The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization including their architecture like the pyramids, art, trade, education, religion, science, and the historical timeline from the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms. It describes important rulers like Khufu, Mentuhotep, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaton, Tutankhamen and Ramses II and how Egypt was eventually conquered.

1. Architecture and Arts
-Pyramids ~80 still stand today. Giza  Khufu/Cheops
-Construction: ramps, levers, human labor
-Sculptors  statues of rulers and animals
-Paintings show Egyptian way of life

2. Trade and Farming
-Gov’t controls trade, no social mobility.
-Women had rights and owned property  given to
daughters
-Egypt traded surplus food to other civilizations
(wheat, barley, flax, cotton) Most of production
went to pharaoh.
-1st to trade with sea ships.
-Caravans – groups of people and camels travel
together for protection.

3. Education and Religion
-trained elite groups to be scribes  learned to write in
hieroglyphics and record
-GODS  local god linked to animal
Amon- Re (RA) – creator God, Sun God
Osiris – judged people after death
Isis – Osiris’ wife – Goddess of Nile River/Royal Throne
-After life  persons heart weighed against a feather.
Balanced eternal happiness
Unbalanced  monster gets it, “Eater of the Dead”
-Mummification  preserving the body

4. Math, Science, and Medicine
-Calendar  based on movements of the moon, stars
above before annual flooding – 365 days a year.
-Counted years by Pharaoh’s reign.
-Math  number system based on ten. Fractions, whole
numbers.
-Geometry  to build pyramids and rebuild fields after
floods.
-Treat illness and mummify dead. Magic spells, herbs,
and medicines.

5. OLD KINGDOM
-2680 BC – 2180 BC
-Menes/Namer – unites UE and LE. Creates a ruling
dynasty and makes Memphis the 1st capital.
-Development in science and arts (sphinx,
pyramids, and mummification)
-Social Classes:
Pharaoh, royal family, priests, scribes, gov’t
officials
Peasants, farmers, army, labor
Noble class grows  power struggle between
nomarchs and with pharaoh  “internal strife”

6. MIDDLE KINGDOM
-2050 BC  Egypt reunited by Mentuhotep.
-Strong pharaoh makes Thebes 2nd capital.
-Two national works projects:
- drains Delta for farmland
- connects Nile and Red Sea with canal
-“Golden Age” – period of stability and prosperity
-Hyksos – foreigners from western Asia cross the
Sinai Peninsula and conquer Egypt with horse
drawn chariots and bronze scimitars.
- Hyksos rule Egypt for 100 years.

7. NEW KINGDOM
-1570 BC - ~1080 BC
-Egypt’s leaders drove out Hyksos by copying weapons 
“Cultural Diffusion”
-Egypt united by long line of strong pharaohs. Gained land.
-1530 BC – 1482 BC Hatshepsut – 1st female pharaoh. Kept
boarders secure. Increased trade.
-1482 BC – 1450 BC Thutmose III (stepson) – conquest and
trade, ruled at the height of Egypt’s power.
-1380 BC – 1362 BC – Amenhotep IV – Believes only in RA.
Attempts to make Egypt Monotheistic. Changes his name to
Akhenaton.
-Tutankhamen – King Tut. Dies at 19. Buried in “Valley of the
Kings” Changes Egypt back to Polytheism.

8. Egypt’s Decline
-Ramses II – 1279 BC – 1213 BC “Ramses the Great”
builds temples and monuments
-Followed by weak rulers who could not keep off
invasion
-~300 BC Egypt was ruled by outsiders.
-Cleopatra – 1st century BC – tries to reunite Egypt and
rule independently – fails
-Egypt becomes province of Roman Empire.