol Element

34. The Halogens Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine most reactive least reactive

35. The Halogens Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine most reactive least reactive all have 7 electrons in their outer shell all react to pick up an extra electron so that they have full outer shell and are stable!

36. Boiling point O C 200 160 120 80 40 0 -40 -80 -120 -160 -200 Atomic number 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Fl Cl Br I

37. Boiling point O C 200 160 120 80 40 0 -40 -80 -120 -160 -200 Atomic number 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Fl Cl Br I

38. Boiling point O C 200 160 120 80 40 0 -40 -80 -120 -160 -200 Atomic number 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Fl Cl Br I Graph showing the boiling point of the halogens