The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
ABSTRACT- Background: Declining trend in semen quality is receiving attention worldwide. The aim of the study to investigate the role of lifestyle factors with respect to semen quality.
Methods: Semen samples were collected from 351 male partners attending OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology at civil hospital and IKD hospital, Ahmedabad, India. They were subjected to assess the quality of semen according to WHO criteria and semen quality were analyzed with respect to self reported history of tobacco smoking and/or chewing and alcohol consumption as lifestyle factors.
Results: The result revealed that sperm count was lower in subjects with habit of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption as compared to subjects without such habits and decline was found statistically significant among smokers. Total progressive motility and normal morphology percentage was significantly decreased in tobacco chewers compared to non-chewers. Further analysis of data with respect to alcohol consumption indicated non-significantly lower total progressive motility and normal sperm morphology percentage as compared to subjects with no such habit.
Conclusion: The data obtained suggested, the role of lifestyle factors especially tobacco smoking and chewing in declining semen quality.
Key-words- Semen quality, Tobacco, Alcohol, Lifestyle, Sperm motility, Smoking
In-House Microbial Isolates in Compendial Testing: Regulatory RequirementsRobert Westney
This presentation provides an overview of the current regulatory expectations for the use of in-house microbial isolates in compendial testing. It reviews regulatory, compendial and industry references on the topic. Importantly, it also provides a strategy for selection of these isolates.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
ABSTRACT- Background: Declining trend in semen quality is receiving attention worldwide. The aim of the study to investigate the role of lifestyle factors with respect to semen quality.
Methods: Semen samples were collected from 351 male partners attending OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology at civil hospital and IKD hospital, Ahmedabad, India. They were subjected to assess the quality of semen according to WHO criteria and semen quality were analyzed with respect to self reported history of tobacco smoking and/or chewing and alcohol consumption as lifestyle factors.
Results: The result revealed that sperm count was lower in subjects with habit of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption as compared to subjects without such habits and decline was found statistically significant among smokers. Total progressive motility and normal morphology percentage was significantly decreased in tobacco chewers compared to non-chewers. Further analysis of data with respect to alcohol consumption indicated non-significantly lower total progressive motility and normal sperm morphology percentage as compared to subjects with no such habit.
Conclusion: The data obtained suggested, the role of lifestyle factors especially tobacco smoking and chewing in declining semen quality.
Key-words- Semen quality, Tobacco, Alcohol, Lifestyle, Sperm motility, Smoking
In-House Microbial Isolates in Compendial Testing: Regulatory RequirementsRobert Westney
This presentation provides an overview of the current regulatory expectations for the use of in-house microbial isolates in compendial testing. It reviews regulatory, compendial and industry references on the topic. Importantly, it also provides a strategy for selection of these isolates.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Biocompatibility - ability of material to elicit an appropriate biological response on a given application in the body.
The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application", Williams' definition.
"The quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on biological systems".
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties from extract of Alchorne...Uploadworld
This study involved a survey on the use of extract of Alchornea cordifolia a medicinal plant used locally in Cameroon as traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Microbiological inspection of mineral water by redox-potential measurement Olivér Reichart
MicroTester as a validated method is suitable for rapid microbiological testing of mineral water, carbonated water, tank and running drinking water and other types of water. The time needed for a reliable detection of microorganisms is of key importance: in water industry the real-time (or at least as fast as possible) monitoring of the microbiological properties of the production is indispensable; in public water supply the essential basis of the epidemiological and public health measures is the fast and reliable result of the microbiological inspection. Beside the most important and most widely inspected microbiological contaminants the most relevant disturbing flora was involved to the validation process as well.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Biocompatibility - ability of material to elicit an appropriate biological response on a given application in the body.
The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application", Williams' definition.
"The quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on biological systems".
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties from extract of Alchorne...Uploadworld
This study involved a survey on the use of extract of Alchornea cordifolia a medicinal plant used locally in Cameroon as traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Microbiological inspection of mineral water by redox-potential measurement Olivér Reichart
MicroTester as a validated method is suitable for rapid microbiological testing of mineral water, carbonated water, tank and running drinking water and other types of water. The time needed for a reliable detection of microorganisms is of key importance: in water industry the real-time (or at least as fast as possible) monitoring of the microbiological properties of the production is indispensable; in public water supply the essential basis of the epidemiological and public health measures is the fast and reliable result of the microbiological inspection. Beside the most important and most widely inspected microbiological contaminants the most relevant disturbing flora was involved to the validation process as well.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Salestheijes
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
A low complexity peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. All pass filters technique used PAPR is reduction but small amount of reduction, So use Selective Mapping (SLM) technique reduce PAPR and SNR increases.
A Computational Study Of Heat Transfer Due To The Inlet Oscillating Condition...theijes
Heat transferis numerically investigated in aconfined oscillating laminar slot jet. The inlet velocity profile is uniform, and oscillating with an angle φ (in radians) as follows:휑 = 휑푚푎푥 ∗ 푠푖푛(2휋푓푡).φmax is the maximum jet angle, and f is the frequency of oscillation. The height-to-jet-width ratio was set to 5, the fluid’s Prandtl number is 0.74 and Reynolds number was fixed at 250.Strouhal’s numberSt, which is the other dimensionless group characterizing this problem, was varied in the range 0.05<st><0.75.The jet hydraulic diameter (2w), was used in the definition of both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. φmax was defined, based on a solid finding presented later in this paper. At St=0.4, and 0.5, a modest enhancement of heat transfer was noticed in the stagnation region, when compared to a steady jet
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
Multi Channel Multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate Real Time Industrial Standard ...theijes
The Aim is for HDL Design Architecture and Implementation of Multi clock frequency synchronized real time industrial standard parallel Hi-tech PRBS CDMA Transceiver Bus Array ASIC SOC /Card for Ultra high Speed real time Industrial Communication Interface Cards/Products like Data Acquisition and Tracking of wireless Data Communication Protocol Interface Cards/SOC’s like Data Serializer, De-serializer, Data Communication Protocol interface ADD on cards/Products, FPGA Cards of Different Data Transfer Baud rate. This Design Consists of multiple parallel C.D.M.A Transmitters and Receiver ASIC I.P Cores , Data Transmission and Reception done by Different Clock Frequencies operated at Mega/Giga / Tera/ Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Clock Frequencies. Data Transmission Speed In terms Mega/Giga/Tera/Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Bytes/Frames/Super Frames etc. and also Data transmitter and receiver consists of base band signal and Carrier signal generators, Channel Encoder, Decoder, Modulator and Demodulator generates modulation and Demodulation signal by spreading and dispreading through different communication frequency spread Spectrum techniques DSSS Communication, FH , Chaos for high Bandwidth , the design done through parallel distributed computing technique, data transmission and reception done parallel for various data interface cards of different data transfer speed. In this design transmission and reception done by different PRBS Data Pattern Sequences like 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1, 2e48 -1, 2e52 -1, 2e63 -1 etc. H.D.L FPGA Industrial Software Design Flow Process Implementation Done by either Xilinx/Altera. Programming Done by Verilog /VHDL Software and Simulation, Synthesis, ASIC Floor planning and Placement and routing, Reconfiguration and Debugging Done Xilinx ISE 9.2i/10.1i EDA Software and Xilinx /Altera FPGA Development Board/Kit.
Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving vehicles for safe F...theijes
In this fast world the demand for energy is ever increasing. With increase in energy production. There is heavy increase in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels they are going to extinct very soon, So the best way to save our nature and increase energy production is by using renewable energy. In this paper I am going to discuss about production of electricity through wind turbine mounted over a moving vehicle. We are implementing a very advanced H-Bridge converter for this conversion of alternate current produced by permanent magnet moving generator to direct current. The main reason for this paper is to explain about utilization of wind energy on a moving vehicle which is being wasted and to extract electricity without any fluctuations.
Natural Convection from Heated Rough Surface at the Bottom of Vented Rectangu...theijes
Natural convection heat transfer from tilted rectangular enclosure heated at the bottom rough surfaces wall and vented by uniform slots opening at top wall experimentally investigated. Rough surfaces of roughness 0.002 m are used to study their effect on the heat transfer characteristics. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of venting ratio, enclosure's tilt angle and Rayleigh number on the cooling of rough surface inside the enclosure. The experiments are carried out at a Rayleigh number ranging from 2 × 108 to 1.52× 109 for enclosure tilt angles ranging from 0º to 90. Top venting arrangement is studied at different venting ratios of 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25. Roughness shows a large effect on heat transfer for the rectangular enclosure where the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of venting ratio and decrease enclosure's tilt angle at the same Rayleigh number. This can be attributed to the roughness may increase the blockage effect on the flow that can cause the buoyancy force to decrease, but on the other hand it increases the turbulence intensity resulting in a higher heat transfer. The results are compared with a smooth rectangular enclosure of the same surface area to study the effect of roughness on heat transfer. The average Nu of rough surface in rectangular enclosure is higher than that of smooth surface by the range from 12 % to 21% depending on Ra. Correlations are developed for the top venting arrangement to predict the average Nusselt number of the enclosure in terms of the Rayleigh number, venting ratio and enclosure tilt angle.
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
Classical mechanics analysis of the atomic wave and particulate formstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Concept Study for Adaptive Gas Turbine Rotor Bladetheijes
Articulating the pitch angle of a turbine blade can improve performance by maintaining optimum design incidence and thus reduce the probability of flow separation and thermal stresses developed due to aerothermal loads for variable speed gas turbine engine applications. Potential benefits to Army Aviation are highly efficient (aerodynamically) turbine blades, possible reduction of the need for active blade cooling and thermal barrier coatings, increased fuel efficiency, power density, and the ability to fly faster and longer. The goal of this effort is to assess the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch turbine blade for maintaining attached flow and optimal thermal design for a gas turbine engine. A technology concept study has been conducted to enable a viable adaptable turbine rotor blade that can enhance the performance and efficiency of future aircraft gas turbine engines. A typical aircraft turbine blade is used for this technology concept study. An adaptable turbine rotor blade, if made feasible, can lead to a leap ahead technology innovation in improving part-load efficiency of gas turbine engines.
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Role conflict and stress effect on the performance of employees working in pu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Policy Learning of Mineral Mining Managementtheijes
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the policy learning of mineral mining management in PT. Billy Indonesia Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data gathering techniques used Consultation procedure, public participation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Method of data analysis used qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that through the empowerment of the rural fund management, the actors of the government learned about the authority and how they should carry out their duties and functions. Actors from elements companies and non-governmental learn about rights and obligations in mining management, as well as learn about the development of community-based program and budget in the area of mineral mining, and the development of local institutions to community development and social conflict resolution in a rational and democratic. The company as an investor who is looking for a profit and at the same time be an agent, and actor instrumental policy learning, emphasis on a rational approach in the resolution of the conflict between the company and members of the public. In reconstructing social institutions, PT. Billy Indonesia became the originator of the instrumental learning through the provision of community development which requires the formation of community groups in utilizing the financial assistance provided by the company.
The processor caches, main memory and storage system is an integral part of any computer system. As information begins to accumulate, higher density and long term storage solutions are necessary. Due to this, computer architects face some level of challenges in developing reliable, energy-efficient and high performance memories. Also, existing storage devises are degrading in performance, cost, and sizes. Power consumption from the factory has increased, as newer codes are written, and server hardware capabilities are not adequate to handle big data of the future. New emerging memories (NEMs) are presently with its properties likely to open doors to innovative memory designs to solve the problems. This paper looks at the features of the emerging memory technologies, and compares incumbent memories types with the expected future memories.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Phytochemical analysis, protein content & antimicrobial activities of sel...eSAT Journals
Abstract Two seed samples of Glycine max Linn. (S1, S2) were purchased from two retail stores of local market. Non-sprouted and sprouted seed powder were extracted separately with methanol (100%, 50%) by cold maceration to obtain methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Glycine max Sample 1 was designated as MES1 and HES1 and sample 2 as MES2 and HES2 respectively. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various phytoconstituents viz. phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats etc. Thin layer chromatography study on extracts revealed the presence of a number of compounds. The protein content of these samples were studied. The protein content of samples MES1, HES1, MES2 and HES2 with respect to BSA was found to be 90.6 2μg/ml, 82μg/ml, 94.5μg/ml and 79.1μg/ml respectively. The highest among these were found to be in MES2. Sprouting enhanced the protein content of the two samples. The samples have shown antimicrobial activity at selected concentration and microbial strains (26mm) for gram negative bacteria (27mm) for gram positive bacteria. Keywords: Glycine max Linn, phytochemical constituents, TLC, antimicrobial activity, protein, methanolic extract, hydroalcoholic extract.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Bacterial pigments have many applications in current day to day life. The pigments produced by chromobacteria can be used for various applications like dairy, pharmaceutical, and food etc. In this study, three types of pigments were isolated i.e. yellow from Xanthomonas sp., pinkish Red from Rhodotorula sp., and orange from Sarcina sp. Pigmented bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil samples and used for the pigment extraction study. We studied that the pigment producing bacteria and identified the color producing pigments. Soil samples from Pondicherry, Cuddalore, Chennai, and Andhra sea coast were collected and used for isolation of microbes producing pigments. Purification of extracted pigments were done by column chromatography, whereas identification and characterization of purified pigment done by UV-Visible spectrophotometry and GC/MS analysis etc. The pigment isolated from bacterial sp. were used for the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, and anticancer & transformation studies. The bacterial extracts of carotenoid pigment extracted and used as natural colorants for food products and dying of cloth.
Key-words: - Soil samples, GC/MS analysis, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Carotenoid, Pigment extraction
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aim: The main objective of this work is to increase the utilization of by-products like mucus and skin from Tinfoil barb fish in order to isolate antibacterial protein against gram positive and gram negative microorganism. Materials and Methods: The fish epidermis and epidermal mucus samples were extracted with crude, ethanol and dichloromethane to identify potential antimicrobial agents including the ethanol and dichloromethane soluble compounds. Preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity of the extracts were tested against two Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1306)and Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC 3160) and two Gram-negative bacteria Shigellaboydii and E.coli(MTCC 1303) using standardized disc susceptibility test method recommended by the British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy(BSAC). The activity was measured in terms of zone of inhibition in mm. Also Mouse fibroblast 3T3 L1 cell lines were used to measure cytotoxic activity. Minimum cell viability was shown by sample of 10 mg/ml concentration of the epidermal mucus. Result: The ethanol extract exhibited a bactericidal activity and inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigellaboydii and E.coli. The dichloromethane exhibited activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and no activity against Shigellaboydii. The aqueous showed no bactericidal activity for any of the human pathogen tested. These results show the presence of antimicrobial agent and the role of fish byproducts like mucus and epidermis in antimicrobial protection. Conclusion: the present result suggested that the mucus and epidermal extract of Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Tinfoil barb fish) may be a potent source of antimicrobial agent for human pathogen. Key words: Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Tinfoil barb fish, antibacterial activity, epidermal mucus, epidermis.
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) stem bark extracts (20)
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) stem bark extracts
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 6 || Pages || PP.24-28 || June - 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 24
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca
togoensis (pax) stem bark extracts
1,
Omachi, Andrew A., 2,
Ndukwe, George I., 3,
Sallau, M. S., 4,
Ayo, Rachael. G.
1,
Deprtment of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Kogi State College of Education, Ankpa, Kogi state, Nigeria
2,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------
Air-dried stem bark of UapacatogoensisPax (Phyllanthaceae, a segregate of Euphorbiaceaesensulato)
was powdered and successively extracted using the three selective solvents;n-hexane, ethyl acetate and
methanol by Soxhlet extraction. The n-hexane extracted 0.44%, ethyl acetate extracted 0.85% and methanol
extracted 17.63% of the plant material. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed that
U.togoensis stem bark contains carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids,
alkaloids, steroids and triterpenes. Antimicrobial activities studies showed that all the extracts are active
against the same set of bacteria and fungi. The extracts have activity against MRSA,S,aureus, C. ulcerans, E.
coli, S. typhi, S. dyseateriae,P. mirabilis, N. gonorrhoae, C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis but have no
activity against VRE, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa and C.stellatoidea. Thus, the U. togoensis stem bark extract is
both antibacterial and antifungal. The MIC of the extracts are generally lower than the MBC/MFC. In most
cases, the MIC of the extracts is 10mg/mL and the MBC/MFC is 20mg/mL
KEY WORDS: Phytochemical screening, Uapacatogoensis, antimicrobial activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 21-April-2015 Date of Accepted: 08-June-2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organisation (WHO) supports the use of herbal medicine provided they are safe and
efficacious (Omaleet al, 2010). However, the use of herbal medicine has continued to suffer antagonism from
allopathic medicine practitioners who claim that it has no scientific basis. In comparison to allopathic medicine,
herbal medicines cost less, are more often used to treat chronic diseases, and the occurrence of undesirable side
effects seems to be less frequent (Bandaranayake, 2006). Herbal remedies often contain a variety of
biochemicals (phytochemicals or active ingredients) found naturally in the plants which are responsible for the
plants medicinal properties. In most cases, the active ingredients responsible for the pharmacological/biological
activity of the herbal products are unknown to the traditional herbal medicine providers and thus lack
standardization and dosage is usually estimated based on experience (Agyareet al, 2006; Bandaranayake, 2006).
The correct identification of the herbal material and the active ingredients is essential to quality control,
safety and efficacy, acceptability and possible integration into the national healthcare system of herbal remedies
(Bandaranayake, 2006). Furthemore, the knowledge of the phytochemicals of plants is important to many
disciplines (Borokini and Ayodele, 2012). The knowledge is important to botany for studying systematics and
evolution as an aid in botanical classification; to ecology for studies on structural variation of secondary
metabolites in space which could lead to the discovery of adaptive mechanisms, coevolution of organisms in
their ecosystems, defense, pollination, and dispersion strategies of plant; to pharmacology for pharmacological
investigations, development of screening techniques and utilization of chemical diversity of phytochemicals as
endless source of new drugs; to biotechnology as the basis for the selection of species for micropropagation and
for monitoring infochemicals produced by cell cultures (Borokini and Ayodele, 2012). Konéet al, (2007)
investigated the in vitro activity of 90% ethanol stem/leaf extract of U. togoensis against Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Staphylococcusaureus and found thatthe extracts are potent against these pathogenic microbes.
Despite the importance of U. togoensis to traditional medicine, pharmacology and other disciplines, no
phytochemical screening of its extracts has been carried out to discover the metabolites and bioactive agents
responsible for its antimicrobial activities.
Therefore, this study was carried out to discover the phytochemicals responsible for the antimicrobial
(antimicrobial and antifungal) activity of the extracts
2. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 25
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection and identification: The fresh leaves of U. togoensis collected from the open field at Inye in Ankpa
Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria were identified in the herbarium of the Department of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kogi state University, Anyigba.
Preparation of the plant material: The stem bark of U. togoensis tree were collected in February 2013 and
cleared of the rhytidome. The inner bark (phloem or non-collapsed secondary phloem) was air-dried and later
pulverized with the aid of mortar and pestle into the powder. The powder was packed into a clean plastic
container with screw cap for subsequent work.
Extraction: One kilogram of the powdered stem bark was successively extracted using the three selective
solvents: n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol with the aid of Soxhlet extractor. Each extract was dried to a
constant mass for use in phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assays.
Test Organisms: The microorganismsused in study were clinical isolates obtained from the Department of
Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. All isolates were checked
for purity and the bacteria and fungi were maintained in slants of Nutrient agar and Sabouraud Dextrose agar
respectively. The test microbes were Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin –
Resistant Enterococci (VRE), standard strains of Staphyloccusaureus, Corynebacteriumulcerans, Streptococcus
pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigelladysenteriae, Psueomonasaeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis,
Neisseria gonorrhea, Candida albicans, Candida stellatoidea, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis.
Antimicrobial Assays: This include agar well diffusion method to determine the zones of inhibition (ZI) of
microbial growth and broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC).
Well diffusion method: Blood and sabouraud dextrose agars were used as the growth media for the bacteria and
fungi respectively. Each media was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instruction: dissolved and
sterilized at 1210
C for 15 minutes. The media were allowed to cool to 450
C and 20mL of the media was
dispensed into each petridish and then covered to cool and solidify. The blood agar media was seeded with
0.1mL standard inoculums of the bacterium and spread evenly over the surface of the medium with the use of
sterile swabs. The plates were dried at 370
C for 30 minutes. By the use of a standard sterile cork borer of 6mm
in diameter, a well was cut at the centre of each inoculated plate and 0.1mL of the solution of the extract was
filled into each well. The plates were then incubated at 370
C for 24 hours for the bacteria and at 250
C for 48
hours for the fungi. After the incubation, the plates were immediately observed for the zones of inhibition of
growth. The diameters of the zones of inhibition were measured with a transparent ruler and the results recorded
in millimeters (mm).
Broth Microdilution method:
A. Determination of the MIC.
Nutrient and Sabouraud dextrose broth was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instruction. 10mL
of the broth was dispensed into each test tube, sterilized at 1210
C for 15 minutes and then allowed to cool.
Normal saline solution was prepared and dispensed into test tubes and inoculated with the test organism.
Dilution of the test microorganisms in the normal saline was performed until the turbidity matched that of Mc-
Farland’s scale number 0.5 by visual comparison at the point the test microorganisms has concentration of about
1.5×108
cfu/mL. Incubation was done at 370
C for 6 hours for bacteria and 26-280
C for fungi. The solution of the
extract was prepared by dissolving 0.1g of the extract in 10mL of the sterile nutrient broth. Two-fold serial
dilution of each extract in the broth was performed to obtain the concentrations of 10mg/mL, 5mg/mL,
2.5mg/mL, 1.25mg/mL and 0.625mg/mL. Then 0.1mL of the standard inoculums of the test organisms in the
normal saline was then inoculated into the different concentrations of the extract in the broth and incubated at
370
C for 24 hours for bacteria and at 26-280
C for 48hours for the fungi. Afterwards, the broth in test tubes were
checked for turbidity (growth). The lowest concentration of the extract in the broth which shows no turbidity
was taken as the MIC.
B. Determination of the MBC and MFC.
Blood agar and sabouraud dextrose agar were prepared according to manufacturer’s instruction: they
were boiled and sterilized at 1210
C for 15 minutes, cooled to 450
C and poured into sterile petri dishes. The
plates were covered and the media were allowed to cool and solidify. The contents of the MIC test tubes were
then sub-cultured on the prepared media and incubated at 370
C for 24 hours for bacteria and at 26-280
C for
fungi, after which the media was observed for colony growth. The lowest concentration of the extracts without
colony growth was taken as the MBC for bacteria and MFC for fungi.
3. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 26
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
This was carried out using standard procedure described by Trease and Evans, (1996). The assays
include Carbohydrate, Glycosides, Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones,
Steroids, Triterpenes and Alkaloids.
II. RESULTS
Table 1: Extracts yields from U. togoensis stem bark
Solvent Mass of extract(g) % recovery
n-Hexane
ethyl acetate
methanol
4.4076
18.5046
176.3600
0.44
1.85
17.64
Table 2: Phytochemical groups in U. togoensis stem bark.
Test
Methanol
extract
Ethyl acetate
extract
n-hexane
extract
1. Carbohydrate
a. Molisch test
b. Fehlings test
+
+
+
-
+
+
2. Glycosides
a. Fehlings test
b. Ferric chloride test
+
+
+
+
-
-
3. Tannins
a. Ferric chloride test
b. Bromine water test
c. Lead sub-acetate test
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
4. Flavonoids
a. Shinoda test
b. Sodium hydroxide test
c. Ferric chloride test
+
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
5. Saponins
a. Frothing test
b. Haemolysis test
+
+
-
-
-
-
6. Cardiac glycoside
a. Keller-killiani test
b. Kedde’s test
+
+
+
+
+
-
7. Anthraquinones
a. Free anthracene derivatives
b. Combined anthracene
-
-
-
-
-
-
8. Steroids and Triterpenes
a. For steroids
b. For triterpenes
+
+
+
+
+
+
9. Alkaloids
a. Dragendoff’s test
b. Wagners test
c. Meyers test
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
Key: + = Present, - = Absent
4. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
Table 3: Diameter of Zone of inhibition of U. togoensisstem bark extracts and controls.
Test organism n-Hexane
extract (mm)
ETAC extract
(mm)
MET extract
(mm)
Erythromycin Fluconazole
Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcusaureaus (MRSA)
20 27 23 35 0
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) 0 0 0 0 0
Staphylococcusaureaus 21 32 24 37 0
Corynebacteriumulcerans 18 25 22 40 0
Streptococcuspyogenes 0 0 0 38 0
Escherichia coli 18 24 22 39 0
Salmonella typhi 21 27 24 37 0
Shigelladysenteriae 22 30 25 40 0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 0 0 0 0
Proteus mirabilis 18 23 20 35 0
Neisseria gonorrhoae 18 24 21 37 0
Candida albicans 17 22 20 0 35
Candida stellatoidea 0 0 0 0 37
Candida krusei 20 27 23 0 38
Candida tropicalis 18 24 21 0 35
Key: ETAC = Ethyl acetate. MET = Methanol
Table 4: The MIC and MBC/MFC of U. togoensis stem bark extracts.
Test organism Antimicrobial
Parameter
n-Hexane extract
(mg/mL)
ETAC extract
(mg/mL)
MET extract
(mg/mL)
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
MIC
MMC
5
20
2.5
10
5
20
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) MIC
MMC
-
-
-
-
-
-
Staphylococcus aureus MIC
MMC
5
20
2.5
5
5
10
Corynebacteriumulcerans MIC
MMC
10
20
5
10
5
10
Streptococcus pyogenes MIC
MMC
-
-
-
-
-
-
Escherichia coli MIC
MMC
10
20
5
10
5
20
Salmonella typhi MIC
MMC
5
20
2.5
5
5
10
Shigelladysenteriae MIC
MMC
5
20
2.5
5
5
10
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MIC
MMC
-
-
-
-
-
-
Proteus mirabilis MIC
MMC
10
20
5
20
5
20
Neisseria gonorrhoae MIC
MMC
10
20
5
10
5
20
Candida albicans MIC
MMC
10
20
5
10
5
20
Candida stellatodea MIC
MMC
-
-
-
-
-
-
Candida krusei MIC
MMC
5
20
2.5
10
5
10
Candida tropicalis MIC
MMC
10
20
5
10
5
20
5. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Extraction yields:n-hexane being a non-polar solvent extracted the least (0.44%) of the plant components followed by ethyl
acetate which is a solvent of medium polarity and extracted 0.85% of the plant component. It was found that methanol was
the most effective, and extracted up to 17.64% of the plant material(Seidel etal, 2006). The extraction by these solvents is
according to their respective polarity. Thus, n-hexane extracts essentially nonpolar substances (fatty substances), ethyl
acetate extracts substances of medium polarity and methanol extracts essentially polar substances.
Phytochemical groups present: There was an even distribution of phytochemicals with all the solvents. Thus, n-hexane
extract was composed of tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, triterpenes and glycosides while the major phytochemicals in
the ethyl acetate extract was composed of carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes. The
methanol extract is composed of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenes. This means the U. togoensis
stem bark extract is composed of carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids,
steroids and triterpenes.
Antimicrobial activities:The production of zone of inhibition by the extracts in the agar well diffusion assay is indicative of
the activity of the extract. Therefore, from Table 3, it is seen that the n-hexane extract is active against MRSA, S. aureus, C.
ulcerans, E. coli, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, P. mirabilis, N. gonorrhea, C. albicans, C. kursei and C. tropicalis but not active
against VRE, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa and C. stellatoidea. The activity of ethyl acetate and methanol are of similar
pattern. The extracts have activity against both bacteria and fungi. This indicates that the U. togoensis stem bark extracts of
n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol are both antibacterial and antifungal. The ZI of n-hexane ranges from 18 to 22mm, that
of ethyl acetate ranges from 23 to 32mm and that of methanol ranges from 20 to 25mm but that of erythromycin ranges from
35 to 40mm for the sensitive bacteria indicating that the erythromycin drug is more active than the extracts of U. togoensis.
Also, the ZI of n-hexane ranges from 17 to 20mm, ethyl acetate ranges from 22 to 24mm and methanol extract ranges from
20 to 23mm for the sensitive fungi but the ZI of fluconazole ranges from 25 to 38mm meaning that fluconazole is more
active than the U. togoensis stem bark extracts. But whereas the U. togoensis extracts are both antibacterial and antifungal,
erythromycin is only antibacterial and fluconazole is only antifungal. From table 4, it is seen that the MIC is generally lower
than the MBC/MFC. This means at the MIC the extracts are neither bactericidal nor fungicidal. In most cases, the MIC of the
extract is 10mg/mL and the MBC/MFC is 20mg/mL.Hence we conclude that the MIC of the extracts is 10mg/mL and the
MBC/MFC is 20mg/mL.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The extracts of U. togoensis demonstrated activities against certain bacteria and fungi. This means the extract
possess both antibacterial and antifungal activity. As the extract have activityagainst MRSA but not VRE, it means the
extract can be used to treat antibiotic resistant diseases due to MRSA but not VRE. The activity of the extracts against S.
aureus justifies its use in ethnomedicine to treat respiratory diseases, and vomiting. As the extracts are active against many
more bacteria than S. aureus only it is concluded that the extracts of U. togoensis can treat many more microbial infections
than is presently used to treat. It is recommended that the activity of the extracts against many more antibiotic resistant
strains of pathogenic microbes studied to discover the full spectrum of activity of U. togoensis extract so gain full knowledge
of the potential of this plant as an antibacterial and antifungal agent.
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