The special theory of relativity proposed in 1905 by Einstein describes how measurements of time, space, and phenomena appear different in reference frames moving at constant velocity relative to each other. Unlike Newtonian mechanics, special relativity is not restricted to a particular type of phenomenon and instead affects all fundamental physical theories. The theory of relativity led to profound changes in how we perceive space and time, showing that measurements are not the same in different reference frames moving relative to one another.
posted by Shifat Sanchez..</br>
its about relativity</BR.about sir albert Einstein. quotes about relativity...michelsone and morleys law about relativity....general theory of relativity ..Einstein laws about relativity...Einstein description of laws about theory of special relativity ....first postulates of special law,,sceond postulates of special laws of relativity.........Galilian transformation of relativity....................Lorentz transformation.......... Lorentz transformation about the laws of relativity........Length contractiion .....Time dilation........Mass expansion........E= MC^2 ( theory & provens ))......The life cycle of stars.......Black holes ( slides).............Formation And Properties of blackholes ................Concluation .........Thankyou slide ...............ANY QUESATION ?????????................thank YOU SO MUCH :P :P :P
Einstein’s Theories of Relativity revolutionized how Today’s Scientific world thinks about Space, Time, Mass, Energy and Gravity. This is purely an imaginative Science that worked in the Laboratory of Einstein's Brain..
posted by Shifat Sanchez..</br>
its about relativity</BR.about sir albert Einstein. quotes about relativity...michelsone and morleys law about relativity....general theory of relativity ..Einstein laws about relativity...Einstein description of laws about theory of special relativity ....first postulates of special law,,sceond postulates of special laws of relativity.........Galilian transformation of relativity....................Lorentz transformation.......... Lorentz transformation about the laws of relativity........Length contractiion .....Time dilation........Mass expansion........E= MC^2 ( theory & provens ))......The life cycle of stars.......Black holes ( slides).............Formation And Properties of blackholes ................Concluation .........Thankyou slide ...............ANY QUESATION ?????????................thank YOU SO MUCH :P :P :P
Einstein’s Theories of Relativity revolutionized how Today’s Scientific world thinks about Space, Time, Mass, Energy and Gravity. This is purely an imaginative Science that worked in the Laboratory of Einstein's Brain..
General Theory of Relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
A brief introduction on physics. In these slides, I discuss what physics is and isn't, the differences between the natural and formal sciences, and much more. I also talk about the main categories in physics:
Classical Mechanics
Special Relativity
General Relativity
Thermodynamics
Optics
Electromagnetism
Quantum Mechanics
General Theory of Relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
A brief introduction on physics. In these slides, I discuss what physics is and isn't, the differences between the natural and formal sciences, and much more. I also talk about the main categories in physics:
Classical Mechanics
Special Relativity
General Relativity
Thermodynamics
Optics
Electromagnetism
Quantum Mechanics
What are the basics behind the General Relativity?
General Relativity actually deals with gravitational interaction between objects. It thus deals with the rules that govern the giant universe and the galaxies within.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
Absolute truth is conceptualized with reference to meaning and procedure, within the limits of self-containment, which is a characteristic feature that is shared commonly between the universe, humans, and the institutions that they establish in society; and the human intellect is presented as being endowed with the capacity to appreciate it, given the appropriate environment
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. The special theory of relativity was proposed in 1905 by
Albert Einstein (1879–1955). It describes how time,
space, and physical phenomena appear in different
frames of reference that are moving at constant velocity
with respect to each other.
This differs from Einstein’s later work on general
relativity, which deals with any frame of reference,
including accelerated frames.
3. The theory of relativity led to a profound change in
the way we perceive space and time. The “common
sense” rules that we use to relate space and time
measurements in the Newtonian worldview differ
seriously from the correct rules at speeds near the
speed of light. For example, the special theory of
relativity tells us that measurements of length and
time intervals are not the same in reference frames
moving relative to one another
4. Unlike Newtonian mechanics, which describes the
motion of particles, or Maxwell's equations, which
specify how the electromagnetic field behaves,
special relativity is not restricted to a particular type
of phenomenon. Instead, its rules on space and time
affect all fundamental physical theories.
5.
6. Suppose you calculate the hypotenuse of a right triangle given the base
angles and adjacent sides. Whether you calculate the hypotenuse from one
of the sides and the cosine of the base angle, or from the Pythagorean
theorem, the results should agree. Predictions based on different principles
of physics must also agree, whether we consider them principles of
mechanics or principles of electromagnetism.
7.
8. An inertial frame of reference is a reference frame in which a body
at rest remains at rest and a body in motion moves at a constant
speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an outside force.
For example, to a passenger inside a plane flying at constant speed
and constant altitude, physics seems to work exactly the same as
when the passenger is standing on the surface of Earth. When the
plane is taking off, however, matters are somewhat more complicated.
In this case, the passenger at rest inside the plane concludes that a
net force F on an object is not equal to the product of mass and
acceleration, ma. Instead, F is equal to ma plus a fictitious force.
9. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference.
This postulate denies the existence of a special or preferred
inertial frame. The laws of nature do not give us a way to endow
any one inertial frame with special properties. For example, we
cannot identify any inertial frame as being in a state of “absolute
rest.” We can only determine the relative motion of one frame with
respect to another.
10.
11. The second postulate upon which Einstein based his theory of special
relativity deals with the speed of light. Late in the nineteenth century,
the major tenets of classical physics were well established. Two of
the most important were the laws of electromagnetism and Newton’s
laws. Investigations such as Young’s double-slit experiment in the
early 1800s had convincingly demonstrated that light is a wave.
Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism implied that
electromagnetic waves travel at c = 3.00×108 m/s in a vacuum, but
they do not specify the frame of reference in which light has this
speed. Many types of waves were known, and all travelled in some
medium. Scientists therefore assumed that some medium carried the
light, even in a vacuum, and that light travels at a speed c relative to
that medium (often called “the aether”).
12. The speed of light measured on Earth should have
been c +v when Earth’s motion was opposite to the
medium’s flow at speed u past the Earth, and c – v
when Earth was moving in the same direction as the
medium. The results of their measurements were
startling
The Michelson-Morley experiment demonstrated that the
speed of light in a vacuum is independent of the motion of
Earth about the Sun.
13. Light travels in a vacuum with the same speed c in
any direction in all inertial frames.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Time dilation is the lengthening of the time interval between two events
for an observer in an inertial frame that is moving with respect to the
rest frame of the events (in which the events occur at the same
location).
22.
23.
24. This time effect is real and is not caused by inaccurate clocks or
improper measurements. Time-interval measurements of the same
event differ for observers in relative motion. The dilation of time is an
intrinsic property of time itself. All clocks moving relative to an
observer, including biological clocks, such as a person’s heartbeat, or
aging, are observed to run more slowly compared with a clock that is
stationary relative to the observer.