The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
A unification of gravity with electromagnetism and quantumJeffrey Huang
It is known that there is an incompatibility issue between general relativity and quantum mechanics. This paper shows that it is possible to resolve the conflict by deriving gravitational acceleration using a generalized fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that governs the motion of all particles (bosons and fermions). The new theory of gravity makes predictions at the cosmic scale which can be easily verified using existing astrophysics data where general relativity failed to do. It can restore Newtonian gravity as a low speed, quasi-static limit and Einstein’s general relativity as the classical limit at the macroscopic scale. The later includes restoring general relativity’s key concept, the metric tensor and its key equation, the geodesic equation. Curved spacetime is just the manifestation of the quantum motion equation, rather than being the cause of gravity. The new theory makes almost the same predictions as Einstein’s general relativity on gravitational time dilation, gravitational light bending, the extra precession of the perihelion of Mercury, and gravitational waves where the small differences between the two theories are beyond the power of any existing apparatus to detect.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
The singularities from the general relativity resulting by solving Einstein's equations were and still are the subject of many scientific debates: Are there singularities in spacetime, or not? Big Bang was an initial singularity? If singularities exist, what is their ontology? Is the general theory of relativity a theory that has shown its limits in this case?
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22006.45124/1
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
A unification of gravity with electromagnetism and quantumJeffrey Huang
It is known that there is an incompatibility issue between general relativity and quantum mechanics. This paper shows that it is possible to resolve the conflict by deriving gravitational acceleration using a generalized fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that governs the motion of all particles (bosons and fermions). The new theory of gravity makes predictions at the cosmic scale which can be easily verified using existing astrophysics data where general relativity failed to do. It can restore Newtonian gravity as a low speed, quasi-static limit and Einstein’s general relativity as the classical limit at the macroscopic scale. The later includes restoring general relativity’s key concept, the metric tensor and its key equation, the geodesic equation. Curved spacetime is just the manifestation of the quantum motion equation, rather than being the cause of gravity. The new theory makes almost the same predictions as Einstein’s general relativity on gravitational time dilation, gravitational light bending, the extra precession of the perihelion of Mercury, and gravitational waves where the small differences between the two theories are beyond the power of any existing apparatus to detect.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
The singularities from the general relativity resulting by solving Einstein's equations were and still are the subject of many scientific debates: Are there singularities in spacetime, or not? Big Bang was an initial singularity? If singularities exist, what is their ontology? Is the general theory of relativity a theory that has shown its limits in this case?
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22006.45124/1
The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.
What are the basics behind the Special Relativity?
Actually Einstein used already known facts, or partially known facts, and known idea and concepts, and embedded them into a single complete theory, and reached innovative ideas.
Abstract: Dr. David Joseph Bohm an American scientist who theorized quantum mechanics in the most ordinary and understandable way, which is somewhat referred to as the “Pilot Wave-model”. Also he prophesized in neuropsychology, and gave the Holonomic model of brain affecting our view of the quantum mechanics. His theories suggest that the phenomenon of “NON LOCALITY” or quantum entanglement is due to the famous “frame dragging” phenomenon predicted by Sir. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Bohm’s theory also suggests that time doesn’t exist in the way we think it does as stated by “THE BIG CRUNCH” theory. According to it time exists due to the interacting frequencies of the waves due to particle vibrations in space and that the universe never began.
In this paper existence of quantum entanglement is used to question the degree of correctness of the Space-time fabric theory.
Introduction to Spectroscopy.pptx
this ppt provides the information on the introduction to spectroscopy and students can find the nots regarding spectroscopy.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Einstein
1.
2. I. Bernard Cohen
“For nonscientists and scientists,
relativity symbolizes revolution in
science in our century. But for
those in the know, quantum theory
(especially in its revised form as
quantum mechanics) may have been
an even greater revolution. We may
find a measure of Albert Einstein’s
greatness as a scientist in his
fundamental contributions to both
revolutions.”
3. Kelvin 1900
“There is nothing new to be discovered
in physics now.All that remains is more
and more precise measurement.”
4. Classical Physics
Newtonian mechanics as foundation (and standard)
for over 200 years
Problems
• Radioactivity - where does the energy come from?
• Blackbody radiation - how do you account for the
energy spectrum?
• Aether - where was it?
5. What about the Atom?
Ernst Mach,Willhelm
Ostwald and others
Atoms were
mathematical rather
than physical entities.
Atoms were a “useful
fiction”
7. Albert Einstein
1879 - 1955
Special Relativity (1905)
General Relativity (1915)
Nobel Prize (1921)
Moved to US (1933)
Letter to F.D. Roosevelt (1939)
16. Wunderjahr 1905
“A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions” (Ph.D thesis,
April)
“On a Heuristic Point ofView about the Creation and Conversion
of Light” (Photoelectric effect, March)
“On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid,
as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat” (Brownian
Motion, May)
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Special Relativity, June)
“Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy
Content?” (Mass-Energy Equivalency, September)
18. Photoelectric Effect
“Energy, during the propagation of a ray of light, is not
continuously distributed over steadily increasing spaces,
but it consists of a finite number of energy quanta
localised at points in space, moving without dividing and
capable of being absorbed or generated only as entities.”
Explained the photoelectric effect and black-body
radiation
Contradicts the wave theory of light
21. Brownian Motion
Used kinetic theory of fluids to explain
Brownian Motion
Supported use of statistical mechanics
Provided evidence for atoms and
convinced many (including Ostwald) of
their reality
23. A Thought Experiment
Suppose there are two identical rooms. Both rooms
are completely sealed off from the outside world. No
light, radio waves or any other information can get into
the rooms from outside. Room A is sitting in the
parking lot outside. Room B is sitting on the back of a
truck driving down a perfectly smooth, perfectly
straight road at a perfectly constant 100 mph.
Question: You find yourself in one of the two rooms,
but do not know which. What experiment could you
do to tell whether you are in room A or room B?
25. Classical Physics
The laws of physics are
the same in all inertial
reference frames
There is no experiment
you can do to prove
which frame is at rest or
moving with constant
velocity
27. Newton
However, we need an
absolute frame of
reference if we are to
be able to say to which
body a force has been
applied (i.e. which body
is moving and which is
not).
28. Newton
"Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself and
from its own nature, flows equably without relation
to anything external”
“Absolute space, in its own nature, without relation
to anything external, remains always similar and
immoveable."
Motion with respect to a privileged frame of
reference (absolute rest)
29. Newton
Space is a three dimensional
grid with a central reference
point
Time is a constant clockwork
mechanism
Space and time exist
independent of the distribution
of matter in the universe
30. Maxwell’s synthesis
James Clerk Maxwell
(1865)
Four laws of
electromagnetism
Predicted light to be an
electromagnetic wave
with the observed speed
31.
32. Speed of Light
Date Author Result (km/
sec)
Error
1676 Olaus Roemer 214,000
1726 James Bradley 301,000
1849 Armand Fizeau 315,000
1862 Leon Foucault 298,000 500
1879 Albert Michelson 299,910 50
1907 Rosa & Dorsay 299,788 30
1926 Michelson 299,796 4
1947 Essen & Smith 299,792 3
1958 K.D. Froome 299,792.5 0.1
1973 Evanson et al. 299,792.4574 0.001
1983 AdoptedValue 299.792.458
33. Definition of a Meter
The length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second (1790)
The distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum
with ten percent iridium measured at the melting point of ice (1889)
The distance, at 0°C, between the axes of the two central lines marked
on the prototype bar of platinum-iridium, this bar being subject to one
standard atmosphere of pressure and supported on two cylinders of at
least one centimeter diameter, symmetrically placed in the same
horizontal plane at a distance of 571 millimeters from each other. (1927)
The distance travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1 ⁄
299,792,458 of a second (1983)
34. Maxwell’s problems
Waves need a medium
(the luminiferous aether)
However, the equations
did not obey the
relativity principle and
were not the same for
all reference frames
35. Were was the aether?
Attempts to directly detect it failed
Properties: immobile,denser than steel but objects
were still able to pass through it, imperceptible
(“subtle”)
Since the aether was assumed to be immobile, one
could determine the earth’s absolute motion in space.
Michelson & Morley (1887) attempted to determine
how fast the Earth was moving through the aether
38. Two Postulates
The laws of physics have the
same form in all inertial
reference systems (The
Principle of Relativity)
Light propagates through empty
space with a speed independent
of the speed of the emitting
body(The Light Postulate)
39. “[T]he same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all
frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good.
We will raise this conjecture (the purport of which will hereafter be
called the ‘Principle of Relativity’) to the status of a postulate, and also
introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable
with the former, namely, that light is always propagated in empty space
with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion
of the emitting body.These two postulates suffice for the attainment of
a simple and consistent theory of the electrodynamics of moving
bodies based on Maxwell's theory for stationary bodies.The
introduction of a ‘luminiferous ether’ will prove to be superfluous in as
much as the view here to be developed will not require an ‘absolutely
stationary space’ provided with special properties, nor assign a
velocity-vector to a point of the empty space in which electromagnetic
processes take place.”
42. Invariance Theory
The laws of physics (and
the constants) do not
change for different
observers, i.e. are invariant,
but measurements of time
and space are relative to
the observer
43. Special Relativity
“Every general law of nature must be so
constituted that it is transformed into a law of
exactly the same form when, instead of space-
time variables x, y, z, t of the original coordinate
system K, we introduce new space time
variables x’, y’,z’,t’ of a coordinate system K’…
Or in brief: General laws of nature are co-
variant with respect to Lorentz
transformations.”
45. Relativity
“The unsuccessful attempts to
discover any motion of the
earth relatively to the ‘light
medium,’ suggest that the
phenomena of electrodynamics
as well as of mechanics possess
no properties corresponding
to the idea of absolute rest.”
46. Relativity
There is no privileged frame
of reference for space &
time
There is no (Newtonian)
absolute space and time
48. Spacetime
Four dimensional and (originally) Euclidian
All observers agree on the total
spacetime distance between two events
Observers disagree on how to split up
the “space” and “time” components
50. Other Consequences
Time dilation - time passes more slowly when traveling
fast when compared to a “stationary” observer
Length contraction - objects appear to be compressed
along their direction of motion
A moving light cone becomes focussed and thus brighter
A moving light source seems to “beam” its light forward
Nothing can move faster than the speed of light
Twin paradox
51.
52. Mass-Energy Equivalency
Based on work of Maxwell and Hertz
and special relativity
“The results of the previous
investigation lead to a very
interesting conclusion, which is here
to be deduced.”
A mass at rest has “rest energy”
distinct from classical kinetic and
potential energies.
60. Theory & Experiment
It is required that the theory not be refuted by any
undisputed experiment within the theory’s domain of
applicability (i.e. the set of physical situations in which the
theory is valid).
It is expected that the theory be confirmed by a number
of experiments that:
- cover a significant fraction of the theory’s domain of
applicability
- examine a significant fraction of the theory’s predictions
61. Tests of S.R.
Pre-1905 experiments
Light-speed isotropy (same value in any/every direction)
Measurement of speed of light (and c as limit)
Test of Lorentz Invariance
Time dilation
Atomic clocks in flight
Length contraction (indirect)
62. Inconsistent Experiments
Outside of domain of applicability of SR
Lacking error analysis, examination of systematic effects or
statistical analysis
“Amateurs look for patterns, professionals look at error bars”
Unrepeatable
Large uncertainties or unknowns
At present there is no reproducible or generally accepted
experiment that is inconsistent with Special Relativity
67. General Relativity
Tension between Newtonian ideas
of gravitation and the new concept
of spacetime.
Special relativity applies to constant
velocity (“inertial motion”),
however we live in a universe
permeated by gravity which causes
acceleration.What happens if the
observer is accelerating?
71. General Relativity
Special relativity applies to constant velocity
(“inertial motion”), however we live in a
universe permeated by gravity which causes
acceleration.What happens if the observer
is accelerating?
How do you unify Newtonian gravitation
with special relativity?
72. 1907
“Then came to me the best idea of
my life ... [T]he gravitational field only
has a relative existence. Because for
an observer freely falling from the roof
of a house, no gravitational field exists
while he is falling. The experimental
fact that the acceleration due to
gravity does not depend on the
material is thus a powerful argument
for extending the relativity postulate
to systems in non-uniform relative
motion.” (1919)
73. Principal of Equivalence
"On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from
it" (1907)
Newtonian inertial (resistance to acceleration) mass and
gravitational (measure of susceptibility to gravitation) mass are the
same thing
“we [...] assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational
field and a corresponding acceleration of the reference system.”
There is no experiment observers can perform to distinguish
whether an acceleration arises because of a gravitational force or
because their reference frame is accelerating.
74.
75. The 1907 Paper
Contains much of the General
Theory
But would require a new
mathematics (tensor calculus) and
a new non-Euclidian geometry
(Riemanian) before it could
provide a quantification of the
gravitational field and thus make
specific numerical predictions.
77. Henri Poincaré
What if the universe itself
was non-Euclidian?
The math for non-
Euclidian geometry is not
as simple, hence rejection
would occur.
78. Gravity is Part of the
Fabric of Spacetime
Thought experiment of two observers
measuring the ratio of a rotating disk’s
radius to circumference (2π)
Realized that Minkowski’s space time was
non-Euclidean
By the Principle of Equivalence this
meant that the geometry of a
gravitational field would also be non-
Euclidean
79. Carl-Friedrich Gauss
1777 - 1855
Developed a theory of
curved surfaces
Conversion from co-
ordinate distance (map) to
real distance requires a
metric tensor
These will differ by location
so will require a metric field.
80. Bernhard Riemann
1826 - 1866
Generalized Gauss’
ideas to spaces of higher
dimensions
The required metric
tensor for 4D space (a
“manifold”) had ten
components.
87. A Theory of Gravitation
The observed gravitational
attraction between masses
results from the warping of
space and time by those
masses
Spacetime tells matter how
to move, matter tells
spacetime how to curve.
88.
89. Classical Tests of General
Relativity (1916)
Gravitational redshift of light
Perihelion precession of
Mercury’s orbit
Deflection of light by the Sun
90.
91. Gravitational Redshift
Measured by Walter Sydney Adams in 1925
while looking at spectrum of Sirius B
Terrestrial experiments by Robert Pound & G.A.
Rebka met predication by within 10% in 1959
Subsequently, Pound and J.L. Snider met
prediction to within 1% in 1964
By 1980 the effect has been measured to
0.0001%
92. Newton predicts precession of 5555.62 arcsec/
century
Observed precession of 5600.73 arcsec/century
Difference of 43.11 ± 0.45
93.
94. Bending of Light
Predicted - based on
Newtonian
mechanics - by Henry
Cavendish (1784)
Value of 0.83”
calculated by Johann
Georg von Soldner
(1804)
95. Einstein (1911)
• Specific prediction - based on GR - for the deflection
of light by a gravitational mass such as the Sun
• Einstein realized he was wrong in 1915 and the value
should be twice that originally calculated
96.
97. London Times
17 Nov 1919
“Revolution in Science – New Theory of the
Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown.”
105. Not so fast ...
Early accuracy relatively poor
However, experiment repeated
and confirmed in 1922
Most recent hi-precision
confirmation in 1967, 1973 &
2004
There remain false accusations
of data manipulation
109. Travel Time Delay
A time delay should occur
as a photon passes close to
the Sun (“Shapiro delay”)
Agreement at 5% when
testing radar reflections
from Mercury &Venus
(1971)
Agreement at 0.002% using
the Cassini probe (2002)
119. “Golden Age”
of General Relativity
1960 to 1975
Work by the likes of Richard Feynman, Stephen
Hawking & Roger Penrose
Theoretical exploration of Black Holes
Discovery of quasars, pulsars, and candidate black holes
Acceptance of Big Bang and discovery of the cosmic
background radiation
Acceptance of legitimacy of cosmology within physics