The document is a lab manual that provides instructions and procedures for various electrical engineering experiments. It includes:
1. An experiment on studying the construction and working of a ceiling fan, including connecting the fan to a speed regulator. The ceiling fan uses a single phase induction motor with start and run windings.
2. Instructions for house wiring that connects various devices like lights, fans and sockets. It describes wiring configurations and safety protocols.
3. An experiment on staircase wiring that allows controlling a light from two different positions using a two-way switch configuration.
The document provides theory, diagrams, component lists and step-by-step procedures for students to conduct hands-on experiments in an electrical engineering lab
The document discusses various types of instruments used to measure current, voltage, power, and energy in electrical circuits. It describes the operating principles of common analog instruments like ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. Ammeters use shunt resistors to measure higher currents and are connected in series, while voltmeters have high resistance and are connected in parallel. The document also covers measurement errors, instrument construction details, and how instruments can be adapted to measure different electrical quantities.
The document summarizes instrument transformers, which are used to isolate protection, control, and measurement equipment from high voltages in power systems. It discusses current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs). CTs reduce system current to a lower value for measurement. They function by inducing a current in a secondary winding from the magnetic field of a primary winding connected to the power circuit. PTs provide isolation from high voltages and measure voltage. They have errors in voltage ratio and phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.
This document is a lab manual for an Electrical and Electronics Engineering course. It provides instructions and details for 12 experiments related to house wiring, ceiling fans, motors, and lighting equipment. The first experiment discusses assembling basic house wiring including components like switches, sockets, and an energy meter. The second experiment focuses on connecting a ceiling fan and varying its speed using a regulator. Circuit diagrams, component details, procedures, and expected results are outlined for safe and effective completion of the experiments.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
This document discusses different types of megger devices, their uses, and operating principles. It describes a megger as a measuring device used for ground earth testing and insulation testing to determine leakage current and insulation levels. There are two main types: electronic meggers that are battery-operated and have digital displays, and manual meggers that are hand-operated with analog displays. The document also mentions it will cover the construction and working principles of meggers, which use hand cranking or batteries to produce test voltages that are applied to electrical systems to measure insulation.
The document discusses different types of electrical insulators used in power transmission and distribution systems. It describes pin insulators, which are used for voltages up to 33kV and secure the conductor to cross-arms on poles. For higher voltages, suspension insulators are used, consisting of multiple porcelain discs connected in series. Strain insulators are used where there are sharp turns or high tension, using assemblies of suspension insulators or shackle insulators for lower voltages. Each type of insulator is designed to support and isolate electrical conductors without allowing current flow.
This document provides instructions for an experiment on staircase wiring to control one lamp from two points using two SPDT switches. The theory section explains that the wiring allows a bulb to be turned on or off from an upper or lower switch by breaking the wiring circuit. The procedure lists the required materials and instructs students to connect the lamp and switches as shown in the diagram and check the connections with a multimeter before operating the lamp. The conclusion restates that the wiring allows controlling a bulb from two switches simultaneously by switching it off and on from either the upper or lower switch.
The document discusses various types of instruments used to measure current, voltage, power, and energy in electrical circuits. It describes the operating principles of common analog instruments like ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. Ammeters use shunt resistors to measure higher currents and are connected in series, while voltmeters have high resistance and are connected in parallel. The document also covers measurement errors, instrument construction details, and how instruments can be adapted to measure different electrical quantities.
The document summarizes instrument transformers, which are used to isolate protection, control, and measurement equipment from high voltages in power systems. It discusses current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs). CTs reduce system current to a lower value for measurement. They function by inducing a current in a secondary winding from the magnetic field of a primary winding connected to the power circuit. PTs provide isolation from high voltages and measure voltage. They have errors in voltage ratio and phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.
This document is a lab manual for an Electrical and Electronics Engineering course. It provides instructions and details for 12 experiments related to house wiring, ceiling fans, motors, and lighting equipment. The first experiment discusses assembling basic house wiring including components like switches, sockets, and an energy meter. The second experiment focuses on connecting a ceiling fan and varying its speed using a regulator. Circuit diagrams, component details, procedures, and expected results are outlined for safe and effective completion of the experiments.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
This document discusses different types of megger devices, their uses, and operating principles. It describes a megger as a measuring device used for ground earth testing and insulation testing to determine leakage current and insulation levels. There are two main types: electronic meggers that are battery-operated and have digital displays, and manual meggers that are hand-operated with analog displays. The document also mentions it will cover the construction and working principles of meggers, which use hand cranking or batteries to produce test voltages that are applied to electrical systems to measure insulation.
The document discusses different types of electrical insulators used in power transmission and distribution systems. It describes pin insulators, which are used for voltages up to 33kV and secure the conductor to cross-arms on poles. For higher voltages, suspension insulators are used, consisting of multiple porcelain discs connected in series. Strain insulators are used where there are sharp turns or high tension, using assemblies of suspension insulators or shackle insulators for lower voltages. Each type of insulator is designed to support and isolate electrical conductors without allowing current flow.
This document provides instructions for an experiment on staircase wiring to control one lamp from two points using two SPDT switches. The theory section explains that the wiring allows a bulb to be turned on or off from an upper or lower switch by breaking the wiring circuit. The procedure lists the required materials and instructs students to connect the lamp and switches as shown in the diagram and check the connections with a multimeter before operating the lamp. The conclusion restates that the wiring allows controlling a bulb from two switches simultaneously by switching it off and on from either the upper or lower switch.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
The document describes an experiment conducted to determine the time-current characteristics of fuse wires with different ampere ratings (5A, 10A, 15A). The experiment involved measuring the time taken for fuses to melt when subjected to increasing current levels. Graphs of time versus current were plotted for each fuse rating, showing that fuses with higher ratings took less time to melt at a given current. The graphs exhibited an inverse relationship between time and current.
Contents:-
#What is Grounding or Earthing?
#Symbol
#Earthing cable
#History
#How Earthing works?
#Difference between Earth & Neutral
#Importance of Earthing
#Components of earthing system
#Types of Earthing
This document provides instructions for an experiment on controlling two lamps with two switches. The experiment aims to demonstrate how appliances can be controlled independently when wired in parallel. The theory section explains that appliances in parallel allows each to be turned on or off separately without affecting the others, unlike in series where all are controlled by a single switch. The procedure details connecting the first lamp and switch, then adding the second lamp and switch in parallel so that switch 1 controls lamp 1 and switch 2 controls lamp 2 independently. The conclusion restates that the two lamps can be controlled separately from different locations using their respective switches.
The document discusses shunt reactors used in power systems. Shunt reactors are installed to reduce grid voltage during off-peak periods when excess reactive power leads to high voltages. They absorb reactive power through magnetizing currents, thereby reducing voltage. The document recommends installing 25 additional shunt reactors of 63 MVAR each in the southern grid to maintain voltages between 416-420 kV during off-peak hours. It provides background on why reactors are needed and describes the basic operating principles and components of shunt reactors.
Some manufacturers claim to have zero current chopping level on their devices and in their
publications remain silent on what these levels are. Joslyn Clark has always published the
current chop level of our vacuum contactor and expressed it as a maximum current chop
as seen 10,000 operational tests. This current level is .9 of an amp and the transient
voltage generated can be calculated by the current chopping value IC times the surge
impedance Z0 of the circuit. Some manufacturers express current chop levels as low
percentages of full load current and as such are acceptable. For example, if you had a
600 amp device, the consider 4 to 5 amps being less than 1% of the devices rating as
being acceptable. This is definitely not true as we believe that current chop levels as high
as 4 to 5 amps are very dangerous to the insulation level of loads such as electric motors
and dry type transformers.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission linesShivagee Raj
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
Static relays use electronic components like semiconductors instead of mechanical parts to detect faults and operate. They have components like rectifiers to convert AC to DC, level detectors to compare values to thresholds, and amplifiers and output devices to trigger trips. The document discusses the components, types, and applications of various static relays like overcurrent, directional, differential, distance and instantaneous relays used in power system protection.
Grounding in Power System Presentation
The presentation discusses the importance of grounding in power systems for safety, equipment protection, and building protection from lightning strikes. It covers types of grounding including solid grounding, resistance grounding, reactance grounding, and resonant grounding. Measurement instruments and calculation procedures for proper grounding are also reviewed. Lack of proper grounding can cause electric shocks, fires, and equipment damage. IEEE standards provide guidelines for industrial and commercial grounding systems.
This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject ELECTRICAL MACHINES and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;)
This document provides an introduction and overview of basic electricity concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of electricity training which are to understand Ohm's law, electrical terms, and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It then discusses the basics of electricity including different types of energy, current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. The document also covers topics like series and parallel circuits, AC/DC power, and introduces the use of a digital multimeter for electrical measurements.
1) Streamer theory was proposed in 1940 by Rather, Meek and Loeb to explain phenomena not accounted for by Townsend's theory of gas breakdown, such as dependence on gas pressure and geometry.
2) Streamer theory describes how a single avalanche can develop into a spark discharge through distortion of the electric field by space charge, generating further avalanches cumulatively at the avalanche head.
3) Positive ions are left behind the rapidly advancing avalanche head, enhancing the field in front and reducing it behind, while the field is also enhanced between the tail and cathode. This leads to further space charge increase and field enhancement around the anode, forming a streamer connecting anode to cathode.
This presentation provides an overview of power transformers. It discusses that power transformers are static machines that transform power from one circuit to another without changing frequency, and are used between generators and distribution circuits. It then describes the typical power ratings of small, medium, and large power transformers. The main components of power transformers are then outlined, including bushings, the core and winding, conservator tank, breather and silica gel, cooling tubes, tap changer, transformer oil, and Buchholz relay. The functions of these key components are explained at a high level.
Earthing in a substation is important for safety. It involves connecting electrical equipment to earth at a uniform low potential to limit dangerous voltages under fault conditions. Key aspects of substation earthing design include soil resistivity testing, sizing the earth mat conductor based on fault current and duration, and ensuring step and touch potentials remain below safety limits. Proper earthing aims to provide protection to life and property against faults.
A substation is an important part of an electrical power system where voltage is transformed from high to low levels or vice versa. Electric power may pass through multiple substations between generation and consumption. Main components of a substation include transformers to step up or down voltages, circuit breakers, switches, protective relays, surge arrestors, and other equipment. Substations can be indoor, outdoor, underground or pole-mounted depending on construction, and serve purposes like transmission, distribution, power factor correction or frequency changing. Careful consideration is given to site selection, environmental factors and layout of a substation.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
This document describes the design of a digital energy meter with a cost indicator. It has three main parts: a power sensing unit, a power and cost calculation unit, and a display unit using LCD. It measures power consumption and calculates the energy used in kW/h and the corresponding cost based on the tariff rates stored in the microcontroller. The values are displayed on the LCD. It is designed using components like a PIC microcontroller, current and potential transformers, and an LCD for display. The circuit uses a power supply unit consisting of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filters and regulators to provide the necessary power.
The document provides information about the electrical engineering lab manual for the third semester, including the index, syllabus, instructions, lab ethics guidelines, and experiments. It outlines 12 experiments focused on writing programs in C and PSPICE to analyze and simulate DC, AC, and transient behavior of circuits. The first experiment involves drawing circuit symbols for common electrical components.
This document describes experiments conducted to measure high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) using standard spheres. The experiments were conducted in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Dr. Subhash University. The document provides the circuit diagrams, equipment used, theory behind the measurements, procedures followed and tabular columns to record results for HVAC and HVDC measurements using standard sphere gaps.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
The document describes an experiment conducted to determine the time-current characteristics of fuse wires with different ampere ratings (5A, 10A, 15A). The experiment involved measuring the time taken for fuses to melt when subjected to increasing current levels. Graphs of time versus current were plotted for each fuse rating, showing that fuses with higher ratings took less time to melt at a given current. The graphs exhibited an inverse relationship between time and current.
Contents:-
#What is Grounding or Earthing?
#Symbol
#Earthing cable
#History
#How Earthing works?
#Difference between Earth & Neutral
#Importance of Earthing
#Components of earthing system
#Types of Earthing
This document provides instructions for an experiment on controlling two lamps with two switches. The experiment aims to demonstrate how appliances can be controlled independently when wired in parallel. The theory section explains that appliances in parallel allows each to be turned on or off separately without affecting the others, unlike in series where all are controlled by a single switch. The procedure details connecting the first lamp and switch, then adding the second lamp and switch in parallel so that switch 1 controls lamp 1 and switch 2 controls lamp 2 independently. The conclusion restates that the two lamps can be controlled separately from different locations using their respective switches.
The document discusses shunt reactors used in power systems. Shunt reactors are installed to reduce grid voltage during off-peak periods when excess reactive power leads to high voltages. They absorb reactive power through magnetizing currents, thereby reducing voltage. The document recommends installing 25 additional shunt reactors of 63 MVAR each in the southern grid to maintain voltages between 416-420 kV during off-peak hours. It provides background on why reactors are needed and describes the basic operating principles and components of shunt reactors.
Some manufacturers claim to have zero current chopping level on their devices and in their
publications remain silent on what these levels are. Joslyn Clark has always published the
current chop level of our vacuum contactor and expressed it as a maximum current chop
as seen 10,000 operational tests. This current level is .9 of an amp and the transient
voltage generated can be calculated by the current chopping value IC times the surge
impedance Z0 of the circuit. Some manufacturers express current chop levels as low
percentages of full load current and as such are acceptable. For example, if you had a
600 amp device, the consider 4 to 5 amps being less than 1% of the devices rating as
being acceptable. This is definitely not true as we believe that current chop levels as high
as 4 to 5 amps are very dangerous to the insulation level of loads such as electric motors
and dry type transformers.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission linesShivagee Raj
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
Static relays use electronic components like semiconductors instead of mechanical parts to detect faults and operate. They have components like rectifiers to convert AC to DC, level detectors to compare values to thresholds, and amplifiers and output devices to trigger trips. The document discusses the components, types, and applications of various static relays like overcurrent, directional, differential, distance and instantaneous relays used in power system protection.
Grounding in Power System Presentation
The presentation discusses the importance of grounding in power systems for safety, equipment protection, and building protection from lightning strikes. It covers types of grounding including solid grounding, resistance grounding, reactance grounding, and resonant grounding. Measurement instruments and calculation procedures for proper grounding are also reviewed. Lack of proper grounding can cause electric shocks, fires, and equipment damage. IEEE standards provide guidelines for industrial and commercial grounding systems.
This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject ELECTRICAL MACHINES and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;)
This document provides an introduction and overview of basic electricity concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of electricity training which are to understand Ohm's law, electrical terms, and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It then discusses the basics of electricity including different types of energy, current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. The document also covers topics like series and parallel circuits, AC/DC power, and introduces the use of a digital multimeter for electrical measurements.
1) Streamer theory was proposed in 1940 by Rather, Meek and Loeb to explain phenomena not accounted for by Townsend's theory of gas breakdown, such as dependence on gas pressure and geometry.
2) Streamer theory describes how a single avalanche can develop into a spark discharge through distortion of the electric field by space charge, generating further avalanches cumulatively at the avalanche head.
3) Positive ions are left behind the rapidly advancing avalanche head, enhancing the field in front and reducing it behind, while the field is also enhanced between the tail and cathode. This leads to further space charge increase and field enhancement around the anode, forming a streamer connecting anode to cathode.
This presentation provides an overview of power transformers. It discusses that power transformers are static machines that transform power from one circuit to another without changing frequency, and are used between generators and distribution circuits. It then describes the typical power ratings of small, medium, and large power transformers. The main components of power transformers are then outlined, including bushings, the core and winding, conservator tank, breather and silica gel, cooling tubes, tap changer, transformer oil, and Buchholz relay. The functions of these key components are explained at a high level.
Earthing in a substation is important for safety. It involves connecting electrical equipment to earth at a uniform low potential to limit dangerous voltages under fault conditions. Key aspects of substation earthing design include soil resistivity testing, sizing the earth mat conductor based on fault current and duration, and ensuring step and touch potentials remain below safety limits. Proper earthing aims to provide protection to life and property against faults.
A substation is an important part of an electrical power system where voltage is transformed from high to low levels or vice versa. Electric power may pass through multiple substations between generation and consumption. Main components of a substation include transformers to step up or down voltages, circuit breakers, switches, protective relays, surge arrestors, and other equipment. Substations can be indoor, outdoor, underground or pole-mounted depending on construction, and serve purposes like transmission, distribution, power factor correction or frequency changing. Careful consideration is given to site selection, environmental factors and layout of a substation.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
This document describes the design of a digital energy meter with a cost indicator. It has three main parts: a power sensing unit, a power and cost calculation unit, and a display unit using LCD. It measures power consumption and calculates the energy used in kW/h and the corresponding cost based on the tariff rates stored in the microcontroller. The values are displayed on the LCD. It is designed using components like a PIC microcontroller, current and potential transformers, and an LCD for display. The circuit uses a power supply unit consisting of a step-down transformer, rectifier, filters and regulators to provide the necessary power.
The document provides information about the electrical engineering lab manual for the third semester, including the index, syllabus, instructions, lab ethics guidelines, and experiments. It outlines 12 experiments focused on writing programs in C and PSPICE to analyze and simulate DC, AC, and transient behavior of circuits. The first experiment involves drawing circuit symbols for common electrical components.
This document describes experiments conducted to measure high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) using standard spheres. The experiments were conducted in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Dr. Subhash University. The document provides the circuit diagrams, equipment used, theory behind the measurements, procedures followed and tabular columns to record results for HVAC and HVDC measurements using standard sphere gaps.
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
This document provides details of a home wiring project, including a list of components, definitions of key items like MCBs, sockets and switches, a wiring diagram, and procedures for setting up circuits. The home wiring system divides circuits for lights/fans and power, with MCBs to protect each circuit. Wiring is done in parallel for stability of voltage to appliances. Safety features like earthing and energy meter placement are discussed. The project implements this for a prototype home with rooms, lights, fans and sockets wired on separate circuits.
Module 5 module 3 draft electrical and electronic layout and detailsGilbert Bautista
This module teaches how to draft electrical and electronic layout and details. It covers key concepts like direct and alternating current, electrical symbols, and how to draw wiring diagrams. The lessons provide guidance on drafting lighting plans, power layouts, and other electrical systems according to industry standards. Completing the exercises and assessments will help develop skills in drafting electrical drawings.
Module 5 module 3 draft electrical and electronic layout and detailsGilbert Bautista
Electrical and electronic drafting are rapidly evolving technologies involving circuits for products like computers and radios. This module teaches how to draw diagrams of electrical and electronic circuits using proper symbols, layout, and details. Learners will draft electrical plans and layouts, identifying symbols and components. They will also draft auxiliary systems and learn about electrical quantities like current, voltage, and resistance defined by Ohm's Law.
This module teaches how to draft electrical and electronic layout and details. It covers key concepts like direct and alternating current, electrical symbols, and how to draw wiring diagrams. The lessons provide guidance on drafting lighting plans, power layouts, and other electrical systems according to industry standards. Completing the exercises and assessments will help develop skills in drafting electrical drawings.
This document contains information about a basic electrical engineering laboratory course, including safety precautions, electrical symbols, list of experiments, and procedures for experiment 1 on verifying Kirchhoff's laws for DC circuits. It provides instructions on connecting circuits, taking measurements, and calculating theoretical values to verify the laws. Experiment topics include measurements of different lamps, impedance calculation for R-L and R-C circuits using decade boxes, load testing of transformers, and voltage/current relationships in star/delta circuits.
This document contains information about a basic electrical engineering laboratory course, including safety precautions, electrical symbols, list of experiments, and procedures for experiment 1 on verifying Kirchhoff's laws for DC circuits. It provides instructions on connecting circuits, taking measurements, and calculating theoretical values to verify the laws. Experiments cover topics like impedance calculation, transformer testing, and three-phase power measurement.
The document discusses residential wiring and electrical circuits. It covers topics like house wiring, extension boards, common residential appliances, circuit connections in series and parallel, and how to construct a series test lamp. Safety measures for working with electrical wiring are also outlined. Residential wiring distributes power for lighting, appliances, and systems through permanently installed and portable wiring. Regulations for installation vary by location.
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
This document provides a summary of the mechanical and electrical design of a proposed two-story industrial building for a fashion store in Lagos, Nigeria. It includes details on the building location and layout, electrical systems including lighting, power, and HVAC layouts for both floors, as well as the mechanical water supply, drainage, and plumbing layouts. The design aims to best suit the building needs and occupant load through analyzing factors like lighting requirements, appliance loads, and daily water usage.
To solve the loss of power in the household, we need a tool that is capable of supplying the power
source voltage. One of the tools is the inverter, so the author aims to analyze how the effects of the use of
the appliance inverter if saddled with the burden of energy-saving lamps as lighting in residences. The
method used is by measuring along with an analysis of calculation given load whenever inverter energysaving
lamps with varying power to determine the change in the electrical quantities to be analyzed. This
research reached at the time of getting the highest load of 203W; cos φ light weight using the inverter
much better, reaching 0.93 compared without using an inverter which is just 0.68 as well as current and
load power consumed by the use of the much smaller inverter. For example, only 0,76A and 135,63A
compared to the load current and power without the use of inverters that achieve 1,3A and 185,64W.
To solve the loss of power in the household, we need a tool that is capable of supplying the power
source voltage. One of the tools is the inverter, so the author aims to analyze how the effects of the use of
the appliance inverter if saddled with the burden of energy-saving lamps as lighting in residences. The
method used is by measuring along with an analysis of calculation given load whenever inverter energysaving
lamps with varying power to determine the change in the electrical quantities to be analyzed. This
research reached at the time of getting the highest load of 203W; cos φ light weight using the inverter
much better, reaching 0.93 compared without using an inverter which is just 0.68 as well as current and
load power consumed by the use of the much smaller inverter. For example, only 0,76A and 135,63A
compared to the load current and power without the use of inverters that achieve 1,3A and 185,64W.
The document discusses the building services systems for a project, including the electrical, water, sewerage, and rainwater systems. It provides details on the fittings, equipment, operations, and relevant regulations for each system. The electrical system utilizes a meter box, distribution board, wiring, switches, and sockets. The water system includes a gate valve, water meter, storage tank, hot water tank, pipes, and sinks. The sewerage system conveys waste via traps, vents, and pipes. Surface drainage is handled by gutters and downpipes.
Brugg Kabel AG uses silicone insulation for high voltage cable accessories up to 400kV. Routine partial discharge (PD) testing is done on prefabricated joints to ensure quality and detect defects. On-site PD measurements after installation can accurately detect PD above 5pC and localize faults. Directional coupler sensors allow sensitive PD detection and localization in unscreened environments. PD testing is important for ensuring reliability of joints and avoiding premature failures during operation.
This document provides instructions and background information for an experiment to study the I-V characteristics of diodes using a circuit with a diode and resistor. Students will connect the circuit using different diode models and measure the current and voltage relationship, observing that diodes only conduct current in one direction. They will also use an AC input to observe the diode's rectifying behavior.
This document summarizes how single-phase electricity is distributed to domestic premises in the UK. It discusses:
- How premises typically receive a 230-volt, 50-hertz single-phase supply from the local electricity board.
- The electricity board's cable contains three live lines and one neutral return line to provide the 240V single-phase supply.
- Safety measures like earthing the neutral line at the transformer and using fuses or circuit breakers to isolate faults.
- How the supply enters buildings via underground ducts or overhead lines and is metered before passing through the fuse box and being distributed to circuits via the distribution board.
1) A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system where high voltage electricity is transformed to lower voltages for distribution.
2) The trainee completed an in-plant training at a 33/11kV substation where 33kV voltage is stepped down to 11kV using transformers for distribution.
3) Key equipment used in substations include lightning arrestors, insulators, conductors, transformers, isolators, instrument transformers, vacuum circuit breakers, and capacitor banks. Safety precautions like restricted access, warning signs, and personal protective equipment are followed.
Similar to Electrical and Electronics lab manual (20)
The document provides instructions for students on experiments in a digital electronics lab. It outlines 10 experiments that students will perform, including verifying logic gates, realizing half/full adders and ripple counters, and building multiplexers and flip-flops. The document also provides guidelines for lab safety, building circuits using breadboards, and maintaining lab notebooks for documentation. Students are instructed to work in an organized manner and obtain permission before operating equipment.
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This document provides details of an experiment on assembling house wiring including earthing for a 1-phase energy meter, MCB, ceiling fan, tube light, and three pin socket. It includes 15 viva questions related to house wiring ratings, definitions of phase and neutral, purpose of energy meter, types of energy meters, and connections of equipment in house wiring.
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Electrical and Electronics lab manual
1. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LAB-MANUAL
I SEM ALL BRANCHES
108 ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS
LAB
CONTENTS
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 1
3. RTU Syllabus
Electrical lab
1. Assemble house wiring including earthing for 1-phase energy meter, MCB, ceiling fan, tube
light, three pin socket and a lamp operated from two different positions. Basic functional study
of components used in house wiring.
2. Prepare the connection of ceiling fan along with the regulator and vary the speed.
3. Prepare the connection of single phase induction motor through 1-Phase Auto-transformer and
vary the speed.
4. Prepare the connection of three phase squirrel cage induction motor through 3-Phase
Autotransformer and vary the speed.
5. Prepare the connection of Fluorescent Lamp, Sodium Vapour and Halogen Lamp and measure
voltage, current and power in the circuit.
Electronics lab
1. Identification, testing and application of Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, PN-Diode. Zener,
Diode, LED, LCD, BJT, Photo Diode, Photo Transistor, Analog/Digital Multi- Meters and
Function/Signal Generator.
2. Measure the frequency, voltage, current with the help of CRO.
3. Assemble the single phase half wave and full wave bridge rectifier & the analyze effect of L,
C and L-C filters in rectifiers.
4. Study the BJT amplifier in common emitter configuration. Measure voltage gain plot gain
frequency response and calculate its bandwidth.
5. Verify the truth table of AND, OR, NOT, NOR and NAND gates.
ELECTRICAL LAB MANUAL
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 3
4. List of Experiment
Rotor# 1
1. a) To basic functional study of components used in house wiring and to make house wiring
connections which includes 1-phase energy meter, MCB, ceiling fan, tube light, three pin socket
etc.
b) To make a connection for stair case wiring which can operate a lamp from two different
positions?
2. To study the construction and working of ceiling fan and connections of ceiling fan with
regulator.
3. Prepare the connection of single phase induction motor through 1-Phase Autotransformer and
vary the speed.
4. Prepare the connection of three phase squirrel cage induction motor through 3-Phase
Autotransformer and vary the speed.
5. a) To study the construction, circuit, working and application of the Fluorescent lamp.
b) To study the construction, circuit, working and application of the Sodium vapour lamp and
Halogen lamp.
.
LAB ETHICS
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 4
5. DO’s
1. Enter the lab on time and leave at proper time.
2. Keep the bags outside in the racks.
3. Utilize lab hours in the corresponding experiment.
4. Make the Supply off the Kits/Equipments after completion of Experiments.
5. Maintain the decorum of the lab.
Don’ts
1. Don’t bring any external material in the lab.
2. Don’t make noise in the lab.
3. Don’t bring the mobile in the lab.
4. Don’t enter in Faculty room without permission.
5. Don’t litter in the lab.
6. Don’t carry any lab equipments outside the lab.
We need your full support and cooperation for smooth functioning of the lab.
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 5
6. INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE ENTERING IN THE LAB
1. All the students are supposed to prepare the theory regarding the present
Experiment.
2. Students are supposed to bring the practical file and the lab copy.
3. Previous experiment should be written in the practical file.
4. Object, Apparatus Table & Brief Theory of the current practical should be written in
the lab copy.
5. Any student not following these instructions will be denied entry in the lab and
Sessional Marks will be affected.
WHILE WORKING IN THE LAB
1. Adhere to experimental schedule as instructed by the faculty.
2. Record the observations in lab copy & checked by the faculty.
3. Each student should work on his assigned table of the lab.
4. Take responsibility of valuable accessories.
5. Concentrate on the assigned practical and be careful.
6. If anyone is caught red-handed carrying any equipment of the lab, then he will have
to face serious consequences.
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 6
7. EXPERIMENT # 1(A)
OBJECT:
To make house wiring including Earthing for 1 Phase Energy Meter, M.C.B, and a Lamp
operated from two different positions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. ITEMS RATING QUANTITY
1. Two way switch 6 ampere – 250 volt 2
2. Switch 6 ampere – 250 volt 4
3. Indicator ------------------------- 1
4. M.C.B. 6 ampere ,250 volt, DPST Type 1
5. Holder -------------------------- 2
6. Bulb 100 watt , 250 volt 2
7. Tester 100 watt , 250 volt 1
8. 3 Pin Socket 6 ampere , 250 volt 1
9. Tube light 40 watt , 250 volt 1
10. Fan with Reg. 12 Pole, Sweep 1200mm 220-230 volt 1
11. Energy Meter 1 Phase , 250 volt 1
12. Wire Stripper 100 mm 1
THEORY:
A network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the
supplier’s meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices such as lamps, fans
and other domestic appliances through controlling and safety devices is known as wiring system.
The supplier’s service cable feeding an installation terminates in what is usually called the service
fuses. In an ordinary house the service fuse is called as service cutout. Such cutouts including
service meters remain the property of the supplier and represent the furthest point of the supplier
responsibility. The point at which the consumer's wiring is connected into cutout is known as point
of commencement of supply or consumer's terminals. From consumer terminals onwards the
supply cables are entirely under the control of consumer's and so laid out as per his selection. A
typical house wiring circuit is shown in fig. 2.1
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 7
8. Fig 2.1 Connection diagram of House wiring
Fig 2.2 Distribution Board System
In distribution board system, which is most commonly adopted for distribution of electrical energy
in a building, the fuses of various circuits are grouped together on a distribution board, sometimes
simply known as fuse board. The two copper strips, known as bus-bars, fixed in a distribution
board of hard wood or metal case are connected to the supply main through a linked switch so that
the installation can be switched off as a whole from both the poles of supply if required. A fuse is
inserted in the +ve or phase pole of each circuit so that each circuit is connected up through its
own particular fuse.
In large buildings, however, if only one distribution board were used, some of the points would be
at a considerable distance from it and in such cases it is advisable to employ sub-distribution
boards either to save cable or to prevent too great voltage drop at the more distant points (lamps or
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 8
9. fans or other appliances). In such cases main distribution board controls the circuit to each sub-
distribution board from which the sub-circuits are taken, as shown in fig. (a)
The number of circuits and sub-circuits are decided as per number of points to be wired and load to
be connected to the supply system. For determination of load of an installation the following
ratings maybe assumed unless the values are known or specified.
a) Fluorescent lamps — 40 watts.
b) Incandescent lamps, fans, and socket outlets — 60 watts.
c) Power socket-outlets — 1,000 watts.
d) Exhaust fans — as per capacity of exhaust fans.
There are number of methods of installing a wire system.
Cleat wiring
Casing Wiring
T.R.S. Wiring
Metal Sheathed Wiring
Conduit Wiring
PVC Conduit Wiring
Generally, for wiring in the house 20 SWG wire is used and for Earthing 14 SWG is used.
HOUSE WIRE LAYOUT- Two wire from RSEB Pole bring 230 volt A.C. to our house. Our
house is Phase (P) and other is neutral.
ENERGY METER- It may be disk type, Conduction Meter or Electronic Meter.
SOCKET- Socket has three types of terminals-
Neutral,
Phase ,
Earthing
Earthing is of big size and other two are same.
M.C.B. (Miniature Circuit Breaker) normally, in House wiring, 2 Pole M.C.B. is used. As we
know the fuse and M.C.B. are in fact is used to isolate a system from supply in case of:-
Over load
Short circuit
EARTHING:-
We know that Earthing is provided for the safety of both, Human Beings and Equipments. It is of
two types-
Plate earthing
Pipe earthing
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 9
10. FACTOR AFFECTING EARTH RESISTANCE:-
The earth electrode resistance depend on electrical resistivity of soil which in turn depends upon-
Nature of soil
Extent of moisture
Presence of suitable salt in moisture
EARTH ELECTRODE
It is of two types-
rod and pipe electrode
plate electrode
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 2.3 Circuit Diagram of House Wiring with Earthing
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Devices Switches
1 Bulb B1
2 Fan B2
3 Tube Light B3
4 5 Amp,3 pin socket B4
RESULT:
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 10
11. We make connection and get result as shown in Observation Table.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any wire.
3. Do not keep any joint open.
4. Use M.C.B. and switches of proper current rating.
EXPERIMENT # 1(B)
OBJECT:
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 11
12. To wiring for a lamp to be controlled from two positions (stair-case wiring).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. No.
Apparatus Required Rating
Type Quantity
1. Lamp Holder 6Amps, 250 volts 1
2. Lamp 100 Watts,15 Watts 1
3. Switches( Two-way) 5 Amps, 250 Volts 2
4. Connecting Leads
-
- As Reqd.
5. Screw Driver - - As Reqd.
THEORY:
STAIR-CASE wiring is a special type of wiring ,which is different from ordinary wiring due
to field of application.
In staircase wiring ,bulb used for lightening the staircase can be switched ON and OFF from
both sides, upstairs and downstairs , for this kind of arrangement circuit is shown in fig.
When both the switches are in up position bulb gets neutral at both points hence it will be
in OFF-STATE . Now if position of any of the switch is changed the phase is applied to
one end of bulb and it becomes ON. Now if the position of other switch is also changed,
the bulb becomes OFF as phase gets applied at both the ends of bulb. Now if again
position of any off switch is changed ,the bulb becomes ON again.
A Different arrangement for stair-case wiring is shown in fig. In fig(a) Neutral(N) is
directly connected to the bulb and for Phase(P), cross connection are made in the two
switches. In fig.(b) neutral(N) is directly connected to the bulb and for phase(P) straight
connections are made in the two switches.
In cross connection, if both switches have same position( i.e. either at A or either at B)
lamp would not glow. Whereas in straight connection; if both switches have same position
of either switch has been changed, lamp change its position.
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 12
13. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 2.4 Circuit Diagram of Stair case wiring
OBSERVATION TABLE
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 13
POSITION
OF SWITCHES &
LAMPS
POSITION
OF SWITCHES
& LAMPS
POSITION
OF SWITCHES
& LAMPS
POSITION
OF SWITCHES
& LAMPS
S1 S2 LAMP S1 S2 LAMP S1 S2 LAMP S1 S2 LAMP
14. RESULT:
We studies about the house wiring and made connections for different house wiring
application viz. Stair-case wiring and a room wiring.
PREACAUTIONS:
1. No any connections should be loosed.
2. Do not touch any wire.
3. Do not keep any joint open.
4. Use M.C.B. and switches of proper current rating
EXPERIMENT # 2
OBJECT:
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 14
15. To study the construction and basic working of ceiling fan and connections of ceiling fan
with regulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of apparatus Range/Rating Type Quantity
1
Fan motor
(stator/rotor)
60W,0.6A,350rpm,230±10
%volts
1- squirrel cageᶲ
induction motor
1
2 Capacitor 2.5MFD±5%,440V AC
50Hz,MAX. temp.85
+
-| (--
1
3
Fan assembly
(Canopy/suspension
rob, blades etc.)
- - 1
4 Fan regulator (0 -350)rpm Resistance/electronics 1/1
5 Test lamp 200W 1
6 Different tools - - As per
requirement
7 Multimeter Analog/digital - 1
8 Voltmeter (0 -300)volts Moving coil 1
9 Ammeter (0 – 1) Amp. Moving coil 1
10 Connecting leads - - As per
requirement
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 15
16. THEORY:
CEILING FAN:
A ceiling fan is a propeller blades and having two or more blades, directly driven by an electric
motor and intended for use with free inlet & outlet. It is provided with a device for suspension
from ceiling of a room so that the blades rotate in a plane to give uniform air circulation in the
room.
According to the electric motor used, ceiling fans can be classified as follows:
1. DC FANS: DC fans uses series motors and generally used where dc supply is easily
available as like trains, buses etc.
2. AC FANS: AC fans are most commonly used domestic devices, which is generally known.
AC fans use single phase squirrel cage induction motor.
DIFFERENT PARTS OF CEILING FAN:
1. Motor
2. Capacitor
3. Blades
4. Canopy
5. Ball-bearings
6. Speed regulators
Fig 3.1 Construction Daigram of ceiling fan
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 16
17. Construction:
Main parts of a ceiling fan are:
(a) Winding
(b) Capacitor &
(c) Regulator
Winding of the motor can be done manually or by automated machine. Regulator may be
electronic type or resistance type. Electronic type regulator has negligible power loss and compact
size. But in the case of resistance type, resistances are connected in series with the circuit; this may
cause power loss as heat.
In table fan one permanent split capacitor run (PSC) motor is the heart of a fan. This motor
consists of two windings one as starting winding and other as running winding.
Starting winding of this motor has high resistance and low reactance but running winding has low
resistance and high reactance. One capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding and
whole of this circuit is put in parallel across running winding. In the case of ceiling fan these two
windings are placed in stator in the inner side of the fan.
Rotor has no winding; it is the outer body of the fan. Ceiling fan motor operates just in opposite
manner as compared to general motor. That is actual rotor of the motor is blocked and the stator is
free to rotate. So ceiling fan runs in anticlockwise direction. At the same time table fan motor is
operated as normal case and so it runs in clockwise direction. Capacitor connected in series with
the starting winding should be value 2.5 micro farad. Pyranel insulated foil paper capacitor is using
for this purpose. It helps to provide a split phase effect from single phase AC supply.
CIRCUIT AND WINDING DIAGRAM:
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 17
18. Fig 3.2 winding diagram of Ceiling fan Fig 3.3 circuit diagram of Ceiling fan
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
AC ceiling fan has single phase induction motor, which comprises two distributed windings stator
and a rotor (squirrel cage) when current is given to the motor , the magnetic field is experience a
force in the rotor to move it right angle to the field at the blades attached with the rotor displace the
air.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Test for Condition of lamp Test result
1. Running winding
2. Starting winding
3. Earth test of fan
4. Capacitor
(a) Open test
(b) Short test
(c) Continuity test
RESULT:
We studied about the ceiling fan and performed various testing and get result as shown in
observation table.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not touch any live wire or contact.
2. Make the proper connection as given in circuit diagram and it should checked by lab in
charge before switch ON the supply.
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 18
19. 3. Save the winding of fan for any damage.
4. Handle the equipments carefully, which are used in the experiment.
5. Use only 200W lamp for testing purpose for saving any damage to windings due to high
current.
EXPERIMENT # 3
OBJECT:
Prepare the connection of single phase induction motor through 1-Phase Auto-transformer
and vary the speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. No. Name of
Apparatus
Type Range Quantity
1. Single phase
Induction
Motor
Squirrel
Cage
230V, 2HP 1500 rpm 50 Hz 1
2. Voltmeter M I (0-600 V)/(0-300 V) 1/1
3. Ammeter M I 2A/5A 1/1
4. Auto
Transformer
Single Phase 230V/(0-270)V 1
5. Techo-meter Digital 0-2000rpm 1
6. Wattmeter Dyanmo-
meter
10/20A,300/600V,1800W/2000
W
2
THEORY:
Single Phase Induction Motor:
Most small power (generally below 2 kW) induction machines have to operate with single-phase
a.c. power supplies that are readily available in homes, and remote rural areas. When power
electronics converters are used three phase a.c. output is produced and thus three phase induction
motors may still be used. However, for constant speed applications (the most frequent situation),
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 19
20. the induction motors are fed directly from the available single-phase a.c. power grids. In this sense,
we call them single phase induction motors. To be self-starting, the induction machine needs a
travelling field at zero speed. This in turn implies the presence of two windings in the stator, while
the rotor has a standard squirrel cage. The first winding is called the main winding while the
second winding (for start, especially) is called auxiliary winding. Single phase IMs may run only
on the main winding once they started on two windings. A typical case of single phase single-
winding IM occurs when a three IM ends up with an open phase. The power factor and efficiency
degrade while the peak torque also decreases significantly. Thus, except for low powers (less than
¼ kW in general), the auxiliary winding is active also during running conditions to improve
performance. Three types of single-phase induction motors are in use today:
Fig 4.1(a) Circuit Diagram of spilt phase induction motor Fig 4.1(b) Phasor Diagram
SPLIT-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS:
The split phase induction motor has a main and an auxiliary stator winding displaced by 90 or up
to 110-120 degrees (Figure 4.1a). The auxiliary winding has a higher ratio between resistance and
reactance, by designing it at a higher current density, to shift the auxiliary winding current I ahead
of main winding current I (Figure 4.1b). The two windings-with a 90 space displacement and a γ ˜
20-30 current time phase shift-produce in the air gap a magnetic field with a definite forward
travelling component (from m to a). This travelling field induces voltages in the rotor cage whose
currents produce a starting torque which rotates the rotor from to a (clockwise on Figure 4.1).
Once the rotor catches speed, the starting switch is opened to disconnect the auxiliary winding,
which is designed for short duty. The starting switch may be centrifugal, magnetic, or static type.
The starting torque may be up to 150% rated torque, at moderate starting current, for frequent
starts long-running time applications. For infrequent starts and short running time, low efficiency
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 20
21. is allowed in exchange for higher starting current with higher rotor resistance. During running
conditions, the split-phase induction motor operates on one winding only and thus it has a rather
poor power factor. It is used below 1/3 kW, generally, where the motor costs are of primary
concern.
CAPACITOR INDUCTION MOTORS:
Connecting a capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding causes the current in that winding I to
lead the current in the main winding Ia by up to 90. Complete symmetrization of the two windings
m.m.f. for given slip may be performed this way. That is a pure travelling air gap field may be
produced either at start (S = 1) or at rated load (S = S) or somewhere in between. An
improvement in starting and running torque density, efficiency and especially in power factor is
brought by the capacitor presence. Capacitor motors are of quite a few basic types:
SHADED POLE INDCUTION MOTOR:
Shaded pole motors have only one main winding and no start winding. Start winding means of
design that ring a continuous copper loop around a small portion of the motor pole. This “shaded”
that portion if the pole, causing the magnetic filed in the shaded area to lag behind the field in the
unshaded area. shaded pole motor impractical for most industrial or commercial use.
DIAGRAM:
Fig 4.2 Cross section of Single phase Induction motor
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 21
22. PROCEDURE:
1. Make connection as shown in fig.
2. Put input voltage at Zero.
3. Now slowly vary input voltage and measure the speed by tachometer.
4. Record the value of speed at various voltage.
OBERVATION TABLE:
S.No Input Voltage Speed(rpm)
1 50
2 100
3 150
4 175
5 200
6 230
RESULT:
Study the construction and basic working of ceiling fan, single phase induction motor and three
phase squirrel cage induction motor. Connect ceiling fan along with regulator and single phase
induction motor through auto-transformer to run and vary speed.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Main switch , starter and motor should be earthed.
3. Use of proper range of voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Don’t touch the shaft of the running motor.
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23. EXPERIMENT # 4
OBJECT:
Prepare the connection of three phase squirrel cage induction motor through 3-Phase Auto-
transformer and vary the speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. No. Name of
Apparatus
Type Range Quantity
1. Three phase
Induction
Motor
Squirrel
Cage
415V 50 Hz2 HP 1500 rpm 1
2. Voltmeter M I (0-600 V)/(0-300 V) 1/1
3. Ammeter M I 2A/5A 1/1
4. Auto
Transformer
Single Phase 230V/(0-270)V 1
5. Techo-meter Digital 0-2000rpm 1
6. Watt meter Dyanmo-
meter
10/20A,300/600V,1800W/2000
W
2
THEROY:
Three phase induction motor consists of silicon steel slotted core in which three phase copper wire
winding is done and connection brought out on terminal box. The motor is also made of silicon
steel stampings core slotted in which copper or aluminum bars are inserted and shorted by copper
or aluminum short circuiting rings on both sides .
The body is made of cast iron on which channel given by a fan fitted on the shaft of the motor on
rear side. The fan is covered by a sheet steel cowl . The connections of stator winding is made inter
is star or in delta . Low HP motors are connected in star , medium and high HP motors are
connected in star to delta or delta to star.
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24. Fig 4.1 Three phase Induction motor
The three phase motor works on mutual induction principle. The three phase stator when supplied
with three phase acts as primary produces three rotating magnetic field links the rotor induces emf
in rotor and the current circulates in rotor bars through short circuiting rings , then force is exerted
on rotor conductors and the rotor rotates in the direction of rotation of the magnetic field and so
the three phase induction motor is hence self starting.
The directions of rotation of three phase rotating magnetic field can be reversed by inter changing
any two phases of the supply.
Construction Diagram of three – phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor :
Fig4.2 Three- phase squirrel cage induction motor
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25. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig4.3 Circuit diagram of three phase induction motor
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Input Voltage Speed(rpm)
1 80
2 200
3 260
4 300
5 360
6 400
RESULT:
We have study constructions’ and connection of moving coil & moving iron ammeters &
voltmeters, dynamometer type wattmeter and analog & digital energy meter) and constructions’ of
3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
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26. 2. Main switch , starter and motor should be earthed.
3. Use of proper range of voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Don’t touch the shaft of the running motor.
EXPERIMENT # 5(A)
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27. OBJECT:
To study the construction, circuit, working and application of the Fluorescent lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite
mercury vapour. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a
phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into
useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically offsets the
higher initial cost of the lamp. The lamp is more costly because it requires a ballast to regulate the
flow of current through the lamp while larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in
commercial or institutional buildings, the compact fluorescent lamp is now available in the same
popular sizes as incandescent and is used as an energy-saving alternative in homes.
The fluorescent lamps are a type of gas discharge device . The gas in the tube consists of some
inert gases (e.g. Argon) and a few drops of mercury at very low pressure . The inside of the tube is
coated with a phosphor substance or fluorescent powder. It convert U.V. radiation into visible light
. Since electric discharge of the inert gas at low pressure gives ultra – violet radiations . the
electrodes are in the form of oxide – coated tungsten filaments at both ends of tube.
Starter:
It’s appearance like a small glass bulb which consist of two electrode, one is fixed and other is
made up of U-shade bimetallic strips. Such type of starter is know as ‘glow type starter’ . A paper
capacitor may also be placed in parallel with a the to metallic strips . To avoid the welding up
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 27
S.N
o
Name of
Apparatus
Range Type Quantity
1. Fluorescent tube 40W,230V,50Hz,120cm. Tubula
r
1
2. Choke coil 40W,230V,cosΦ=.5 1
3. Starter Glow type for 20/40/65/80W tube 2
4. Test lamp 15/100/200W 1/1/1
5. Connecting leads As Per
Reuired
28. together of strips , we use resister and to avoid interference in radio and T.V. at the time of
switching the tube line ON.
Fluorescent Lamps:
Fluorescent lamp is the most widely used discharge lamp. It is an energy efficient lamp available
in low and medium wattage range making it suitable for domestic and commercial lighting
purposes.
Construction:
The construction of a standard fluorescent lamp is shown in Fig.7.1(a). It consists of a glass tube of
around 36 mm diameter and a length of 1200 mm. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a
fluorescent powder - usually phosphor coating. Tungsten wire electrodes with bi-pin cap are
provided at both ends. There is an electrode shield around each electrode to reduce the blackening
of the tubes due to deposition of evapourated tungsten. The tube is filled with an inert gas such as
argon to a pressure of 1.5 to 5 mm of mercury. A small drop-let of mercury is also introduced into
the tube. During normal operation this mercury vapourizes and helps to maintain the discharge.
CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM:
Fig.7.1(a) Fluorescent Lamp
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29. Fig.7.1(b) Fluorescent Lamp Inside View
Operation:
Fluorescent lamps are designed for switch start operation. A typical switch start circuit is shown in
Fig. c. The starter consists of two bimetallic contacts, housed in a small glass bulb filled with a
noble gas at low pressure. The contacts are positioned with a narrow separation between them.
When the normal voltage is applied, it creates a glow discharge between the bimetallic contacts
and due to heating they bend towards each other. The contacts touch each other for one or two
seconds and the current path is completed through the inductive ballast and the filament electrodes.
This current results in preheating the electrodes. As the bimetallic contacts touch, the glow
discharge stops and now the contacts cool down and leave apart to open the circuit. The sudden
break of current will induce a high voltage (600-1500V) in the ballast and is applied across -the
tube, which in turn trigger the discharge through the tube. The capacitor, which is connected across
the starter contact, is provided to reduce the radio interference due to switching operations. The
starter has no function once the lamp is started. Like other discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps are
also having a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. This means the resistance of the tube
decreases when temperature is increased, resulting in increase of current. Therefore the ballast is
essential during normal operation also to regulate the lamp current. When the ballast is connected
in series with the circuit, it regulates the lamp current. The capacitor across the supply line is for
power factor improvement.
When there is a discharge through the lamp, it produces radiations mainly in the ultraviolet region.
This radiation is converted to visible radiation by the phosphor coating on the inner side of the
glass tube.
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30. Performance:
The luminous efficiency of the fluorescent lamp is around 75 lumens/watt, which is much higher
than incandescent lamps. The colour rendering index of this lamp is in the rage of 50-60 and this is
sufficient for normal domestic or commercial lighting.
Fluorescent tamps have an expected life varying from 6000 to 20000 hours. One disadvantage with
this lamp is that the power factor of the circuit is low (around 0.5), but this problem can be solved
to some extent by connecting a capacitor across the supply.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig.7.2 Fluorescent tube light circuit diagram
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31. Fluorescent tube verses incandescent lamp
S.NO. POINT OF
CONSIDERATION
FLUORESCENT TUBE OR
LAMP
INCANDESCENT OR
FILAMENT LAMP
1 Initial cost High Low
2 Running cost Low, i.e. more economical
working
High
3 Life More (about 7500 working
hours)
Low (about 1000 working
hours)
4 Luminous efficiency High (40 lumens /watt) Low( 10 lumens /watt)
5 Heating effect Nil Lot of heat is evolved
6 Starting trouble May be there Nil
7 Illumination Gives shadow less diffused light
with no glare or glitter
Gives light with glare, and
shadow of dark, and bright
patches
8 Effect of frequent
switching on & off
Life reduced, since the coating
on the electrodes is destroyed at
each starting.
There is no such problem.
9 Fixing process Fixing, and fault finding is
somewhat difficult
Very easy process
10 Effect of voltage
fluctuations
Causes flickering of the tube Only intensity of light alters
11 Effect of voltage
supply
(1) its supply voltage is low
then the tube may blink a
number of times before
staring, and this process
reduces the life of tube.
(2) If voltage is high, then it
reduces the life of tube by
rapid deterioration of
cathode coating.
(1) an increase of 5% in
voltage increases light
output by 15%, but
reduces the life of the
bulb to half.
(2) A decrease of 5% in
voltage decreases the
output by 15%, but
increase the life of
bulb by about 100%.
12 Problem during
running condition
(1) it can produce humming
sound.
(2) A defective choke or
starter makes the staring
difficult, and shortens the
life of the tube.
No problem
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32. RESULT:
To study the construction, circuit, working and application of the Fluorescent lamp have been
done.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Tools should be used carefully.
2. Fitting should be tightly fitting.
3. Connection should be tight.
4. Wire should be on the conduit, power gripped properly.
EXPERIMENT # 5(B)
OBJECT:
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33. To study the construction, circuit, working and application of the Sodium vapour lamp and
Halogen lamp.
Sodium Vapour Lamps:
Sodium vapour lamp is also. a discharge lamp. The discharge tube of this lamp contains a mixture
of sodium vapour and an inert gas — usually neon. At normal temperature, the sodium inside the
tube shall be in solid state and therefore do not contribute to discharge. The inert gas is added as a
'starting gas' and the initial discharge shall be due to the presence of this gas. The radiation
produced by sodium lamp is predominantly a monochromatic yellow coloured radiation at 589 nm
wavelength. This wave length has a specialty that it is very near to the peak of the eye sensitivity
curve.
Construction and operation:
There are two variants of sodium vapour lamps - low pressure and high pressure types. There is
slight difference in the construction of these two types.
Fig.7.3 (a) Low pressure sodium vapour lamp
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34. Fig.7.3 (b) High pressure sodium vapour lamp
Above figure shows the construction of a low pressure sodium vapour lamp. The vapour pressure
of sodium is about 0.1 Pa for this type. The discharge tube is a U shaped glass tube. The inside of
the arc tube is coated with a sodium resistant glass layer. At the two ends of the tube, there are
coiled electrodes. When the lamp is not burning, the sodium will be in solid state deposited on the
inner side of the tube. At startup the lamp functions like a neon lamp with a characteristic pink
colour. As the temperature builds up, the sodium vapourizes and starts radiating yellow light. The
lamp shall give it full brightness within a few minutes.
There is an outer envelope for the lamp and the space between the discharge tube and the envelope
is vacuum. Vacuum is necessary to reduce the heat loss from the discharge tube. It is also
important to maintain the temperature of the discharge tube at around 260° C for generating proper
radiation.
In high pressure sodium vapour lamp, the vapour pressure is much higher (about 7000 Pa). At this
pressure, the radiation from the discharge covers a good part of the visible spectrum and therefore
the colour rendering properties improves. The temperature of the discharge tube is around 1300°
C. Fig 7.3(a) shows a typical construction of a high pressure sodium vapour lamp. The operating
temperature is much higher compared to the low pressure type. The arc tube is made of a
translucent ceramic material. This material is particularly selected because it does not react with
sodium or loose its shape even at higher temperatures. There is an outer envelope for the lamp and
the space between the arc tube and the envelope is vacuum or an inert gas filling.
Sodium vapour lamps are also having a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and
therefore require a ballast to control the current during normal operation. The lamp has another
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35. requirement that for starting, it requires a higher voltage than the normal operating voltage. For
low pressure
Sodium vapour lamp, the starting voltage is around 450V and for high pressure type the striking
voltage is between 1000 and 4000 V. Fig. 7.3.(b) shows a typical circuit suitable for low pressure
sodium vapour lamp. An autotransformer with high leakage reactance is used for starting and to
control the current during normal operation. High leakage reactance results in higher voltage
regulation. At start the lamp current will be low and the high voltage required for starting will be
available from the auto transformer. As the sodium vapourized, the lamp current increases and due
to the high regulation of the autotransformer, the voltage falls to the normal operating voltage.
These circuits have low lagging power factor between 0.3 and 0.4 and to improve the power factor,
a capacitor is connected across the input.
Electronic igniters are available now for all types of discharge lamps. These igniters are designed
to give the high startup voltage required by discharge lamps.
Performance:
Low pressure sodium vapour lamps have very high efficacy of 100 to 180 lumens/watt. This is
mainly because the radiation produced is in the visible spectrum. On the other hand these lamps
have extremely low colour rendering index since the light output is monochromatic. Low pressure
sodium vapour lamps are available in the range of 18-180 W.
The colour rendering index of high pressure sodium lamps is better than low pressure type (about
25%), but the efficacy is slightly less (65 to 140 lumens/watt).
High pressure sodium vapour lamps are available in the range of 35 - 1000 W.
Due to the low colour rendering properties, the application for sodium vapour lamps is limited to
street lighting, security lighting etc where the colour discrimination is not important. The life of
these lamps is about 20000 hours.
Halogen Lamp:
The halogen lamp is the latest member in the family of incandescent lamp. It posses numerous in
the advantage over the ordinary incandescent lamp. As already stated the life and efficiency of an
incandescent lamp fall of with use-partly due to slow evapouration of the filament and partly due
to black deposit formed on the inside of the bulb. The addition of small amount of halogen vapours
to the filling gas restores port of the evapourated tungsten vapours back to filament by means of
chemical reaction i.e. there is a sort of regeneration cycle.
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36. Fig 7.4 Halogen lamp
Advantage :
Halogen lamp posses the following advantage:
1. No blacking of lamp, hence no depreciation of lumens output.
2. High operating temperature with increased luminous efficiency varying from 10 lumens/watt to
33 lumens/watt.
3. Reduced dimension of lamp miniature size.
4. Long life-2000 hours.
OBESERVATION TABLE:
S.No
.
Lamp Lamp Turn
ON Time
Colour of Light Lamp Turn
OFF Time
Initial Final
1. HPSV Lamp
2. Halogen Lamp
RESULT:
The study of the construction, working & circuit of the sodium vapour lamp and halogen lamp
have been done.
USB/Department of Electrical Engineering/EEE LAB 108 Page 36
37. PRECAUTIONS:
1. Lamps should be handled carefully.
2. All the connections should be tight.
3. Lamps should be kept & connected properly (horizontally/vertically).
4. Circuit must be get checked before switching on the supply.
5. Do not touch live wire/parts.
6. Switch off the supply, when not used.
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