The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
Water is an essential element for our survival. Unfortunately, while Pakistan is blessed with adequate surface and groundwater resources, rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices have placed immense stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country. Deterioration in water quality and contamination of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increased water-borne diseases and other health impacts.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Improving the feasibility of on site wastewater treatment systems in areas of...Arne Backlund
The 11th IWA Conference on Small Water & Wastewater Systems and Sludge Management
Page 1 of 10
Improving the feasibility of on-site wastewater treatment systems in areas of low permeability subsoils by means of water saving technologies
Donata Dubber1, Laurence Gill1
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Presenting Author: Donata Dubber
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
Water is an essential element for our survival. Unfortunately, while Pakistan is blessed with adequate surface and groundwater resources, rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices have placed immense stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country. Deterioration in water quality and contamination of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increased water-borne diseases and other health impacts.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Improving the feasibility of on site wastewater treatment systems in areas of...Arne Backlund
The 11th IWA Conference on Small Water & Wastewater Systems and Sludge Management
Page 1 of 10
Improving the feasibility of on-site wastewater treatment systems in areas of low permeability subsoils by means of water saving technologies
Donata Dubber1, Laurence Gill1
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Presenting Author: Donata Dubber
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Bacteria & viral indicator contamination of stormwater - a multi-watershed studyTom Mahin
This document summarizes a study that analyzed stormwater samples from 18 locations across 4 watersheds in Massachusetts. A total of 131 samples were collected during 4 storm events and analyzed for various bacterial and viral indicators as well as water chemistry parameters. The results showed that enterococci levels were much higher than E. coli levels. Bacterial indicators correlated with each other but not with viral indicators. Viral indicators also did not correlate with water chemistry or land use. The study aimed to help prioritize stormwater enforcement and remediation efforts.
Water quality can be assessed through various physical, chemical, and biological indicators. It depends on factors like geology, ecosystem, and human activities. Standards are set based on intended uses like drinking, industrial, or environmental. Water is sampled and tested using on-site or laboratory methods to monitor these indicators. Maintaining adequate water quality is important for public health and ecosystem protection.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
Comprehensive Status Report on Drinking Water Quality in Nagercoil, Kanyakuma...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study analyzing drinking water quality in Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India. 58 water samples were collected from ponds, bore wells, and municipal water sources and tested for 16 parameters. The water quality index showed that 24.13% of water was excellent, 41.37% was good, 13.79% was poor, 13.79% was very poor, and 6.89% was unsuitable for drinking. Spatial variation maps based on water quality index values identified different water quality levels across the study area. The study provides a comprehensive status report on drinking water quality in Nagercoil.
1. Water sampling is the process of taking water samples for analysis to check water quality.
2. There are two main types of water sampling: grab sampling, which collects discrete samples at a point in time, and composite sampling, which mixes multiple grab samples.
3. The water sampling procedure involves identifying sampling points, collecting samples using proper containers and labels, and transporting samples to a laboratory for testing of various physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters.
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, the effect of zeolite types LTX and LTA, assisted by laser light transmission experiment on the physico-chemical parameters of drinking water samples have been investigated. Water samples were collected from rivers, streams, and wells from Central and Volta regions of Ghana, and zeolite masses of 0.2 and 0.5 g were added to 100 ml portions of the samples in turn. Laser light intensities transmitted through the samples before and after zeolite addition were measured and recorded. The results obtained showed raw water turbidity of 33.8 NTU and treated water turbidity of 3.0 NTU (WHO recommends the limit of 5 NTU for drinking water); transmitted light intensity for the raw and treated water samples of 0.3122 AU and 0.3345 AU, respectively. Our results also showed that water turbidity highly correlates the transmitted light intensity, and water conductivity depends on dissolved metal concentrations and temperature. Key Words: Zeolite LTX, Zeolite LTA, turbidity, light transmission, colour
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
1. The study analyzed water samples from 5 villages in Tripura, India to assess groundwater quality. Samples were tested for parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, iron, chloride, calcium and magnesium.
2. Test results found that water quality was within recommended limits of organizations like WHO and ICMR, and was suitable for drinking. However, levels of some heavy metals indicate quality control is needed.
3. While current water quality meets standards, more preventive measures are needed to further reduce heavy metals for sustainable water resources in the future. Continuous monitoring and management can help address potential water crises.
Estimation of validity tigris river water for swimming in baghdad cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the validity of water from the Tigris River in Baghdad for swimming. Water samples were collected from four swim areas during the swim season and tested for chemical, physical, and bacterial parameters. The results showed that temperature, pH, and dissolved solids met EPA standards, while turbidity, chlorophyll, and bacteria levels exceeded standards at some sites. A total of 77 enteric bacteria isolates were identified, with E. coli found in all samples. The study concluded that water quality varies between sites and some sites have bacterial levels that could pose health risks for swimmers.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
IRJET- Water Quality Assesment of Kotithirta –A Holy Temple Lake of Gokar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of Kotithirta Lake in Gokarna, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from 5 sites around the lake in January 2018 and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found the lake water to be classified as Class E according to CPCB standards, indicating it is unsuitable for drinking without treatment. High turbidity, dissolved solids, BOD, and coliform bacteria levels suggested the water is polluted from human activities like bathing, washing, and waste disposal near the lake from the surrounding population. Proper management is needed to improve the water quality of this sacred lake.
Report: Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Pennsylvania 2014Marcellus Drilling News
A report issued in August 2015 titled "Shale Gas Development - Summary of Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal In Pennsylvania 2014". The report finds drillers in PA produced about 1.8 billion gallons of gas and oil wastewater in 2014--a figure largely unchanged since 2011. The study also finds the shale industry in PA is recycling 91% of the wastewater it produces.
1. Several plant-based indicators of water stress were evaluated for irrigation scheduling, including canopy temperature, leaf water potential, and stem diameter variation. Canopy temperature measured by infrared thermometer was found to be a reliable indicator for scheduling irrigation in wheat through the Crop Water Stress Index.
2. Maintaining cotton plants at a predawn leaf water potential threshold of -0.5 MPa through irrigation scheduling resulted in higher water productivity and lint yield compared to full irrigation or dryland conditions.
3. Estimating stomatal conductance through modeling and measuring leaf area provided accurate estimates of irrigation needs for olive orchards in Spain, achieving water savings while maintaining fruit yield compared to full irrigation.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving vehicles for safe F...theijes
In this fast world the demand for energy is ever increasing. With increase in energy production. There is heavy increase in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels they are going to extinct very soon, So the best way to save our nature and increase energy production is by using renewable energy. In this paper I am going to discuss about production of electricity through wind turbine mounted over a moving vehicle. We are implementing a very advanced H-Bridge converter for this conversion of alternate current produced by permanent magnet moving generator to direct current. The main reason for this paper is to explain about utilization of wind energy on a moving vehicle which is being wasted and to extract electricity without any fluctuations.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Bacteria & viral indicator contamination of stormwater - a multi-watershed studyTom Mahin
This document summarizes a study that analyzed stormwater samples from 18 locations across 4 watersheds in Massachusetts. A total of 131 samples were collected during 4 storm events and analyzed for various bacterial and viral indicators as well as water chemistry parameters. The results showed that enterococci levels were much higher than E. coli levels. Bacterial indicators correlated with each other but not with viral indicators. Viral indicators also did not correlate with water chemistry or land use. The study aimed to help prioritize stormwater enforcement and remediation efforts.
Water quality can be assessed through various physical, chemical, and biological indicators. It depends on factors like geology, ecosystem, and human activities. Standards are set based on intended uses like drinking, industrial, or environmental. Water is sampled and tested using on-site or laboratory methods to monitor these indicators. Maintaining adequate water quality is important for public health and ecosystem protection.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
Comprehensive Status Report on Drinking Water Quality in Nagercoil, Kanyakuma...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study analyzing drinking water quality in Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India. 58 water samples were collected from ponds, bore wells, and municipal water sources and tested for 16 parameters. The water quality index showed that 24.13% of water was excellent, 41.37% was good, 13.79% was poor, 13.79% was very poor, and 6.89% was unsuitable for drinking. Spatial variation maps based on water quality index values identified different water quality levels across the study area. The study provides a comprehensive status report on drinking water quality in Nagercoil.
1. Water sampling is the process of taking water samples for analysis to check water quality.
2. There are two main types of water sampling: grab sampling, which collects discrete samples at a point in time, and composite sampling, which mixes multiple grab samples.
3. The water sampling procedure involves identifying sampling points, collecting samples using proper containers and labels, and transporting samples to a laboratory for testing of various physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters.
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, the effect of zeolite types LTX and LTA, assisted by laser light transmission experiment on the physico-chemical parameters of drinking water samples have been investigated. Water samples were collected from rivers, streams, and wells from Central and Volta regions of Ghana, and zeolite masses of 0.2 and 0.5 g were added to 100 ml portions of the samples in turn. Laser light intensities transmitted through the samples before and after zeolite addition were measured and recorded. The results obtained showed raw water turbidity of 33.8 NTU and treated water turbidity of 3.0 NTU (WHO recommends the limit of 5 NTU for drinking water); transmitted light intensity for the raw and treated water samples of 0.3122 AU and 0.3345 AU, respectively. Our results also showed that water turbidity highly correlates the transmitted light intensity, and water conductivity depends on dissolved metal concentrations and temperature. Key Words: Zeolite LTX, Zeolite LTA, turbidity, light transmission, colour
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
1. The study analyzed water samples from 5 villages in Tripura, India to assess groundwater quality. Samples were tested for parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, iron, chloride, calcium and magnesium.
2. Test results found that water quality was within recommended limits of organizations like WHO and ICMR, and was suitable for drinking. However, levels of some heavy metals indicate quality control is needed.
3. While current water quality meets standards, more preventive measures are needed to further reduce heavy metals for sustainable water resources in the future. Continuous monitoring and management can help address potential water crises.
Estimation of validity tigris river water for swimming in baghdad cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the validity of water from the Tigris River in Baghdad for swimming. Water samples were collected from four swim areas during the swim season and tested for chemical, physical, and bacterial parameters. The results showed that temperature, pH, and dissolved solids met EPA standards, while turbidity, chlorophyll, and bacteria levels exceeded standards at some sites. A total of 77 enteric bacteria isolates were identified, with E. coli found in all samples. The study concluded that water quality varies between sites and some sites have bacterial levels that could pose health risks for swimmers.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
IRJET- Water Quality Assesment of Kotithirta –A Holy Temple Lake of Gokar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of Kotithirta Lake in Gokarna, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from 5 sites around the lake in January 2018 and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found the lake water to be classified as Class E according to CPCB standards, indicating it is unsuitable for drinking without treatment. High turbidity, dissolved solids, BOD, and coliform bacteria levels suggested the water is polluted from human activities like bathing, washing, and waste disposal near the lake from the surrounding population. Proper management is needed to improve the water quality of this sacred lake.
Report: Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Pennsylvania 2014Marcellus Drilling News
A report issued in August 2015 titled "Shale Gas Development - Summary of Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal In Pennsylvania 2014". The report finds drillers in PA produced about 1.8 billion gallons of gas and oil wastewater in 2014--a figure largely unchanged since 2011. The study also finds the shale industry in PA is recycling 91% of the wastewater it produces.
1. Several plant-based indicators of water stress were evaluated for irrigation scheduling, including canopy temperature, leaf water potential, and stem diameter variation. Canopy temperature measured by infrared thermometer was found to be a reliable indicator for scheduling irrigation in wheat through the Crop Water Stress Index.
2. Maintaining cotton plants at a predawn leaf water potential threshold of -0.5 MPa through irrigation scheduling resulted in higher water productivity and lint yield compared to full irrigation or dryland conditions.
3. Estimating stomatal conductance through modeling and measuring leaf area provided accurate estimates of irrigation needs for olive orchards in Spain, achieving water savings while maintaining fruit yield compared to full irrigation.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving vehicles for safe F...theijes
In this fast world the demand for energy is ever increasing. With increase in energy production. There is heavy increase in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels they are going to extinct very soon, So the best way to save our nature and increase energy production is by using renewable energy. In this paper I am going to discuss about production of electricity through wind turbine mounted over a moving vehicle. We are implementing a very advanced H-Bridge converter for this conversion of alternate current produced by permanent magnet moving generator to direct current. The main reason for this paper is to explain about utilization of wind energy on a moving vehicle which is being wasted and to extract electricity without any fluctuations.
Multi Channel Multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate Real Time Industrial Standard ...theijes
The Aim is for HDL Design Architecture and Implementation of Multi clock frequency synchronized real time industrial standard parallel Hi-tech PRBS CDMA Transceiver Bus Array ASIC SOC /Card for Ultra high Speed real time Industrial Communication Interface Cards/Products like Data Acquisition and Tracking of wireless Data Communication Protocol Interface Cards/SOC’s like Data Serializer, De-serializer, Data Communication Protocol interface ADD on cards/Products, FPGA Cards of Different Data Transfer Baud rate. This Design Consists of multiple parallel C.D.M.A Transmitters and Receiver ASIC I.P Cores , Data Transmission and Reception done by Different Clock Frequencies operated at Mega/Giga / Tera/ Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Clock Frequencies. Data Transmission Speed In terms Mega/Giga/Tera/Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Bytes/Frames/Super Frames etc. and also Data transmitter and receiver consists of base band signal and Carrier signal generators, Channel Encoder, Decoder, Modulator and Demodulator generates modulation and Demodulation signal by spreading and dispreading through different communication frequency spread Spectrum techniques DSSS Communication, FH , Chaos for high Bandwidth , the design done through parallel distributed computing technique, data transmission and reception done parallel for various data interface cards of different data transfer speed. In this design transmission and reception done by different PRBS Data Pattern Sequences like 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1, 2e48 -1, 2e52 -1, 2e63 -1 etc. H.D.L FPGA Industrial Software Design Flow Process Implementation Done by either Xilinx/Altera. Programming Done by Verilog /VHDL Software and Simulation, Synthesis, ASIC Floor planning and Placement and routing, Reconfiguration and Debugging Done Xilinx ISE 9.2i/10.1i EDA Software and Xilinx /Altera FPGA Development Board/Kit.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
This document proposes a low complexity peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using selective mapping (SLM). It describes how all pass filters can be used to generate alternative OFDM sequences with different phase rotations, reducing computational complexity compared to the conventional SLM method which uses inverse fast Fourier transforms. Simulation results show the proposed method using all pass filters with length U=2 provides over 4dB of PAPR reduction while maintaining similar bit error rate performance as conventional SLM.
A Computational Study Of Heat Transfer Due To The Inlet Oscillating Condition...theijes
Heat transferis numerically investigated in aconfined oscillating laminar slot jet. The inlet velocity profile is uniform, and oscillating with an angle φ (in radians) as follows:휑 = 휑푚푎푥 ∗ 푠푖푛(2휋푓푡).φmax is the maximum jet angle, and f is the frequency of oscillation. The height-to-jet-width ratio was set to 5, the fluid’s Prandtl number is 0.74 and Reynolds number was fixed at 250.Strouhal’s numberSt, which is the other dimensionless group characterizing this problem, was varied in the range 0.05<st><0.75.The jet hydraulic diameter (2w), was used in the definition of both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. φmax was defined, based on a solid finding presented later in this paper. At St=0.4, and 0.5, a modest enhancement of heat transfer was noticed in the stagnation region, when compared to a steady jet
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Concept Study for Adaptive Gas Turbine Rotor Bladetheijes
Articulating the pitch angle of a turbine blade can improve performance by maintaining optimum design incidence and thus reduce the probability of flow separation and thermal stresses developed due to aerothermal loads for variable speed gas turbine engine applications. Potential benefits to Army Aviation are highly efficient (aerodynamically) turbine blades, possible reduction of the need for active blade cooling and thermal barrier coatings, increased fuel efficiency, power density, and the ability to fly faster and longer. The goal of this effort is to assess the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch turbine blade for maintaining attached flow and optimal thermal design for a gas turbine engine. A technology concept study has been conducted to enable a viable adaptable turbine rotor blade that can enhance the performance and efficiency of future aircraft gas turbine engines. A typical aircraft turbine blade is used for this technology concept study. An adaptable turbine rotor blade, if made feasible, can lead to a leap ahead technology innovation in improving part-load efficiency of gas turbine engines.
Classical mechanics analysis of the atomic wave and particulate formstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
Role conflict and stress effect on the performance of employees working in pu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Salestheijes
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Policy Learning of Mineral Mining Managementtheijes
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the policy learning of mineral mining management in PT. Billy Indonesia Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data gathering techniques used Consultation procedure, public participation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Method of data analysis used qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that through the empowerment of the rural fund management, the actors of the government learned about the authority and how they should carry out their duties and functions. Actors from elements companies and non-governmental learn about rights and obligations in mining management, as well as learn about the development of community-based program and budget in the area of mineral mining, and the development of local institutions to community development and social conflict resolution in a rational and democratic. The company as an investor who is looking for a profit and at the same time be an agent, and actor instrumental policy learning, emphasis on a rational approach in the resolution of the conflict between the company and members of the public. In reconstructing social institutions, PT. Billy Indonesia became the originator of the instrumental learning through the provision of community development which requires the formation of community groups in utilizing the financial assistance provided by the company.
The processor caches, main memory and storage system is an integral part of any computer system. As information begins to accumulate, higher density and long term storage solutions are necessary. Due to this, computer architects face some level of challenges in developing reliable, energy-efficient and high performance memories. Also, existing storage devises are degrading in performance, cost, and sizes. Power consumption from the factory has increased, as newer codes are written, and server hardware capabilities are not adequate to handle big data of the future. New emerging memories (NEMs) are presently with its properties likely to open doors to innovative memory designs to solve the problems. This paper looks at the features of the emerging memory technologies, and compares incumbent memories types with the expected future memories.
Natural Convection from Heated Rough Surface at the Bottom of Vented Rectangu...theijes
Natural convection heat transfer from tilted rectangular enclosure heated at the bottom rough surfaces wall and vented by uniform slots opening at top wall experimentally investigated. Rough surfaces of roughness 0.002 m are used to study their effect on the heat transfer characteristics. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of venting ratio, enclosure's tilt angle and Rayleigh number on the cooling of rough surface inside the enclosure. The experiments are carried out at a Rayleigh number ranging from 2 × 108 to 1.52× 109 for enclosure tilt angles ranging from 0º to 90. Top venting arrangement is studied at different venting ratios of 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25. Roughness shows a large effect on heat transfer for the rectangular enclosure where the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of venting ratio and decrease enclosure's tilt angle at the same Rayleigh number. This can be attributed to the roughness may increase the blockage effect on the flow that can cause the buoyancy force to decrease, but on the other hand it increases the turbulence intensity resulting in a higher heat transfer. The results are compared with a smooth rectangular enclosure of the same surface area to study the effect of roughness on heat transfer. The average Nu of rough surface in rectangular enclosure is higher than that of smooth surface by the range from 12 % to 21% depending on Ra. Correlations are developed for the top venting arrangement to predict the average Nusselt number of the enclosure in terms of the Rayleigh number, venting ratio and enclosure tilt angle.
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
This document analyzes the seasonal bioaccumulation of copper in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) collected from the Butuanon River in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected from four stations along the river in both the dry and wet seasons. Copper levels in the water were within acceptable standards but exceeded limits in some sediment samples. Guppies from one station exceeded safe copper levels for fish. The bioaccumulation factor, which measures how much copper accumulates in fish from water, was higher in the wet season. The octanol-water partition coefficients, which indicate the form and levels of copper, varied between stations. Traces of thiodiazole were also
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides a summary of a project report on water testing and distribution for a civil engineering diploma. It discusses various aspects of the project including water sources, treatment processes, and distribution systems. Specifically, it examines intake wells and surface water sources, the treatment plant and processes for filtration, and the use of gravity-fed distribution to supply consumers. Water quality tests covered include pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorine residual, chlorides, and sulfates. The report also discusses infiltration works, groundwater sources, and pump houses and treatment works.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of water from the Nzhelele River in South Africa, which is an important source of drinking water for rural communities. Membrane filtration and specialized equipment were used to analyze E. coli, enterococci, pH, conductivity, turbidity, and anion levels from January to June 2014. Results found high levels of fecal bacteria that exceeded limits for drinking water. However, measurements of pH, conductivity, and anions were within permissible limits. The study concludes that while chemical parameters of the river water meet guidelines, it is contaminated with fecal organisms and poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment.
Water Quality Assessment through GIS: A Case Study of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, India through GIS analysis. Water samples were collected from eight locations around the lake and tested for various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, including pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and E. coli. The results found that most parameter levels were within national standards for freshwater lakes, except for higher readings of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity at some sites, indicating moderate pollution. GIS maps were created to visualize the spatial variation of parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen across the lake. The study aims to evaluate the current water quality conditions and identify pollution hot
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
1) The document evaluates the wastewater treatment plant in Errachidia City, Morocco from 2006-2010. It analyzes parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, BOD5, COD and SS to determine treatment efficiency.
2) The highest treatment efficiencies were observed in warm periods, with BOD5 and COD reductions of 60% and 51% respectively. Inflow to the plant increased exponentially from 2006-2010 due to population and sewage connection growth.
3) Analysis of parameters found that pH and conductivity varied less for treated water compared to raw water. Treated water pH was closer to neutral. Treatment efficiency was also better in summer compared to winter. Most pollutant parameters
A monthly water analysis on major rivers and creeks in Legazpi City, Daraga and Manito, Albay. Investigations on pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Conductivity, Total Hardness and presence of Chlorides, Carbonates and Bicarbonates are used in the analysis.
Evaluation of the Wastewater Quality Improvement by The Channel Located Downs...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The quality of treated wastewater coming from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) by lagoons in Ouagadougou is not conform to national standard for discharge or for reuse in agriculture. The present study on the natural purifying capacity of the channel downstream of the WWTP aims to test the hypothesis that the quality of treated water running off through the gutter can significantly be improved for gardening. Then, the analyzes were done according French standards. So, the results between the output and a distance of 3 km along the channel indicate alkaline pH values slightly variable. Regarding carbon pollution, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) average decreases from 1280 to 720 mg /l, while the average levels of Suspended Solids (SS) decreases from 343 to 300 mg /l. The nutrient contents such as orthophosphate and ammonia decrease with averages ranging from 9.18 and 6.05 mg /l for the former and 12 to 3.35 mg /l for the second whiletheconcentrationofnitratepassfrom2.91to6.37mg/l. Concerning microbiological pollution, faecal coliforms level increases from 3800 CFU /100 ml to 11300 CFU / 100 ml. In sum, there is a small auto scrubber power affected by factors as such as infiltration, high evaporation and anthropogenic activities near the channel.
Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in ogbomosoAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater samples from 10 boreholes in Ogbomoso, Nigeria over a 5 month period. Key findings include:
- Several water quality parameters like total alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD exceeded permissible levels in some samples.
- Microbial analysis found all samples contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Some also contained Salmonella-Shigella, staphylococci and molds/yeasts.
- Isolated bacteria exhibited multiple drug resistance.
- The study provides baseline data on underground water quality in Ogbomoso and suggests regular borehole cleaning
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
This document summarizes a dissertation on analyzing and mapping groundwater quality in Punhana District, Haryana, India. It discusses issues with water supply in Mewat region and reviews literature on groundwater contamination. The objectives are to inventory boreholes, determine groundwater quality, and propose a treatment scheme. Methodology is described for measuring various water quality parameters. Results are analyzed and discussed. Conclusions summarize the data collection and water sampling process. The future scope and suggestions section discusses recommendations like rainwater harvesting and educating locals.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
Similar to Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central Gonja District (20)
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central Gonja District
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 9 || Pages || PP -01-08|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic
Water Sources in Central Gonja District
Issaka, R. Z1
., Ibrahim, H2
., Issah, M.H.3
1-3
Agricultural Engineering Department, Tamale Polytechnic
----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned
due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in
the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One
hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and
dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and
protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity,
total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of
boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the
parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole,
river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the
WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other
water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and
washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
Keywords: Dam; River; Borehole; Rainwater; Season.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 09 September 2015 Date of Accepted: 25 September 2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Introduction
Water supply which is easily available, potable and affordable is a prerequisite for good hygiene,
sanitation and is central to the general welfare of all living things. The World Health Organisation (WHO)
estimated 1.8 million deaths each year due to lack of access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene. However,
about 784 million people worldwide still need to gain access to safe drinking water (UN, 2008). The United
Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) estimates show that 250 million people in Africa will be at risk of
water stress, less than 1700 m3
of water available per person per year by 2020 and up to 500 million by 2050
(Falkenmark etal., 1989). Sub-Saharan Africa is making the slowest progress in meeting the MDGs target with
one-third of the population still need safe drinking water (UN, 2008).
Ghanaians still suffer from water shortages, 50 % of the population uses unimproved sources of
drinking water. This figure is 10 % higher than the average for the African continent, where 40 % lack access to
improved drinking water supply (Murcott etal., 2008). In the Northern Region of Ghana, 56 % of the population
uses unimproved water supplies for drinking. This problem is exacerbated by lack of improved sanitation in the
region where 92 % lack access to good sanitation (vanCalcar, 2006).
The water supply situation in the Central Gonja District is grim and water scarcity is regarded as one of
the root causes of water related diseases and poverty in the area. Residents of the district rely on boreholes,
rainwater, dams, rivers, and dug-outs for their domestic water needs. Some of these water sources serve as
drinking places for animals as well, and the health risks posed by this situation are endless and far reaching. This
paper assessed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District.
II. Methodology
2.1 Water sampling and preservation
First, 52 plastic bottles were soaked in nitric acid (NHO3) overnight, washed with distilled water, rinsed
with deionised water and dried in a drying cabinet. Some of the dry containers were selected, filled with distilled
water and the pH tested, when it is 7.0 then it is ready for use, otherwise the container was washed and the pH
tested again. This was done to minimise or eliminate potential contamination of the samples. Water samples
were collected from each sampling site between the months of August 2010 and April 2011 that is from August
2. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 2
2010 to November 2010 (wet season) and from January 2011 to April 2011 (dry season). This was done to
account for any seasonal variation in the quality of the water sources. In the wet season, fresh rainwater samples
were collected directly from the sky using the plastic bottles at Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha towns (12 samples)
which served as control. The plastic bottles were raised from the ground by placing them on top of 1 m blocks in
order to avoid sand and rain splash and other ground based pollution. Three (3) boreholes were also sampled at
Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha towns (36 samples). In addition, the Black and White Volta Rivers were sampled in
Buipe and Yapei towns respectively, whilst the Mpaha dam was sampled in Mpaha town (16 samples). The
boreholes, rivers and the dam (8 samples) were sampled every month for the wet season. Boreholes were
pumped for five minutes prior to sampling to ensure collection of a representative sample. In the dry season,
sampling was similarly repeated. The sample containers were clearly labelled with the site, date and time of
sampling on the bottles.
2.2 Analysis of Water Samples
The key physico-chemical and biological parameters were determined according to procedures and
protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1992).
2.2.1 Water pH
The pH of water samples was determined immediately after sampling using Fisher brand Hydrus 100
pH Meter. Before the measurement was taken, a manual three buffer solutions of pH 4.01, 7.0, and 9.2 were
used to calibrate the pH meter. The CALCULATE key was pressed to calibrate and the automatic calibration
procedure was followed. The pHs of the samples were measured by reading the values displayed on the screen
after the READY signal had disappeared.
2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity
The Hi 9032 Microprocessor Bench Conductivity Meter was calibrated by pressing the TDS key to
display „TDS‟ to confirm the measurement mode. Once the measurement reading stabilizes, the conductivity
button on the instrument was pressed to display its value which was recorded on a data sheet.
2.2.3 Turbidity
The Turbidity meter was first calibrated using Formazin polymer. The water samples were allowed to
come to room temperature and thoroughly mixed to disperse the solids. After the air bubbles have disappeared,
the samples were poured into the turbid meter tube and the turbidity value was read directly from the scale in
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).
2.2.4 Total hardness
25 ml of the well-mixed water sample was measured into a conical flask. 2.0 ml of buffer solution and
a pinch of Eriochrome black were added. If the sample turned into wine red in colour, magnesium and calcium
was present. The solution was titrated against 0.01 M EDTA until the wine red colour turned to blue. A blank
titration was also carried out using distilled water.
Calculation:
TH = [1]
Where; TH: Total Hardness (mg/l), A: Volume of EDTA for sample (ml), B: Volume of EDTA for blank (ml)
and C: Volume of water sample (ml).
2.2.5 Nitrate
An aliquot of 2 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solution and 1.0 ml of naphthyl-1, 1-amide was added to the
sample. The mixture was allowed to stand for 20 minutes. The nitrate concentration was determined at
wavelength 543 nm wavelength of absorbance using a 5500 photometer. A blank analysis was performed with
all the reagents without sample for all the analysis.
2.2.6 Faecal Coliform
The Coliscan medium was poured into a sterilized Petri-dish, which was labelled with the code of
sampling site and the quantity of sample water used from each site. 250 ml of the sample was measured into the
Petri-dish using a sterilized pipette. The water sample was swirled around the Petri-dish to ensure even
distribution. The Petri-dish was covered with a lid and set aside at room temperature until the solution solidified.
The procedure was repeated for all the samples and the Petri-dishes were incubated at 44 °C for 24 hours. The
Petri-dishes were then taken out from the incubator, and all developed dark-blue and pink colonies were counted
separately.
3. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 3
Calculation:
100
f
C
V
C
FC [2]
Where; FC: Faecal coliform units (cfu/100 ml), CFU: Coliform Faecal Unit per 100 ml, CC: Colonies counted
and Vf: Volume of sample filtered (litres).
2.3 Data Analysis
The mean values of parameters were computed using Microsoft Excel software. Two replicates were
made and statistical test (t-test at 5 %) was used to separate the mean values of the parameters measured.
Descriptive statistics were also presented using charts and comparing the mean values with WHO Drinking
Water Guidelines.
III. Results
3.1 Water pH
The mean pH of borehole water from Buipe town were 8.65 and 7.65 for the wet and dry seasons
respectively with significant difference (5.41, P<0.05) between the seasons. At Yapei town, the mean pH of
borehole water in the wet season was 9.95 whilst the dry season had a value of 8.9 with significant difference
(4.51, P<0.05) between the seasons. Borehole water from Mpaha town had mean pH of 9.74 for the wet season
and 8.85 for the dry season with significant difference (4.51, P<0.05) between the seasons.
River water from Buipe had mean pH of 8.9 and 7.70 in the wet and dry seasons respectively. There
was significant difference (3.70, P<0.05) of pH between the seasons. At Yapei town, the wet season had a mean
pH of 9.25 and that for the dry season was 7.85 with significant difference (5.33, P<0.05) between the seasons.
The mean pH of the dam at Mpaha town was 8.25 in the wet season and 7.11 was recorded in the dry season.
There was significant difference (5.29, P<0.05) of pH between the seasons. The mean pH of rainwater from
Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha towns were 6.26, 6.37 and 6.82 respectively. There was no significant difference
between rainwater from Buipe and Yapei towns (0.34, P<0.05). However, significant difference of pH was
recorded between rainwater from Buipe and Mpaha (1.84): Yapei and Mpaha towns (1.92) at 0.05 significant
levels.
Fig. 1.0: Comparison of water sources in terns of pH
3.2 Electrical conductivity
The mean turbidity of the borehole samples from Buipe town was 2.85 NTU in the wet season and 1.21
NTU in the dry season. The borehole samples from Buipe were not significantly affected (1.05, P< 0.05) by
seasonal variation in terms of turbidity. The mean turbidity of the borehole samples from Yapei town had 2.51
NTU in the wet season and 1.62 NTU IN the dry season. There was no significant difference (1.57, P<0.05) of
turbidity between the seasons of the borehole samples from Buipe. The mean turbidity of the borehole samples
from Mpaha town was 2.78 NTU and 1.46 in the wet and dry seasons respectively. There was no significant
difference (1.63, P<0.05) of turbidity occurred between the seasons for the borehole samples from Mpaha town.
The river samples from Buipe town had mean turbidity of 22.8 NTU in the wet season whilst the dry season had
a value of 13.10 NTU. There was significant difference (5.09, P< 0.05) of turbidity between the seasons for the
river samples from Buipe town. In the wet season, the rivers had mean turbidity of 24.95 NTU and 15.25 NTU
for the dry season. Significant difference (4.98, P<0.05) of turbidity occurred between the seasons. Rainwater
samples from Buipe and Yapei towns had mean turbidity of 4.55 NTU, 4.42 NTU and 4.30 NTU respectively.
4. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 4
Fig. 1.0: Comparison of water sources in terns of EC
3.3 Turbidity
The mean turbidity of the borehole samples from Buipe town was 2.85 NTU in the wet season and 1.21
NTU in the dry season. The borehole samples from Buipe were not significantly affected (1.05, P<0.05) by
seasonal variation in terms of turbidity. The mean turbidity of the borehole samples from Yapei had 2.51 NTU
in the wet season and 1.62 NTU IN the dry season. There was no significant difference (1.57, P<0.05) of
turbidity between the seasons of the borehole samples from Buipe. The mean turbidity of the borehole samples
from Mpaha was 2.78 NTU and 1.46 in the wet and dry seasons respectively. There was no significant
difference (1.63, P<0.05) of turbidity occurred between the seasons for the borehole samples from Mpaha town.
The river samples from Buipe had mean turbidity of 22.8 NTU in the wet season whilst the dry season
had a value of 13.10 NTU. There was significant difference (5.09, P< 0.05) of turbidity between the seasons for
the river samples from Buipe. In the wet season, the river samples from Yapei had mean turbidity of 24.95 NTU
and 15.25 NTU for the dry season. Significant difference (4.98, P<0.05) of turbidity occurred between the
seasons. The wet and dry seasons had mean turbidity of 31.25 NTU and 23.12 NTU respectively for the dam in
Mpaha. However, there was significant difference (2.48, P< 0.05) of turbidity between the seasons. Rainwater
samples from Buipe and Yapei had mean turbidity of 4.55 NTU, 4.42 NTU and 4.30 NTU respectively.
Fig. 1.0: Comparison of water sources in terns of Turbidity
3.4 Nitrate
The borehole samples from Buipe town had mean nitrate concentration of 4.5 mg/l and3.30 mg/l in the
wet and dry seasons respectively. There was significant difference (2.52, P<0.05) of nitrate concentration
between the seasons borehole samples from Buipe. In Yapei, the mean nitrate concentration was 4.33 in the wet
season and 3.30 in the dry season. There was significant variation (2.41, P<0.05) of nitrate concentration
between the season for borehole samples from Yapei. The mean nitrate concentration of the borehole samples
from Mpaha town in the wet season was 4.25 mg/l and 3.20 mg/l in the wet season. At Buipe, the river samples
had mean nitrate concentration of 9.93 mg/l in the wet season whilst the dry season had a value of 5.2 mg/l with
significant difference (5.09, P<0.05) between the seasons. The river samples from Yapei town had mean nitrate
concentration of 9.59 mg/l and 4.75 mg/l for the wet and dry seasons respectively. Mean concentration of nitrate
for the dam in Mpaha was 24.10 mg/l and 20.87 mg/l in the wet and dry seasons respectively. There was
significant difference (1.36, P<0.05) between the seasons in terms of nitrite concentration. Rainwater samples
from Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha towns had mean nitrate concentration of 2.19 mg/l, 2.15 mg/l and 2.17 mg/l in
the wet season.
5. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 5
Fig. 2: Comparison of water sources in terms of Nitrate
3.5 Total hardness
The borehole samples from Buipe had mean total hardness of 226.67 mg/l in the wet season whilst the
dry season had 170.83 mg/l with significant difference (3.83, P<0.05) between the season. The boreholes
samples from Yapei had mean total hardness of 163.50 mg/l and 135.41 mg/l for the wet and dry seasons. The
borehole samples from Yapei were also significantly affected (1.45, P<0.05) by seasonal variation. In Mpaha,
the borehole samples had mean total hardness of 125.41 mg/l and 90.83 mg/l for the wet and dry seasons
respectively. There was significant variation (1.48, P<0.05) of total hardness between the season for the
borehole samples from Mpaha. Mean total hardness measured for the river samples from Buipe was 32.67 mg/l
in the wet season and 20.35 mg/l for the dry season. The river samples from Buipe were significantly affected
(3.32, P<0.05) by seasonal variation in terms of total hardness. In Yapei, the borehole samples had mean total
hardness of 29.05 mg/l and 21.55 mg/l for the wet and dry seasons respectively. Also, significant difference
(1.07, P<0.05) of total hardness occurred between the seasons of the Yapei river samples.
Fig. 3: Comparison of water sources in terns of TH
3.6 Faecal coliform
The mean faecal coliform of borehole samples from Buipe was 25.16 CFU/100 ml in the wet season
and 3.33 CFU/100 ml in the dry season. There was significant difference (3.422, P<0.05) of faecal coliform
between the seasons for the borehole samples from Buipe. In Yapei, the mean faecal coliform recorded for the
borehole samples was 43.91 CFU/100 ml and 2.41 CFU/100 ml for the wet and dry seasons respectively.
Significant difference (5.37, P<0.05) of faecal coliform was found between the seasons for the borehole samples
from Yapei. The borehole samples from Mpaha had mean faecal coliform of 16.84 CFU/100 ml in the wet
season whilst the dry season had a value of 2.16 CFU/100 ml. The borehole samples were also significantly
affected (2.84, P<0.05) by seasonal variation in terms of faecal coliform.
The river samples from Buipe had mean faecal coliform of 1720.25 CFU/100 ml in the wet season and
627.5 CFU/100 ml in the dry season. There was significant difference (5.75, P<0.05) of faecal coliform between
the seasons for the borehole samples from Buipe. In Yapei, the mean faecal coliform for the river samples was
1685 CFU/100 ml and 526.50 CFU/100 ml for the wet and dry seasons respectively. Significant difference
(6.23, P<0.05) of faecal coliform occurred between the seasons for the river samples from Yapei.
The mean faecal coliform for the dam in the wet season was 904.25 CFU/100 ml and 403.75 CFU/100 ml in the
dry season. There was significant difference (6.23, P<0.05) of faecal coliform between the wet and dry seasons
Faecal coliform was not detected in the rainwater samples from Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha, suggesting that it is
devoid of pathogens.
6. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
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Fig. 3 Comparison of water sources in terns of FC
IV. Discussions
4.1 Borehole Water
The results indicated that borehole water from Yapei and Mpaha towns were alkaline throughout the
year. However, the high mean pH in the wet season may be due to the presence of limestone in the aquifer
formation that dissolved to release CaCO3 into the water (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). The low mean pH in the
dry season may have been caused by high temperatures that increased the concentration of H+
ions, hence
decreasing the pH of the borehole water. There was no significant difference of pH between the borehole water
from Buipe and Yapei (1.33): Buipe and Mpaha (1.4): Yapei and Mpaha (0.82) at 0.05 significant level in the
wet season. In the dry season, no significant difference of pH was recorded between borehole water from Buipe
and Yapei (1.24): Buipe and Mpaha (1.45): Yapei and Mpaha (0.82) at 0.05 significance level. This may be
attributed to the almost homogeneous geological materials, mainly sedimentary rocks that underlie the study
area (Dickson and Benneh, 2004). The sedimentary rocks are sources of Calcium ions which might have
increased the pH of borehole water from the studied towns.
The relatively low conductivity in the wet season may be due to low temperatures that reduced the
mobility of the inorganic particles such as carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the aquifer. The conductivity of the
borehole samples was higher in the dry season. High temperatures might have enhanced the mobility of the
inorganic particles in the aquifer. However, the presence of carbonates, for instance NaHCO3 in the aquifer may
give salty taste to the borehole water leading to its rejection. The alkali carbonate resulted from meteoric water
dissolving Na+
from sodium-bearing silicates (e.g. Albite) or reverse cation exchange where Ca2+
is taken up
from the groundwater, in return for Na+
helps to refresh the water quality and prevent it from having salty taste
(Nii Consult, 1998).
The mean turbidity of borehole samples in the wet season was high. This could be the result of
rainwater percolation in the soil that may have dissolved soil particles on its trip to recharge groundwater. The
low recharge in the dry season may have resulted in lower turbidity of the borehole water. Generally, the low
turbidity of the borehole samples from the communities may be due to the fact that groundwater is naturally
filtered by the soil and extracted by filter-aided mechanical pumps.
The presence of nitrates in the boreholes suggests the leaching of dissolved nitrogen from fertiliser application
from nearby farms facilitated by rainwater percolation into the groundwater. The low mean nitrate concentration
in the borehole samples may be due to the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas and ammonia by microbes (e.g.
nitrobacteria). A study on the modelling of groundwater flow and quality by Konikow and Glynn (2005) found
that the presence of organic carbon (present in the soil) may cause the reduction of NO3
-
to NO2 and sometimes
to NH4
+
ions in the phase of denitrifying microbes
The high mean total hardness of the borehole samples in the wet season may be due to dissolution of
metallic ions such as Mg+2
, Ca+2
ions from limestone and sedimentary rocks by rainwater percolation in the soil.
The ions may have originated from run-offs that infiltrated into the soil, causing leaching and weathering of
limestone and feldspars in the soil. The result is the precipitation of Ca+2
and Mg+2
ions and other mineral
constituents in the soil that can also increase the total hardness of groundwater. A study by Freeze and Cherry
(1979) of groundwater established that Ca+2
and Mg+2
ions are usually released into groundwater by the
dissolution of limestone, feldspars and micas which increases its hardness. The low total hardness in the dry
season may be the result of low aquifer recharge, hence less dissolution of the mineral composition of the
aquifer.
7. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
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The high faecal coliform in the wet season can be associated with the insanitary habits of residents in
the studied communities. For instance, the practice of compound burial by the inhabitants can be reflected in the
presence of faecal coliform in the borehole samples from all the communities. In Buipe and Yapei, the boreholes
are located within households and may have been the reason for the higher faecal loads in the borehole samples.
However, the boreholes from Mpaha are located 2 km away from the households, and the possibility of faecal
contamination may be low. The ingress of coliform bacteria into the groundwater might have been facilitated
by rainwater which percolated into the borehole.
4.2 River Water
The high mean pH of river water in the wet season could be due to the release from farmlands of
alkaline fertilizers such as ammonia and phosphates carried by run-offs into the rivers. These substances might
have altered the acid-base equilibrium and resulted in a lower acid-neutralizing capacity, hence raising the pH of
the rivers (Wetzel, 2001). However, the mean pH of the river samples decreased in the dry season. During the
dry season, CO2 is released when phytoplankton and other organic materials in the river decay (Wetzel, 2001).
The CO2 can combine with the water to form HCO3
-
that may have lowered the pH of the rivers in Buipe and
Yapei. Significant difference (1.82, P<0.05) of pH was recorded between river water from Buipe and Yapei in
the wet season. The relatively low pH of Black Volta at Buipe may be due to high concentration of dissolved
organic loads (Rickey etal., 1990). The low pH of Black Volta at Buipe might have been caused by high
amounts of dissolved sediments.
The relatively high mean conductivity in the wet season can be adduced to run-offs that carried
dissolved fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides and other particles from cultivated fields into the rivers. The relatively
low mean conductivity may be due to the absence of run-offs in the dry season.
The high turbidity of the river samples from Buipe and Yapei may have been caused by higher flow
rates during rainfalls that might have carried sediments and other materials into the rivers. The low mean
turbidity of the river samples may be due to the absence of run-offs and the recession in flow level in the dry
season.
The high mean nitrate concentration in the wet season can be attributed to run-offs from nearby farms
which carried nitrogen fertilizers into the rivers. A study of trading on water by Greenhalgh and Faeth (2001)
indicates that in the wet season, run-offs carry nutrients from farmlands and deposit it in the river body. In the
presence of denitrifying bacteria, the nitrates may have been converted to NH4
+
ions which lowered the nitrate
concentration of the rivers as confirmed by Konikow and Glynn (2005). The high total hardness of the river
samples in the wet season means run-off carried sediments containing Ca+2
and Mg+2
ions into the rivers.
The high faecal coliform in the wet season may be caused by the massive floods that hit the Central
Gonja District between August and December yearly. The floods affected 112 communities with 15 boreholes
and 3 public toilets submerged in the district (CGDHD, 2010). Also, the high microbial load in the rivers might
be due to contamination caused by human activities and livestock in the area. It is a common practice for people
living along the river catchment to discharge domestic and agricultural wastes as well as human excreta into
rivers. In addition, children use the river for bathing, washing of clothes and for recreational purposes such as
swimming. They also serve as sources of drinking water for livestock which can contaminate the water through
direct defecation and urination.
4.3 Rainwater
Buipe and Yapei are situated along the Kumasi-Tamale trunk road, hence the lower mean pH values can be
attributed to wet atmospheric deposition of CO2, SO2 and NO2 produced by vehicular emissions including the
slash and burn method of land preparation for farming in the study communities. Kohler et al. (1997) in their
study of the contribution of aircraft emission to atmospheric nitrogen content indicates that rainwater acquires
slight acidity as it dissolves CO2 and NO2 gases in the atmosphere. Rainwater from Buipe and Yapei may
acquire slight acidity from vehicular emissions along the Kumasi-Tamale trunk road as confirmed by Kholer
etal. (1997). Mpaha is located about 60 km away from the main road which might have accounted for relatively
high pH values. Generally, the mean pH of the boreholes, rivers, dam and rainwater sources in Buipe, Yapei
and Mpaha areas were within the “safe range” of drinking water. Therefore, no skin diseases are expected in the
study area. This may be the reason for no major reported cases of skin diseases in the study area as indicated by
2009/2010 annual report of Central Gonja District Health Directorate.
The low conductivity of rainwater may be due to low levels of organic and inorganic ions in the
atmosphere. Further, the low conductivity of fresh rainwater is validated by frequent rainfalls combined with
low temperature during the sampling period (wet season). This is probably due to low levels of particulates such
as smoke, dust, and soot suspended in the atmosphere which dissolved in the rain droplets as it falls from the
sky. This may also be related to the presence of particles of clay, organic components and other microscopic
substances (Ovrawah and Hymone, 2001). In addition, the low turbidity in the rainwater samples can be
8. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic...
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associated with frequent rainfalls during the sampling period. Appiah (2008) studied the physicochemical
analysis of roof run-off established that turbidity is affected by dry spell, and the longer the span of continuous
rainfalls, the lower is the turbidity.
The presence of nitrates in the rainwater samples may be due to direct dissolution and oxidation of NO2
to NO3
-
particles caused by the use of nitrogen fertilizers for crop cultivation in the study area. This observation
is buttressed by Thomas (1993) in his study of rainwater quality from different roof catchments that in
agricultural areas, rainwater could have higher concentration of nitrate due to fertilizer residue in the
atmosphere. Rainwater samples from Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha areas recorded 0.00 mg/l mean total hardness.
The above is confirmed by Krishna (2003) that the zero hardness of rainwater helps prevent scale formation on
appliances. However, there is some indication that very soft water may have adverse effect on mineral balance
(Appiah, 2008).
Faecal coliform was not detected in the rainwater samples from Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha, suggesting
that it is devoid of pathogens. The absence of coliforms can partly be explained by its mode of collection.
Rainwater samples were collected directly into containers as it fell from the sky. However, contamination of
rainwater may result from the environment, roof materials and containers which are used for rainwater storage
(Polkowska etal., 2001). The unacceptable coliform counts in the boreholes, rivers and dam may be linked to the
high rate of gastro-enteritis because many inhabitants rely on these water sources for domestic use. Currently,
medical records from the District Health Directorate in the study area indicate that diarrhoeal diseases increased
by 168 % in 2009 against 2010 318 %, and 321 % for Buipe, Yapei and Mpaha.
V. Conclusion
The results of the study showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected
except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for the river and dam water varied
with season. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and
unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater can be regarded as potable
owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area.
Acknowledgement
I wish to express thanks to Mr. Latif and Mr. Samuel Obiri, both staff of Centre for Scientific and
Industrial Research, Water Research Institute (CSIR-WRI), Tamale for hosting and guiding me with the analysis
in their laboratory.
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