Articulating the pitch angle of a turbine blade can improve performance by maintaining optimum design incidence and thus reduce the probability of flow separation and thermal stresses developed due to aerothermal loads for variable speed gas turbine engine applications. Potential benefits to Army Aviation are highly efficient (aerodynamically) turbine blades, possible reduction of the need for active blade cooling and thermal barrier coatings, increased fuel efficiency, power density, and the ability to fly faster and longer. The goal of this effort is to assess the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch turbine blade for maintaining attached flow and optimal thermal design for a gas turbine engine. A technology concept study has been conducted to enable a viable adaptable turbine rotor blade that can enhance the performance and efficiency of future aircraft gas turbine engines. A typical aircraft turbine blade is used for this technology concept study. An adaptable turbine rotor blade, if made feasible, can lead to a leap ahead technology innovation in improving part-load efficiency of gas turbine engines.
Abstract This Innovated model of Darrieus Straight bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine system is the construction of a Three-bladed rotor system with each modified turbine blades suited to withstand on different circumstances. The modified blades are thus adjusted in a manner of the air flow striking close enough on the rotor. This paper presents a mean for reducing the loss of air flow during the process of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) by modifying each blade. The model was designed in such a way that one part of the turbine has an additional semicircular plate attached on the direction of wind, while the second rotor has a alteration in this design with air deviating wing which proves to be efficient. This modification results in the maintaining the lift and drag force on wind-blades. The generator can be driven by this modified Darrieus SBVAWT system to produce electricity, especially for agricultural purposes. For this purpose, three dimensional CFD analyses have been performed on a straight-bladed Darrieus-type rotor. The Darrieus rotors have been designed using CATIA and the model was tested for computing mesh by CFD software for finding the various factor of the VAWT system. The performance was analyzed and a result of the Darrieus rotor was obtained, which shows that this model can purely withstand. The changes made in the design of the turbine blades have proved to be efficient. Keywords: VAWT, Straight blade, Air foil, Power coefficient.
Performance and Fault diagnosis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Componentsijsrd.com
With recent surge in fossil fuel prices and demand for cleaner renewable energy sources, Wind Turbine has become an alternative approach for power generation technology. Therefore operation, maintenance and repair techniques will be developed for efficient wind power generation. Failure analysis can support operation, management of spare components and accessories in wind plants, maintenance and repair of wind turbine. In this paper author aiming at eye of wind plants i.e. structure, function and analysis of common faults to find out fault laws, fault causes and effect on their corresponding performance measures.
Abstract This Innovated model of Darrieus Straight bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine system is the construction of a Three-bladed rotor system with each modified turbine blades suited to withstand on different circumstances. The modified blades are thus adjusted in a manner of the air flow striking close enough on the rotor. This paper presents a mean for reducing the loss of air flow during the process of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) by modifying each blade. The model was designed in such a way that one part of the turbine has an additional semicircular plate attached on the direction of wind, while the second rotor has a alteration in this design with air deviating wing which proves to be efficient. This modification results in the maintaining the lift and drag force on wind-blades. The generator can be driven by this modified Darrieus SBVAWT system to produce electricity, especially for agricultural purposes. For this purpose, three dimensional CFD analyses have been performed on a straight-bladed Darrieus-type rotor. The Darrieus rotors have been designed using CATIA and the model was tested for computing mesh by CFD software for finding the various factor of the VAWT system. The performance was analyzed and a result of the Darrieus rotor was obtained, which shows that this model can purely withstand. The changes made in the design of the turbine blades have proved to be efficient. Keywords: VAWT, Straight blade, Air foil, Power coefficient.
Performance and Fault diagnosis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Componentsijsrd.com
With recent surge in fossil fuel prices and demand for cleaner renewable energy sources, Wind Turbine has become an alternative approach for power generation technology. Therefore operation, maintenance and repair techniques will be developed for efficient wind power generation. Failure analysis can support operation, management of spare components and accessories in wind plants, maintenance and repair of wind turbine. In this paper author aiming at eye of wind plants i.e. structure, function and analysis of common faults to find out fault laws, fault causes and effect on their corresponding performance measures.
Analyzed, optimized, and prototyped design patented by Dr. Gecheng Zha of a carbon fiber VAWT; unique in its usage of a concentric outer ring of fixed stator blades which direct and accelerate airflow. Achieved optimized turbine efficiency of 22.25% (a 57.15% increase over base-model efficiency).
Advisor: Dr. Gecheng Zha.
FEA OF A CRANKSHAFT IN CRANK-PIN WEB FILLET REGION FOR IMPROVING FATIGUE LIFEijiert bestjournal
A crankshaft is often designed with a fillet radius to improving fatigue life of crankshaft. The fatigue life of crankshaft is depend on the proper fillet radius. This fillet radius is changes than fatigue life is also changes of crankshaft. In most of the time fatigue failure is occur in crank-pin web fillet region. The crankshaft fillet rolling process is one of the commonly adopted methods in engineering to improve fatigue life of the crankshaft. A finite element analysis is implemented to approximate the stress distribution induced in the crankpin fillet region. The modelling of crankshaft is created by Creo-parametric. Finite element analysis is performed to obtain the variation of stress at critical locations and fatigue life of the crank shaft using the ANSYS software and applying th e boundary conditions. Radius of fillet is changes in model of crankshaft to improvement in fatigue life. Th is work in doing for optimization of a crankshaft in crank-pin web fillet region with fatigue life as well as to study a relation between fillet radius/diameter of crankpin to fatigue life. .
Experimental investigation of stepped aerofoil using propeller test rigeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The objective of this project is to design a wind turbine that is optimized for the constraints that come with residential use. The main tasks of this project are:
> To study the design process and methodology of wind turbine
> Derive the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory then use it to conduct a parametric study that will determine if the optimized values of blade pitch and chord length create the most efficient blade geometry
> Analyse different air-foils to determine which one creates the most efficient wind turbine blade.
Effect of wind turbine on tlp floating platform responseseSAT Journals
Abstract Ever increasing population of India demands high production of electrical energy which puts immense pressure on our limited stock of non-renewable sources of energy and makes us dependent over imports from foreign countries. The present study focuses on the innovative concept of renewable offshore wind energy wherein the hydrodynamic analysis of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) which supports 5MW wind turbine tower is carried out using ‘ANSYS Workbench 14.5’. The six degree responses of the structure are obtained in operational conditions considering rated wind velocity of 11.4m/s in an irregular wave environment. Two cases are mainly considered, the first-one with incident wave and wind combined action along 00 (case 1) and the second–one with incident wave and wind combined action along 450 (case 2). The effect of wind turbine on TLP responses is compared in between 10 different geometric models; 5 models (A’, B’, C’, D’, E’) considering only the TLP platform and 5 models (A, B, C, D, E) considering the same platforms along with wind turbine tower. It is observed that TLP FOWT has higher translational motions (surge, sway, and heave) as compared to rotational motions (roll, pitch, and yaw). The metacentric height improves drastically after adding weight to concrete ballast. Higher reserve buoyancy helps reduce surge, sway, roll and yaw. The direction of the incident wave and wind does not affect heave response and remains same when incident wave and wind acts at 00 or 450. Higher reserve buoyancy increases pitch response only when incident wave and wind is acting at 00 but the reverse effect is observed when incident wave and wind is acting at 450. Keywords: TLP, floating offshore wind turbine, hydrodynamic analysis.
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
Analyzed, optimized, and prototyped design patented by Dr. Gecheng Zha of a carbon fiber VAWT; unique in its usage of a concentric outer ring of fixed stator blades which direct and accelerate airflow. Achieved optimized turbine efficiency of 22.25% (a 57.15% increase over base-model efficiency).
Advisor: Dr. Gecheng Zha.
FEA OF A CRANKSHAFT IN CRANK-PIN WEB FILLET REGION FOR IMPROVING FATIGUE LIFEijiert bestjournal
A crankshaft is often designed with a fillet radius to improving fatigue life of crankshaft. The fatigue life of crankshaft is depend on the proper fillet radius. This fillet radius is changes than fatigue life is also changes of crankshaft. In most of the time fatigue failure is occur in crank-pin web fillet region. The crankshaft fillet rolling process is one of the commonly adopted methods in engineering to improve fatigue life of the crankshaft. A finite element analysis is implemented to approximate the stress distribution induced in the crankpin fillet region. The modelling of crankshaft is created by Creo-parametric. Finite element analysis is performed to obtain the variation of stress at critical locations and fatigue life of the crank shaft using the ANSYS software and applying th e boundary conditions. Radius of fillet is changes in model of crankshaft to improvement in fatigue life. Th is work in doing for optimization of a crankshaft in crank-pin web fillet region with fatigue life as well as to study a relation between fillet radius/diameter of crankpin to fatigue life. .
Experimental investigation of stepped aerofoil using propeller test rigeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The objective of this project is to design a wind turbine that is optimized for the constraints that come with residential use. The main tasks of this project are:
> To study the design process and methodology of wind turbine
> Derive the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory then use it to conduct a parametric study that will determine if the optimized values of blade pitch and chord length create the most efficient blade geometry
> Analyse different air-foils to determine which one creates the most efficient wind turbine blade.
Effect of wind turbine on tlp floating platform responseseSAT Journals
Abstract Ever increasing population of India demands high production of electrical energy which puts immense pressure on our limited stock of non-renewable sources of energy and makes us dependent over imports from foreign countries. The present study focuses on the innovative concept of renewable offshore wind energy wherein the hydrodynamic analysis of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) which supports 5MW wind turbine tower is carried out using ‘ANSYS Workbench 14.5’. The six degree responses of the structure are obtained in operational conditions considering rated wind velocity of 11.4m/s in an irregular wave environment. Two cases are mainly considered, the first-one with incident wave and wind combined action along 00 (case 1) and the second–one with incident wave and wind combined action along 450 (case 2). The effect of wind turbine on TLP responses is compared in between 10 different geometric models; 5 models (A’, B’, C’, D’, E’) considering only the TLP platform and 5 models (A, B, C, D, E) considering the same platforms along with wind turbine tower. It is observed that TLP FOWT has higher translational motions (surge, sway, and heave) as compared to rotational motions (roll, pitch, and yaw). The metacentric height improves drastically after adding weight to concrete ballast. Higher reserve buoyancy helps reduce surge, sway, roll and yaw. The direction of the incident wave and wind does not affect heave response and remains same when incident wave and wind acts at 00 or 450. Higher reserve buoyancy increases pitch response only when incident wave and wind is acting at 00 but the reverse effect is observed when incident wave and wind is acting at 450. Keywords: TLP, floating offshore wind turbine, hydrodynamic analysis.
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
Role conflict and stress effect on the performance of employees working in pu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
A low complexity peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. All pass filters technique used PAPR is reduction but small amount of reduction, So use Selective Mapping (SLM) technique reduce PAPR and SNR increases.
Multi Channel Multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate Real Time Industrial Standard ...theijes
The Aim is for HDL Design Architecture and Implementation of Multi clock frequency synchronized real time industrial standard parallel Hi-tech PRBS CDMA Transceiver Bus Array ASIC SOC /Card for Ultra high Speed real time Industrial Communication Interface Cards/Products like Data Acquisition and Tracking of wireless Data Communication Protocol Interface Cards/SOC’s like Data Serializer, De-serializer, Data Communication Protocol interface ADD on cards/Products, FPGA Cards of Different Data Transfer Baud rate. This Design Consists of multiple parallel C.D.M.A Transmitters and Receiver ASIC I.P Cores , Data Transmission and Reception done by Different Clock Frequencies operated at Mega/Giga / Tera/ Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Clock Frequencies. Data Transmission Speed In terms Mega/Giga/Tera/Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Bytes/Frames/Super Frames etc. and also Data transmitter and receiver consists of base band signal and Carrier signal generators, Channel Encoder, Decoder, Modulator and Demodulator generates modulation and Demodulation signal by spreading and dispreading through different communication frequency spread Spectrum techniques DSSS Communication, FH , Chaos for high Bandwidth , the design done through parallel distributed computing technique, data transmission and reception done parallel for various data interface cards of different data transfer speed. In this design transmission and reception done by different PRBS Data Pattern Sequences like 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1, 2e48 -1, 2e52 -1, 2e63 -1 etc. H.D.L FPGA Industrial Software Design Flow Process Implementation Done by either Xilinx/Altera. Programming Done by Verilog /VHDL Software and Simulation, Synthesis, ASIC Floor planning and Placement and routing, Reconfiguration and Debugging Done Xilinx ISE 9.2i/10.1i EDA Software and Xilinx /Altera FPGA Development Board/Kit.
Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving vehicles for safe F...theijes
In this fast world the demand for energy is ever increasing. With increase in energy production. There is heavy increase in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels they are going to extinct very soon, So the best way to save our nature and increase energy production is by using renewable energy. In this paper I am going to discuss about production of electricity through wind turbine mounted over a moving vehicle. We are implementing a very advanced H-Bridge converter for this conversion of alternate current produced by permanent magnet moving generator to direct current. The main reason for this paper is to explain about utilization of wind energy on a moving vehicle which is being wasted and to extract electricity without any fluctuations.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Salestheijes
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
Policy Learning of Mineral Mining Managementtheijes
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the policy learning of mineral mining management in PT. Billy Indonesia Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data gathering techniques used Consultation procedure, public participation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Method of data analysis used qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that through the empowerment of the rural fund management, the actors of the government learned about the authority and how they should carry out their duties and functions. Actors from elements companies and non-governmental learn about rights and obligations in mining management, as well as learn about the development of community-based program and budget in the area of mineral mining, and the development of local institutions to community development and social conflict resolution in a rational and democratic. The company as an investor who is looking for a profit and at the same time be an agent, and actor instrumental policy learning, emphasis on a rational approach in the resolution of the conflict between the company and members of the public. In reconstructing social institutions, PT. Billy Indonesia became the originator of the instrumental learning through the provision of community development which requires the formation of community groups in utilizing the financial assistance provided by the company.
Classical mechanics analysis of the atomic wave and particulate formstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
A Computational Study Of Heat Transfer Due To The Inlet Oscillating Condition...theijes
Heat transferis numerically investigated in aconfined oscillating laminar slot jet. The inlet velocity profile is uniform, and oscillating with an angle φ (in radians) as follows:휑 = 휑푚푎푥 ∗ 푠푖푛(2휋푓푡).φmax is the maximum jet angle, and f is the frequency of oscillation. The height-to-jet-width ratio was set to 5, the fluid’s Prandtl number is 0.74 and Reynolds number was fixed at 250.Strouhal’s numberSt, which is the other dimensionless group characterizing this problem, was varied in the range 0.05<st><0.75.The jet hydraulic diameter (2w), was used in the definition of both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. φmax was defined, based on a solid finding presented later in this paper. At St=0.4, and 0.5, a modest enhancement of heat transfer was noticed in the stagnation region, when compared to a steady jet
The processor caches, main memory and storage system is an integral part of any computer system. As information begins to accumulate, higher density and long term storage solutions are necessary. Due to this, computer architects face some level of challenges in developing reliable, energy-efficient and high performance memories. Also, existing storage devises are degrading in performance, cost, and sizes. Power consumption from the factory has increased, as newer codes are written, and server hardware capabilities are not adequate to handle big data of the future. New emerging memories (NEMs) are presently with its properties likely to open doors to innovative memory designs to solve the problems. This paper looks at the features of the emerging memory technologies, and compares incumbent memories types with the expected future memories.
Natural Convection from Heated Rough Surface at the Bottom of Vented Rectangu...theijes
Natural convection heat transfer from tilted rectangular enclosure heated at the bottom rough surfaces wall and vented by uniform slots opening at top wall experimentally investigated. Rough surfaces of roughness 0.002 m are used to study their effect on the heat transfer characteristics. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of venting ratio, enclosure's tilt angle and Rayleigh number on the cooling of rough surface inside the enclosure. The experiments are carried out at a Rayleigh number ranging from 2 × 108 to 1.52× 109 for enclosure tilt angles ranging from 0º to 90. Top venting arrangement is studied at different venting ratios of 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25. Roughness shows a large effect on heat transfer for the rectangular enclosure where the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of venting ratio and decrease enclosure's tilt angle at the same Rayleigh number. This can be attributed to the roughness may increase the blockage effect on the flow that can cause the buoyancy force to decrease, but on the other hand it increases the turbulence intensity resulting in a higher heat transfer. The results are compared with a smooth rectangular enclosure of the same surface area to study the effect of roughness on heat transfer. The average Nu of rough surface in rectangular enclosure is higher than that of smooth surface by the range from 12 % to 21% depending on Ra. Correlations are developed for the top venting arrangement to predict the average Nusselt number of the enclosure in terms of the Rayleigh number, venting ratio and enclosure tilt angle.
Propulsion Selection and Analysis for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for SAE Aero D...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Kaveri engine has 7 components, these components are Low Pressure and High Pressure Compressors, Annular Combustor, High Pressure and Low Pressure Turbines, Afterburner System, Engine Gearbox, Electro-Hydro Mechanical Control Systems, Kaveri Digital Engine Control Unit.
Kaveri engine is an afterburning turbofan project developed by the GTRE, lab under DRDO, India. GTRE is now running two separate successor engine programmes, the K9+ and the K10. Click here to know more about kaveri Engine : http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Kaveri.jsp
Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Mari...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and
thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine
applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative
engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design
point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is
represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft
configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power
may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design
performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of
ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of
marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the
advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost
through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas
turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.
THE EFFECT OF VARIATION SKEW ANGLE B-SERIES PROPELLER ON PERFORMANCE AND CAVI...IAEME Publication
Achieving the highest possible efficiency from a propeller is needed to minimize
fuel. However, this is limited by the occurrence of cavitation, vibration, noise and
material strength possessed by propellers. Thus it is necessary to do a new
breakthrough in designing or modifying the shape of the propeller to achieve
maximum performance. One modification that can be done is to change the skew
angle. Propeller B-Series is a propeller that is often used and has a fairly complete
geometry data. Cavitation is something that must be considered because it will
manifest into noise, vibration and erosion in the propeller blade. The modification of
the skew angle will be analyzed using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
method of how the relationship between performance and cavitation results from the
various variations that have been made. So that later it can be known that skew angles
produce maximum performance and low cavitation. From the simulation results it can
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Concept Study for Adaptive Gas Turbine Rotor Blade
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 9 || Pages || PP -10-17 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 10
Concept Study for Adaptive Gas Turbine Rotor Blade
Dr. Muthuvel Murugan*1
, Mr. David Booth1
, Dr. Anindya Ghoshal1
,
Mr. Douglas Thurman1
, and Mr. Kevin Kerner2
1
U.S. Army Research Laboratory – Vehicle Technology Directorate
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, U.S.A
2
Aviation Development Directorate, AMRDEC, Fort Eustis, Virginia, U.S.A
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Articulating the pitch angle of a turbine blade can improve performance by maintaining optimum design
incidence and thus reduce the probability of flow separation and thermal stresses developed due to aerothermal
loads for variable speed gas turbine engine applications. Potential benefits to Army Aviation are highly efficient
(aerodynamically) turbine blades, possible reduction of the need for active blade cooling and thermal barrier
coatings, increased fuel efficiency, power density, and the ability to fly faster and longer. The goal of this effort
is to assess the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch turbine blade for maintaining attached flow
and optimal thermal design for a gas turbine engine. A technology concept study has been conducted to enable
a viable adaptable turbine rotor blade that can enhance the performance and efficiency of future aircraft gas
turbine engines. A typical aircraft turbine blade is used for this technology concept study. An adaptable turbine
rotor blade, if made feasible, can lead to a leap ahead technology innovation in improving part-load efficiency
of gas turbine engines.
Keywords– adaptable turbine blade, articulating blade, gas turbine rotor blade, highly efficient turbine blade
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 31 July 2015 Date of Accepted: 10 September 2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The present study is part of an effort underway by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) with the U.S.
Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center – Aviation Development
Directorate (AMRDEC-ADD) to develop the underlying technologies of a physics informed articulating
adaptive turbine blade optimized for aerodynamic performance and thermodynamics impact. The current study
that is presented in this paper investigates the feasibility of an adaptive turbine blade without cooling.Gas
turbine blades of conventional rotorcraft turboshaft engines, as depicted in Fig. 1, are optimized to operate at
nearly a fixed speed and a fixed incidence angle. If the operating condition of the engine changes, the flow
through the turbine may need to be turned to a more optimum direction. One way to do this is to use variable
turbine geometry, which has traditionally been used to change the angle of attack of non-rotating stator vanes to
optimize the aerodynamic performance and efficiency of the turbine over a wide operating range. By rotating
the vanes, the incidence angle and the effective throat area can be reduced or increased to optimize the flow
velocity for a range of varying flight operating conditions. This method however has the disadvantage of
increased weight and complexity, and the operating range is limited since the vanes can only be turned a certain
amount before severe flow angles begin to affect the rotating blades downstream.
Another method to increase the operating range of turbine engines is to design a blade that is
―incidence tolerant‖ of the incoming flow angles. Incidence tolerant blade research has been conducted by
NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) and ARL as a potential solution for maintaining turbine blade
aerodynamic performance for a variable speed power turbine [1]. Variable speed power turbines (VSPT) are a
potential enabling technology for high speed tilt rotorcraft, where the power turbine speed is slowed down by as
much as 51% during cruise flight compared to hover flight [2]. The potential high speed tilt rotorcraft that is the
focus of the VSPT technology development effort is a large vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) transport
capable of Mach 0.5 forward cruise at 28,000 ft with a range greater than 1,000 nautical miles. The notional
vehicle would be powered by two 7500 SHP-class power turbines, one per nacelle and rotor. The main rotors
would operate over a wide speed range from 100% at take-off to 54% at cruise.Significant design challenges
exist for turbine blades operating over such speed ranges due to the turbine blades experiencing a wide range of
incidence angles, high work factors at cruise, and low aft stage Reynolds numbers at 28,000 ft cruise flight
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[3].Slowing down the power turbine will require higher work factors (flow turning) and will result in lower
efficiencies than can be achieved in a turbine optimized for near constant high speed (100%)
operation[2].Maintaining high fuel efficiency is a challenge and a balance must be achieved with the fuel burn
penalties associated with variable speed engine capability and the gains achieved by slowing the main rotor
speed substantially to 51% of take-off speed as required to maintain high propeller efficiencies at cruise flight
speed [2].
Figure 1. Cut away illustration of a typical rotorcraft engine
While variable geometry and incidence tolerant blading can increase the operating range of a turbine, further
optimization and performance improvements could result by articulating the rotating blades of the turbine. The
focus of this study is to explore an alternative to incidence tolerant blade design by articulating the pitch angle
of a rotating uncooled gas turbine blade for variable speed applications to maintain an incidence angle optimized
for maximum aerodynamic performance.Future studies will include the possibility of morphing the blade shape
in a high temperature/high pressure environment. This study will further discuss the concept of articulating high
pressure turbine blades with the goal of possibly reducing the need for active air cooling and thermal barrier
coating. Reducing the parasitic losses due to active bleed air cooling will also help to increase the engine
performance.In essence it is postulated that the compressor blades, gas turbine stator and rotor blades and the
power turbine blades, will benefit from the articulating blade technology in terms of optimized aerodynamic
performance, reduced thermal stresses, widened engine stall margin and reduction of flow losses, and higher
energy conversion (power turbine) at a wide range of operating conditions
II. AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Historically, there have been many research attempts in aircraft design to have articulating wing
designs to maximize aerodynamic performance at all operating conditions. One such innovative design is shown
in Figure 2 for a short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft by Zenith Aircraft Company [4]. This design uses
leading edge slats and articulating trailing edge flaps to achieve high lift and low stall speeds. The leading slats
allow high incidence at lower speeds by accelerating the air between the slat and the wing (venturi effect). The
leading edge slats allow for steep climb angles of up to 30 degrees [4] (see Figure 3). The trailing edge flaps can
be articulated to maximize the aerodynamic performance at different incidence angles. These flaps and slats
however create extra drag over the wing and affect optimal performance. With new advanced materials and
techniques such as shape memory alloys and compliant flexible morphing, slats and flaps can be eliminated,
reducing drag and improving performance of the wing. These concepts can also be applied to the blades of a
turbine engine to improve aerodynamic performance and efficiency.
As previously mentioned, variable turbine geometry has traditionally been used to change the angle of attack of
non-rotating stator vanes to optimize the aerodynamic performance and efficiency of the turbine over a wide
operating range. But variable geometry comes with increased weight and complexity, and the vanes can only be
turned a certain amount before severe flow angles begin to affect the rotating blades downstream. This effect
could be alleviated if the rotating blades were also able to be articulated to change their angle of attack together
with the vanes, thus increasing the operating range and efficiency of a variable geometry turbine.
There are many articulating mechanisms currently studied that can be used in rotating applications. Traditional
types of actuators such as mechanical, pneumatic, electro-mechanical, or hydraulic systems have been used
successfully for many applications. Although they might be difficult to package in the disk of a rotating turbine
blade, they will be considered for further study. Piezo-electric, hydraulic and electromechanical based actuators
3. Concept Study for Adaptive Gas…
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have been used for blade pitch actuation mechanisms in helicopter rotor blade and wind turbine applications. In
large rotating turbine systems such as wind turbines, it is possible to house the articulating mechanisms in the
hub attachment or the gear box housing of the turbine blade. A conceptual mechanically articulated wind turbine
blade is shown in Figure 4 from reference [5]. The articulating blade involves an airfoil on a straight-blade
vertical axis wind turbine that maintains its angle of attack regardless of the position to the hub or central shaft
through a hinge allowing out-of-plane or in-plane motions. While in vertical axis wind turbines, the airfoil
changes angle of attack as the rotor revolves. In other wind turbines, like Darrieus rotors, the blades have a
constant pitch angle articulation. That case implies coordinated movement of a jointed assembly. Under any
case, articulation enables maximization of lift [6]. Other types of actuation mechanisms that would be applicable
to the current study include smart materials such as shape memory alloys (SMAs) and compliant morphing
materials.The power turbine efficiency is impacted by the positioning of variable stators, but with careful design
the drop in turbine efficiency can be offset by maintaining a higher turbine inlet temperature at part-load [7].
However, increasing the turbine inlet temperature adds additional design burden on material choice or cooling
needs for turbine blades.
Figure 2. High-Lift wing design for a STOL aircraft (Courtesy: Zenith Aircraft Company, [4])
Figure 3. Leading-edge slats allowing high incidence angle (Courtesy: Zenith Aircraft Company, [4])
Figure 4a. Conceptual mechanically-actuated articulating wind turbine blade (Courtesy: Albert Questiaux, [5])
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Figure 4b. Conceptual mechanically-actuated articulating wind turbine blade (Courtesy: Albert Questiaux, [5])
2.1. Benefits
Adaptable turbine blades that can change their incidence angles and/or shape may benefit power
turbines by mitigating detrimental aerodynamic effects associated with low Re number and high work factor
conditions.High altitude (28,000 ft) cruise requirements impose low Re number challenges for both fixed and
variable speed power turbines. Low Re number operation often results in significant regions of laminar flow on
the suction side of airfoils, which in turn makes them susceptible to laminar separations that may or may not
reattach [8]. This transitional flow causes higher loss levels and reduced incidence capability compared to
typical rotorcraft operation. The need for strong incidence tolerance exacerbates the low Re challenge. In
addition, the increase in design-point loss due to Re lapse is larger in high lift airfoils than in low lift designs [8].
An adaptable blade design may mitigate this issue by maintaining an optimal incidence angle and not needing to
rely on a thickened leading edge, incidence tolerant blade shape. Reducing low Re lapse and thus reducing
performance loss associated with blade stall generally will require increasing the axial chord of VSPT turbine
blading. This leads to increased engine length per stage and ultimately increased engine length and thus weight.
An adaptable blade may avoid these issues through being able to adjust to an optimal angle and maintain
efficient aerodynamic flow. For a given blade geometry the aerodynamic loading increases in proportion to the
work factor. High work factors (flow turning) required at the lower power turbine speeds in VSPT applications
will result in lower efficiencies than can be achieved in a turbine optimized for near constant high speed (100%)
operation [3]. Retention of high turbine efficiency at the very high work factors and aero loading levels of cruise
operation is one of the principal challenges for VSPT aerodynamic design efforts using incidence tolerant blades
as incidence range decreases with increased loading [9]. An adaptable turbine blade, where the incidence angle
can be varied to reduce work factor,will thus increase efficiency and may help to mitigate this issue.
Adaptable turbine blades that can change their shape through morphing technology can allow the blade to
transform so that it is shaped optimally for each mission design point such as for the 2,000 ft take-off/hover and
28,000 ft Mach 0.5 cruise points for the VSPT application (100% N (speed) and 54% N (speed) for main rotor
and VSPT). The power turbine blade thus would not need to be incidence tolerant in shape and could change to
one that avoids or reduces the adverse pressure gradient that will likely cause pressure side separation predicted
at the strong negative incidence associated with the VSPT take off/hover operation condition[1]. It would then
be able to change shape to one that has better performance at high loading and be more resistant to suction side
separation at low Re numbers present at the VSPT cruise operation condition.
III. CONCEPTUAL MECHANISMS DESIGN
An example of typical stator and rotor blade flow passages for an axial flow turbine stage is shown in
Fig. 5; the blade shapes are for reference only. In gas turbine engines the stator and rotor rows are close
together, the gap is approximately 20% of the blade chord [10]. The corresponding flow velocity triangles are
shown in Fig. 6 for conceptual design condition (100% turbine speed). For both rotor and stator rows the flow is
nearly tangential at outlet than at inlet. In Fig. 6, C1 corresponds to absolute flow velocity at inlet to the turbine
stator or nozzle. The stator inlet blade angle is denoted as α1. Ca1 is the axial component of flow velocity at inlet
to the stator. U denotes the tangential velocity of the rotor blade. V2 denotes the relative flow velocity at inlet to
the blade passage. β2 is the inlet rotor blade angle with respect to axial direction as shown in Fig. 6. C2 is the
absolute flow velocity at rotor blade inlet. α2 is the absolute flow angle with respect to axial direction at inlet to
rotor blade passage. Similar notations apply to the flow velocity triangle at the rotor blade passage exit noted
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with suffix 3. One example would be of power turbine for a tilt rotor aircraft. If the engine condition changes,
say from take-off (100% power turbine speed) to cruise (50% power turbine speed) for a tilt-rotor vehicle, the
incidence flow angles will change.
For off design condition, the resulting flow velocity triangles and blade angles for reduced gas turbine speed are
shown in Figure 7 conceptually. In Fig. 7, the changed flow velocities and angles are shown through the stator
and rotor blade passages. Since the vane and blade angles remain the same in conventional design in current gas
turbine engines, the performance of the turbine would decrease due to high incidence angles and resulting flow
separation losses. But if both vanes and blades were allowed to articulate to change their respective pitch angles,
as shown conceptually in Figure 8, aerodynamic losses would be minimized, and turbine performance would
remain optimum at all operating conditions. Articulating both stator and rotor blades would allow for optimal
laminar flow to maximize aerodynamic performance at various stator and rotor flow angle variations under
different operating conditions. Candidate concept blade articulation design mechanisms for blade articulation
are being studied. Selected promising candidate designs will then be down-selected for future efforts on this
research. One of the possible articulation mechanism designs (blade pitch rotation) that is being studied is
shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 5. Stator and rotor blade passages in axial flow turbine stage
Figure 6. Flow velocity triangles through stator and rotor blade passages for axial flow turbine stage (design
condition)
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Figure7. Flow velocity triangles through stator and rotor blade passages for axial flow turbine stage (off-design
condition)
Figure 8. Coordinated articulation of stator and rotor blades for efficient aerodynamic performance (conceptual)
3.1. Smart Materials Based Actuation Systems
Several actuation mechanisms such as piezoelectric, SMA, magnetic, and electrostatic have been used
successfully in micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and may be applicable for micro-turbines. Pneumatic,
hydraulic, electromechanical, magnetic and smart materials like SMAs and piezoelectric materials should be
considered when trying to determine the best mechanism to use for an articulating blade. One disadvantage to
all of these, however, is that none can be used at high temperature and pressure, which is seen in a gas turbine
engine. Another issue to consider is that the system will have to be placed in a small package located at the hub
and disk of the rotating blade. In order to determine the best mechanism to use for an articulating blade, several
factors need to be considered, such as output power density, efficiency, force density, and integration with the
system. A good reference comparing some of these actuator categories is found in reference [11].
For this study, it is proposed to articulate the pitch of the rotating turbine blades. One possible design would be
to house the actuators inside the turbine disk. Benefits from this design would be a radially lower placement of
weight from the actuation mechanism and lower temperatures than if the mechanism were placed in the blade
itself. SMAs or other potentially viable smart material based actuators could be used for the blade pitch
articulation application shown in Fig. 9. For this design, the smart material based actuators can be housed inside
the turbine disk from a packaging design consideration. However the actuator used will have to survive disk
temperatures that could reach 700°C and above. The benefit of this design is that the temperature inside the
turbine disk would be considerably lower than in the blade itself, allowing the possibility of using a NiTi SMA
combinedwith Pd, Pt, Au, Hf, or Zr to sustain temperatures in the range of up to ~ 800°C.There has been
continued interest in developing high temperature shape memory alloys (SMA) for applications in aerospace,
automotive, process and energy industries. However, current commercially available NiTi SMA alloys are
limited in their high temperature handling capability. The addition of Pd, Pt, Au, Hf, and Zr to NiTi alloys have
shown potential to increase the high temperature sustainability of NiTi alloys up to ~800°C, but their
7. Concept Study for Adaptive Gas…
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mechanical strength characteristics at high temperature have not been investigated in depth [12]. Reference [7]
reports the practical temperature limitations for ternary TiNiPd and TiNiPt alloys and the ability of these alloys
to undergo repeated thermal cycling under load without significant permanent deformation.
Figure 9. Blade pitch articulation using a high temperature capable SMA
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The paper provides a conceptual assessmentof the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch
turbine blade for maintaining high aerodynamic performance and optimal thermal design for gas turbine engines
operating at design and part-load conditions.Conceptual articulation mechanism ideas have been generated.
Various smart materials have been reviewed for blade articulation application. The possibility of using high
temperature capable NiTi SMAs have been reviewed as well. Existing challenges in using NiTi SMAs for high
temperature application have been noted.
V. FUTURE WORK
Detailed aerodynamic computational investigations are planned to be carried out to determine the range
of angular rotation needed to articulate the blades with respect to the nominal design blade angle settings for a
turbine stage. Simultaneously, promising high temperature capable SMAs and pzt (piezo-electric) based smart
actuators will be investigated in depth for blade articulation application. This adaptive gas turbine blade
innovations study includes the following:
1. The CFD modeling to understand the design space for the turbine blade angles.
2. Articulating gas turbine blade mechanism via active and passive actuation.
3. Highly coupled nonlinear fluid structure interaction modeling using isogeometric analysis.
The expected payoffs post transition to a higher TRL (Technology Readiness Level):
1. Adaptive gas turbine blade technology insertion for optimized engine performance.
2. Mitigate engine stall and flow separation in candidate future Variable Speed Turbine for FVL (Future
Vertical Lift) aircraft.
3. More efficient power generation (Power Turbine for a turboshaft engine)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the discussions with Dr. Peter M. Anderson, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, on the use of high temperature shape memory alloys for this research topic.
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REFERNCES
[1] Welch, G.E., Giel, P.W., Ameri, A.A., To, W., Skoch, G.J., Thurman, D.R., ―Variable-Speed Power Turbine Research at Glenn
Research Center,‖ Proc. AHS Int. 68th Annual Forum, May; also NASA/TM—2012-217605, July.
[2] D’Angelo, M., ―Wide Speed Range Turboshaft Study,‖ NASA CR-198380, August 1995.
[3] Welch, G.E., 2010, ―Assessment of Aerodynamic Challenges of a Variable-Speed Power Turbine for Large Civil Tilt-Rotor
Application,‖ Proc. AHS Int. 66th Annual Forum, May; also NASA/TM—2010-216758, August.
[4] STOL CH 701 Design, High-Lift Wing Design for a short take-off and landing aircraft, Zenith Aircraft Company, Mexico,
Missouri, http://www.zenithair.com/stolch701/7-design-wing.html
[5] Variable pitch and articulating wind turbine hub (Concept), http://grabcad.com/library/variable-pitch-articulating-wind-turbine-
hub-front-view-concept, CAD model by Albert Questiaux, June 28, 2012.
[6] Gipe, P., ―Wind Power: Renewable Energy for Home, Farm, and Business, 2nd Edition, Chelsea Green Publishing, VT, 2004.
[7] Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C., Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., Gas Turbine Theory, Second Edition, published by English Language Book
Society and Longman Group Limited, 1972, ISBN: 058244002.5.
[8] Praisner, T. J., Grover, E. A, Knezevici, D. C., Sjolander, S. A., Clark, J. P., Sondergaard, R., ―Toward the Expansion of Low-
Pressure-Turbine Airfoil Design Space,‖ Proc. ASME Turbo Expo, GT2008-50898, June 2008.
[9] Welch, G.E.,Skoch, G.J., Thurman, D.R., ―Foundational Aero Research for Development of Efficient Power Turbines with 50%
Variable-speed Capability,‖ ARL-MR-0768, February 2011.
[10] Cumpsty, N., ―Jet Propulsion, A simple guide to aerodynamic and thermodynamic design and performance of jet engines,‖ 2nd
Ed., Cambridge University Press, 20003.
[11] Karpelson, M., Wei, G., Wood, R., ―A Review of Actuation and Power Electronics Options for Flapping-Wing Robotic Insects‖,
2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Pasadena, CA, USA, May 19-23, 2008.
[12] Padula, S., Bigelow, G., Noebe, R., Gaydosh, D., and Garg, A., ―Challenges and Progress in the Development of High-
Temperature Shape Memory Alloys Based on NiTiX Compositions for High-Force Actuator Applications‖, Conference paper,
Document ID: 20110001638, International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Pacific Grove, CA, 7-
11 May, 2006.
Nomenclature
α: Absolute flow angle with respect to axial
β: Relative flow angle with respect to axial
C: Absolute flow velocity
Ca: Axial component flow velocity
NiTi: Nickel-Titanium shape memory alloy
Re: Reynolds number
SHP: Shaft horse power
STOL: Short take-off and landing
U: Blade tangential velocity
V: Resultant flow velocity