This document defines over 80 electrical terms, including:
- A torus, which is a donut-shaped magnetic core used in electric transformers.
- Total harmonic distortion, which is an electromagnetic disturbance level expressed as a ratio calculated as a percentage of the fundamental component.
- A tower, which is a tall structure for elevating electric transmission lines, distinguished from a pole by its greater height and complexity.
- A transducer, which is a device that converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal, such as microphones, pickups, and loudspeakers.
- A transformer, which is a device with two or more coils wound on an iron core that provides an efficient means of changing voltage and
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Basic Difference Between Wires and CablesDr.Raja R
Basic Difference Between Wires and Cables
What’s the basic difference between Wires and Cables?
List some of the basic differences between Wires and Cables
Different uses of Wire and Cable
Types of Wire and Cable
Different advantages of using Wire and Cable
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
1- Low Tension Power Cable
2- Contents
Introduction
Construction
Types & sizes
Features
Application
More Details
3- Introduction
Power Cables - An assembly of two or more electrical conductors usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power.
4- Construction
5-
Conductor – Stranded / Solid / Circular shaped-Aluminum / Copper
Insulation – PVC /XLPE/HR PVC / Zero Halogen
Inner Sheath – PVC/HR PVC /FR/FRLS PVC
Armouring – G. S.Round Wire/ Flat Strip or Aluminum Wire /Flat Strip
Outer Sheath – PVC /HR PVC/FR/FRLS PVC /Zero Halogen
6- Types & Sizes
Types
1.1 kV PVC /XLPE as per IS : 1554 – (Part-I) / IS : 7098(Part- I)/BS /IEC.
Sizes
Single Core 1.5 to 1000 sq. mm
Multi core 1.5 to 630 sq. mm
7- Features
These cables can carry high current with high short circuit rating 250°C as against 160°C for PVC.
Dielectric losses are very less in these cables.
LT power cable is flexible, lightweight, fire-resistant in nature.
8- Application
LT power cable may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, run overhead, buried in the ground or exposed.
And Flexible power cables are used in mobile tools, portable devices, and machinery.
9- More Details At
Rallison Electricals Pvt. Ltd.
G I / 118, Mayapuri, Phase – I, New Delhi – 110064
Phone: 91-11-28112644
Mobile: 9311104000
URL: http://www.rallison.com/lt-power-cable/
Circuit BreakersA circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.
Electrical instruments are instruments that use the mechanical movement of electromagnetic meter to measure voltage, power, current… Electrical technicians require electrical measurement equipment to check the electrical activity and to detect the presence of voltage or current. By using this instrument we can measure electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, current, power factor, and resistance. Electrical measurements are depended upon either current or voltage while measuring the frequency we will be measuring the frequency of a current signal or a voltage signal.
Basic Difference Between Wires and CablesDr.Raja R
Basic Difference Between Wires and Cables
What’s the basic difference between Wires and Cables?
List some of the basic differences between Wires and Cables
Different uses of Wire and Cable
Types of Wire and Cable
Different advantages of using Wire and Cable
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
1- Low Tension Power Cable
2- Contents
Introduction
Construction
Types & sizes
Features
Application
More Details
3- Introduction
Power Cables - An assembly of two or more electrical conductors usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power.
4- Construction
5-
Conductor – Stranded / Solid / Circular shaped-Aluminum / Copper
Insulation – PVC /XLPE/HR PVC / Zero Halogen
Inner Sheath – PVC/HR PVC /FR/FRLS PVC
Armouring – G. S.Round Wire/ Flat Strip or Aluminum Wire /Flat Strip
Outer Sheath – PVC /HR PVC/FR/FRLS PVC /Zero Halogen
6- Types & Sizes
Types
1.1 kV PVC /XLPE as per IS : 1554 – (Part-I) / IS : 7098(Part- I)/BS /IEC.
Sizes
Single Core 1.5 to 1000 sq. mm
Multi core 1.5 to 630 sq. mm
7- Features
These cables can carry high current with high short circuit rating 250°C as against 160°C for PVC.
Dielectric losses are very less in these cables.
LT power cable is flexible, lightweight, fire-resistant in nature.
8- Application
LT power cable may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, run overhead, buried in the ground or exposed.
And Flexible power cables are used in mobile tools, portable devices, and machinery.
9- More Details At
Rallison Electricals Pvt. Ltd.
G I / 118, Mayapuri, Phase – I, New Delhi – 110064
Phone: 91-11-28112644
Mobile: 9311104000
URL: http://www.rallison.com/lt-power-cable/
Circuit BreakersA circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.
Electrical instruments are instruments that use the mechanical movement of electromagnetic meter to measure voltage, power, current… Electrical technicians require electrical measurement equipment to check the electrical activity and to detect the presence of voltage or current. By using this instrument we can measure electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, current, power factor, and resistance. Electrical measurements are depended upon either current or voltage while measuring the frequency we will be measuring the frequency of a current signal or a voltage signal.
A power quality presentation includes definitions of power quality, most common power quality problems and the solutions, standard carves, and practical example of an active filter. Presented by - Eng. Shemy Elhady
Definition of power Quality, power quality terminology, power quality issues, Susceptibility Criteria, Responsibility of supplier and users of elect power, Standards.
Unit-V
Measurement and Solving of Power Quality Problems: Power quality measurement devices- Harmonic Analyzer , Transient Disturbance Analyzer, wiring and grounding tester, Flicker Meter, Oscilloscope, multi-meter etc. Introduction to Custom Power Devices-Network Reconfiguration devices; Load compensation and voltage regulation using DSTATCOM; protecting sensitive loads using DVR; Unified power Quality Conditioner. (UPQC)
The following topics will be covered: the definition of a substation, an overview of the different type of substations and the functions of substations
A Novel Approach of Harmonic Reduction with Transformer Connected 3-Phase Mul...IJMER
This paper proposes a multilevel inverter arrangement employing a series connected transformer to suppress 5th,7th,11th &13th order harmonics(generated by non-linear loads).In the proposed scheme sinusoidal pwm signal generation technique is used for three phase multilevel VSI in conjunction with series connected transformer .The proposed model eliminates the need of output filter inductor. With this control strategy harmonic components of output voltage and switching losses can be
minimized considerably. Simulation results verify the proposed concept and indicates that the transformer is capable of reducing the harmonics in the line
Business environment scanning market survey tools and techniques by mathankumarMathankumar S
Business Environment Scanning Market Survey Tools and Techniques (Its very clearly briefed about Entrepreneurship,
Entrepreneur, Need for Entrepreneur, Common Myths about Entrepreneurs, Benefits of Being an Entrepreneur, Innovation, Elements of Innovation, Creativity, Motivation, How should Engineer Think?, How to Identify and Motivate a Student?, Science Club, Entrepreneurship Development, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Udyamita, Design Clinic Scheme for Design Expertise to MSME Manufacturing Sector, MSME Salient Features, MSME Schemes,
Prototype, Market Survey, MARKETING SUPPORT TO MSMEs, MARKET SURVEY FOR COMMERCIALIZATION, STARTING A NEW VENTURE, How to become a Successful Entrepreneur
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Transient Analysis and Two Port NetworksMathankumar S
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Transient Analysis and Two Port Networks (It includes AC and DC Response, R-L-C Circuits, time constant, Symmetrical networks, Z-Parameter, Y-Parameter ABCD Parameter and h-Parameter)
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Network synthesis and filter designMathankumar S
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Network synthesis and filter design (It includes cauer form, poles and zeros, Impedance function, Hurwitz polynominal, Positive real function, Types of filters, Initial value theorem, Butterworth filter, Chebyshev filter, Chebyshev approximation, Low pass filter, T and pie network, m -derived low pass filter, transfer function, selectivity parameter & discrimination parameter)
Biomedical Technical Skill Development - Questions (Multi Choice Type)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Technical Skill Development - Questions (Objective type Questions for Biomedical Engineering & Medical Electronics) - Students can able to get ideas about fundamentals
Biomedical Control Systems - BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical control systems - BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Short Questions & Answers) - ITS DEALS WITH Examples of Biological control Systems: Cardiovascular Control System, Endocrine Control Systems, Pupil Control System, Skeletal Muscle Servomechanism, Oculo - motor system, sugar level Control Mechanism. Temperature control, Blood pressure control.
Biomedical Control Systems - THE CONCEPT OF STABILITY & ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE ...Mathankumar S
Biomedical control systems - THE CONCEPT OF STABILITY & ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE (short Questions & Answers) - ITS DEALS WITH STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM (ROUTH HURWITZ CRITERION, ROUTH ARRAY), ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE, ZEROS & POLES,
Biomedical Control Systems - Time Response Analysis (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - Time Response Analysis (Short Questions & Answers) - Its detailed about Standard Test Signals, Time Response Analysis of First and Second Order Systems, Steady state errors and Error constants, Effects of Adding Zero to a system, Damping System and PD & PID Controller.
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers) - Its Deal with Types of systems, Open loop systems, Closed Loop systems, Effects of feedback, Mathematical Models of Physical systems: Introduction, Differential equations, Transfer functions, Block Diagram Algebra, Signal Flow Graphs.
Biological control systems - Time Response Analysis - S.Mathankumar-VMKVECMathankumar S
Biological control systems - Time Response Analysis - Step and Impulse responses of first order and second order systems, Determination of time domain specifications of first and second order systems from its output responses.
Biological control systems - System Concepts-Mathankumar.S, VMKVECMathankumar S
Biological control systems - System Concepts- Basic structure of control system - Types of systems - Open loop systems, closed loop systems, Effects of feedback, Block diagram & Signal flow graph, conversion of block diagram to signal flow graph, reduction of block diagram and signal flow graph.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
Electrical terms & Some definition
1. Electrical Terms & Some Definition
Torus - a donut-shaped magnetic core used in electric transformers.
Total harmonic distortion - disturbance level an electromagnetic disturbance level due
to all emissions from equipment in a system. This is expressed as a ratio of the RMS
value of the harmonic content to the RMS of the fundamental and is calculated as a
percentage of the fundamental component.
Tower - a structure for elevating electric transmission lines, distinguished from a pole cf
by its greater height and structural complexity.
Trace length - the physical distance between electronic components connected by a
circuit path.
Transducer - a device that converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal.
Typically, transducers are electromechanical energy conversion devices used for
measurement or control. Transducers generally operate under linear input-output
conditions and with relatively small signals. Examples include microphones, pickups,
and loudspeakers.
Transducer gain - ratio of the power delivered to the load to the power available from
the source.
Transformation ratio - dimensionless ratio of the real parts of the load and source
impedance.
Transformed circuit - an original circuit with the currents, voltages, sources, and
passive elements replaced by transformed equivalents.
Transformer - a device that has two or more coils wound on an iron core. Transformers
provide an efficient means of changing voltage and current levels, and make the bulk
power transmission system practical. The transformer primary is the winding that
accepts power, and the transformer secondary is the winding that delivers power. The
primary to secondary voltages are related by the turns ratio of the coils. The
corresponding currents are related inversely by the same ratio.
Transformer differential relay - a differential relay specifically designed to protect
transformers. In particular, transformer differential relays must deal with current
transformer turns ratio error and transformer inrush and excitation current.
Transformer fuse - a fuse employed to isolate a transformer from the power system in
the event of a transformer fault or heavy overload.
Transformer vault - a fireproof enclosure in which power transformers containing oil
must be mounted if used underground or indoors.
2. Transient
(1)the behavior exhibited by a linear system that is operating in steady state in
moving from one steady state to another. For stable systems, the transient will
decay while for unstable system it will not, and thus the latter never reach another
steady-state operation. See also settling time and time constant.
(2)any signal or condition that exists only for a short time.
(3)an electrical disturbance, usually on a power line.
(4)refers to momentary overvoltages or voltage reductions in an electric power
system due to lightning, line switching, motor starting, and other temporary
phenomena.
Transient current - the fault current that flows during the transient period when the
machine apparent impedance is the transient impedance.
Transient fault - a fault that can appear (e.g., caused by electrical noise) and disappear
within some short period of time.
Transient impedance - the series impedance that a generator or motor exhibits
following the subtransient period but prior to the steady-state situation.
Transient open-circuit time constant - See quadrature-axis transient open-circuit time
constant and direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant.
Transient operation - a power system operating under abnormal conditions because of a
disturbance.
Transient reactance - the reactance offered for the transient currents in synchronous
machines. Referred to by the symbol Xs, the transient reactance is a function of the stator
frequency and the transient inductance. Xs is comparatively smaller in comparison to the
steady-state inductive reactance of the machine.
Transient short-circuit - time constant pass and stop bands are critical. A longer filter
length generally implies that the filter can have a steeper transition band to a similarly
shaped shorter length filter.
Transient stability - the ability of a power system to remain stable following a system
disturbance.
Transient suppressor - a device connected to a piece of sensitive electrical equipment to
reduce the amplitude of transient voltage excursions, thus protecting the equipment.
3. Transmission line
(1) an arrangement of two or more conductors used to convey electromagnetic
energy from one point to another.
(2) conductive connections that guide signal power between circuit elements.
Transmission line coupler - passive coupler composed of two or more transmissions
spaced closely together where the proximity of the transmission lines allows signals to
be coupled or transferred in part from one line to the other. The electrical length of the
transmission lines is usually one quarter of a wavelength.
Transmission line filter - a microwave device that is made up of sections of
transmission lines so as to act as a filter in the microwave frequency range.
Transposition
(1) the practice of twisting a three-phase power line so that, for example, phase A
takes the place on the tower formerly occupied by phase B, phase B takes the
place of phase C, and phase C occupies the former position of phase A.
(2) a point on a three-phase electric power line where the conductors are
physically transposed for purposes of improving circuit balance transputer a
class of CPU designed and manufactured by Inmos Corporation. The
transputer was specifically designed to be used in arrays for parallel
processing.
Triac - a power switch that is functionally a pair of converter-grade thyristors connected
in anti-parallel. Triacs are mainly used in phase control applications such as dimmer
switches for lighting. Because of the integration, the triac has poor reapplied dv=dt, poor
gate current sensitivity at turn-on, and longer turn-on time. They are primarily used for
AC power control with resistive loads, such as in light dimmers.
Triplex cable - a cable used for residential or commercial service drops consisting of two
or three insulated conductors spiralled around a bare neutral wire which provides
support for the cable.
Turbogenerator - a generator driven by a steam-turbine engine.
Turns ratio - the ratio of the number of turns between two coupled windings, e.g., for a
transformer, it is the ratio of number of turns of the primary winding to the number of
turns of the secondary windings. For an induction machine, it is the ratio of the number
of turns of the stator winding to the number of turns of the rotor winding.
Tween - the rotor and rotating magnetic flux of the stator due to increases in shaft load
in a synchronous machine.
4. Twelve-pulse converter - the combination of two 6-pulse converters connected through
a Y-Y and a delta-Y transformer in order to cancel the characteristic 5th and 7th
harmonics of the 6-pulse converters. The lowest characteristic harmonics with twelve-
pulse converters under balanced conditions are the 11th and 13th harmonics. The
converters are connected in parallel on the AC side and in either series or parallel on the
DC side, depending on the required DC output voltage.
Two-lamp synchronizing - the process to connect two three-phase power systems in
parallel using the same procedure as for three-lamp synchronizing except that lamps are
placed across only two phases of the switch. See also three-lamp synchronizing.
Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) - electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies between 300
MHz and 3000 MHz or wavelengths between 10 cm and 100 cm. Also called as
decimetric waves.
Ultrasound - an imaging modality that uses reflected high-frequency sound energy to
image the interface between materials with different acoustic impedances.
Ultraviolet - a term referring to wavelengths shorter than 400 nm, but longer than 30
nm. The region 400–300 nm is the near ultraviolet, 300–200 is the middle ultraviolet; and
200–30 nm is the far ultraviolet or vacuum.
Ultraviolet laser - laser producing its output in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
Unbalanced line - refers to a signal carrying line where one of the conductors is
connected to ground. Contrast with balanced line.
Unbalanced magnetic pull - a phenomenon in electric machines arising from the rotor
not being symmetrical with respect to the stator or the axis of the rotor and stator not
being coincident. Results in a higher pulling force on the side with the smaller airgap,
resulting in additional bearing stresses.
Under excited - a condition of operating a synchronous machine, in which the current to
the DC field winding is insufficient to establish the required magnetic flux in the air-gap.
As a result, the machine requires reactive power from the AC system. An underexcited
synchronous motor operates at a lagging power factor, as it appears as an inductive load
to the AC system. An under-excited synchronous generator operates with a leading
power factor, since it must deliver power to a leading (capacitive) system.
Under frequency relay - a protection device that curtails loads in an area that is deficient
in generation. Lower generation compared to load demands give rise to lower frequency
and a frequency threshold can be used by the relay to initiate load shedding in order to
balance generation and demand.
Underground distribution - a class of electric power distribution work, typically used
in densely-populated urban business districts, in which conductors are carried in
5. conduits under streets between manholes and submersible distribution transformers are
mounted in underground vaults.
Underground residential distribution - practices involved in the underground
distribution of electric power to residential subdivisions through direct-buried cables
and pad mound transformers.
Undervoltage - a voltage that is less than nominal for a time greater than 1 minute.
Undervoltage relay - a protective relay that operates on low voltage or loss of voltage.
Unforced system - a dynamic system where all of the external sources of excitation are
identically zero.
Ungrounded system - an electrical distribution system in which there is no intentional
connection between a current-carrying conductor and ground.
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
(1) a power supply designed to charge an energy storage medium, while providing
conditioned output power, during the presence of input power and to continue
providing output power for a limited time when the input to the supply is
removed. These power supplies are typically used in critical applications to
prevent shut-down of these systems during power failures, power surges, or
brownouts.
(2) a device that provides protection for critical loads against power outages,
overvoltages, undervoltages, transients, and harmonic disturbances. A typical
UPS is a rectifier supplied battery bank for energy storage, and a PWM inverter-
filter system to convert a DC voltage to a sinusoidal AC output. UPS systems can
be on-line, as shown in the figure, where the UPS inverter powers the load
continuously, or off-line where the load is connected directly to the utility under
normal operation and emergency power is provided by the UPS.
Unsymmetrical fault - a fault on a three-phase power line in which the fault current is
not equal in all three phases, e.g., a single-line-to-ground, double-line-to -ground or line-
to-line fault.
Unsymmetrical load - a load which forces the currents in the three-phase power line
which supplies it to be unequal.
Up-down counter - a register that is capable of operating like a counter and can be
either incremented or decremented by applying the proper electronic signals.
Utilization factor - the ratio of the maximum demand on the system vs the rated
capacity of the system.
Utilization voltage - the voltage across the power input terminals of a piece of electrical
equipment.
6. Vacuum capacitor - a capacitor with a vacuum between its plates.
Vacuum circuit breaker - a power circuit breaker where a vacuum chamber is used as
an insulating and arc clearing medium.
Vacuum insulation - any insulation scheme which depends upon the dielectric
capabilities of a high vacuum.
Vapor cooling - a cooling technique for power vacuum tubes utilizing the conversion of
hot water to steam as a means of safely conducting heat from the device and to a heat
sink.
Varactor - a reverse biased PN or Schottky diode that uses the voltage variable depletion
region as a tuning element or as a nonlinear frequency multiplier.
Varactor diode - a diode designed to have a repeatable and high capacitance vs. reverse
voltage characteristic. A two terminal semiconductor device in which the electrical
characteristic of primary interest is the voltage dependent capacitance.
Varactor tuner - a tuning circuit at the input of a television receiver that uses a varactor
diode. The tuning capability comes from the characteristic of a varactor, or varicap, to
function as a voltage-sensitive capacitance.
Variable frequency drive - electric drive system in which the speed of the motor can be
varied by varying the frequency of the input power.
Variable speed AC drive - an AC motor drive that is capable of delivering variable
frequency AC power to a motor to cause it to operate at variable speeds. Induction
motors and synchronous motors are limited to operation at or near synchronous speed
when a particular frequency is applied. Variable speed drives rectify the incoming AC
source voltage to create a DC voltage that is then inverted to the desired frequency and
number of phases.
Variable speed DC drive - a DC motor controller that allows the DC motor to operate
over a wide speed range. A common type of variable speed DC drive uses a separately
excited DC motor. Armature voltage control is used to provide operation below base
speed, and field weakening is used to provide operation above base speed.
Variable Speed Drive (VSD) - See variable speed AC drive or variable speed DC drive.
Vector - a quantity having both magnitude and direction.
7. Vector controlled induction motor - a variable speed controller and motor in which the
magnetizing and torque producing components of current are controlled separately.
Some vector drives requires rotor position sensors. Vector controlled induction motors
can operate over a wider speed range, and may produce rated torque even at zero
speed, much like a DC motor. Thus, vector controlled induction motors are often used
for applications that might otherwise require a DC motor drive.
Velocity of light - in vacuum, a constant equal to 2.997928 x 108 meters/second. In other
media, equal to the vacuum value divided by the refractive index of the medium.
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) - a small earth station suitable for installation at
a customer’s premises. A VSAT typically consists of an antenna less than 2.4 m, an
outdoor unit to receive and transmit signals, and an indoor unit containing the satellite
and terrestrial interface units.
Vibration damper - any of a number of devices mounted on a power line to reduce
vibrations caused by wind.
Volt-Ampere-Reactive (VAR) - a unit of power equal to the reactive power in a circuit
carrying a sinusoidal current when the product of the root-mean-square value of the
voltage (expressed in volts), the root-mean square value of the current expressed in
amperes), and the cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and the current, equals
one; the unit of reactive power in the International System. Also expressed as megavars
and kilovars.
Volta - Volta, Alessando (Corte) (1745–1827) Born: Como, Italy
is best known for the invention of a number of practical devices including the first
battery (voltaic pile), a simple electrometer for measuring current and electrophorus.
Volta was not a theoretical physicist, but a good researcher. He was able to follow up
Benjamin Franklin’s early work and that of Luigi Galvani by devising devices and
experiments that allowed him to explore the physics. Volta is honored by having his
name used as the unit of electromotive force, the volt.