This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
Not just consider one operation, but a sequence of operations on a given data structure.
Average cost over a sequence of operations.
Probabilistic analysis:
Average case running time: average over all possible inputs for one algorithm (operation).
If using probability, called expected running time.
Amortized analysis:
No involvement of probability
Average performance on a sequence of operations, even some operation is expensive.
Guarantee average performance of each operation among the sequence in worst case.
Worst-case analysis is sometimes overly pessimistic.
Amortized analysis of an algorithm involves computing the maximum total number of all operations on the various data structures.
Amortized cost applies to each operation, even when there are several types of operations in the sequence.
In amortized analysis, time required to perform a sequence of data structure operations is averaged over all the successive operations performed. That is, a large cost of one operation is spread out over many operations (amortized), where the others are less expensive.
Therefore, amortized anaysis can be used to show that the average cost of an operation is small, if one averages over a sequence of operations, even though one of the single operations might be very expensive.
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers 6th Edition Montgomery Solut...qyjewyvu
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/applied-statistics-and-probability-for-engineers-6th-edition-montgomery-solutions-manual/
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers 6th Edition Montgomery Solutions Manual
Control Chart Analysis of Ek/M/1 Queueing Model IJMER
Queueing problems are most common features not only in our daily-life situations such as bank
counters, post offices, ticket booking centres, public transportation systems, but also in more technical
environments such as in manufacturing, computer networking and telecommunications. For any queueing
system average queue length, average system length, average waiting time in the queue and average
waiting time in the system are the main observable performance characteristics. Control chart is a graph
used to study how a process changes over time and it is also used to control ongoing processes. In this
paper control limits are established to study the behavior of Ek
/M /1 queueing model using the
performance characteristics. Numerical results are given to highlight its applications.
I am Joe B. I am a Logistics Assignment Expert at statisticshomeworkhelper.com. I hold a Bachelor's Degree in Business Logistics Management, from Texas University, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 3 years. I solve assignments related to business and logistics.
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You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Logistic Assignment.
Policy Learning of Mineral Mining Managementtheijes
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the policy learning of mineral mining management in PT. Billy Indonesia Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data gathering techniques used Consultation procedure, public participation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Method of data analysis used qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that through the empowerment of the rural fund management, the actors of the government learned about the authority and how they should carry out their duties and functions. Actors from elements companies and non-governmental learn about rights and obligations in mining management, as well as learn about the development of community-based program and budget in the area of mineral mining, and the development of local institutions to community development and social conflict resolution in a rational and democratic. The company as an investor who is looking for a profit and at the same time be an agent, and actor instrumental policy learning, emphasis on a rational approach in the resolution of the conflict between the company and members of the public. In reconstructing social institutions, PT. Billy Indonesia became the originator of the instrumental learning through the provision of community development which requires the formation of community groups in utilizing the financial assistance provided by the company.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Not just consider one operation, but a sequence of operations on a given data structure.
Average cost over a sequence of operations.
Probabilistic analysis:
Average case running time: average over all possible inputs for one algorithm (operation).
If using probability, called expected running time.
Amortized analysis:
No involvement of probability
Average performance on a sequence of operations, even some operation is expensive.
Guarantee average performance of each operation among the sequence in worst case.
Worst-case analysis is sometimes overly pessimistic.
Amortized analysis of an algorithm involves computing the maximum total number of all operations on the various data structures.
Amortized cost applies to each operation, even when there are several types of operations in the sequence.
In amortized analysis, time required to perform a sequence of data structure operations is averaged over all the successive operations performed. That is, a large cost of one operation is spread out over many operations (amortized), where the others are less expensive.
Therefore, amortized anaysis can be used to show that the average cost of an operation is small, if one averages over a sequence of operations, even though one of the single operations might be very expensive.
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers 6th Edition Montgomery Solut...qyjewyvu
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/applied-statistics-and-probability-for-engineers-6th-edition-montgomery-solutions-manual/
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers 6th Edition Montgomery Solutions Manual
Control Chart Analysis of Ek/M/1 Queueing Model IJMER
Queueing problems are most common features not only in our daily-life situations such as bank
counters, post offices, ticket booking centres, public transportation systems, but also in more technical
environments such as in manufacturing, computer networking and telecommunications. For any queueing
system average queue length, average system length, average waiting time in the queue and average
waiting time in the system are the main observable performance characteristics. Control chart is a graph
used to study how a process changes over time and it is also used to control ongoing processes. In this
paper control limits are established to study the behavior of Ek
/M /1 queueing model using the
performance characteristics. Numerical results are given to highlight its applications.
I am Joe B. I am a Logistics Assignment Expert at statisticshomeworkhelper.com. I hold a Bachelor's Degree in Business Logistics Management, from Texas University, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 3 years. I solve assignments related to business and logistics.
Visit statisticshomeworkhelper.com or email info@statisticshomeworkhelper.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Logistic Assignment.
Policy Learning of Mineral Mining Managementtheijes
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the policy learning of mineral mining management in PT. Billy Indonesia Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data gathering techniques used Consultation procedure, public participation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Method of data analysis used qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that through the empowerment of the rural fund management, the actors of the government learned about the authority and how they should carry out their duties and functions. Actors from elements companies and non-governmental learn about rights and obligations in mining management, as well as learn about the development of community-based program and budget in the area of mineral mining, and the development of local institutions to community development and social conflict resolution in a rational and democratic. The company as an investor who is looking for a profit and at the same time be an agent, and actor instrumental policy learning, emphasis on a rational approach in the resolution of the conflict between the company and members of the public. In reconstructing social institutions, PT. Billy Indonesia became the originator of the instrumental learning through the provision of community development which requires the formation of community groups in utilizing the financial assistance provided by the company.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
A low complexity peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. All pass filters technique used PAPR is reduction but small amount of reduction, So use Selective Mapping (SLM) technique reduce PAPR and SNR increases.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Concept Study for Adaptive Gas Turbine Rotor Bladetheijes
Articulating the pitch angle of a turbine blade can improve performance by maintaining optimum design incidence and thus reduce the probability of flow separation and thermal stresses developed due to aerothermal loads for variable speed gas turbine engine applications. Potential benefits to Army Aviation are highly efficient (aerodynamically) turbine blades, possible reduction of the need for active blade cooling and thermal barrier coatings, increased fuel efficiency, power density, and the ability to fly faster and longer. The goal of this effort is to assess the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch turbine blade for maintaining attached flow and optimal thermal design for a gas turbine engine. A technology concept study has been conducted to enable a viable adaptable turbine rotor blade that can enhance the performance and efficiency of future aircraft gas turbine engines. A typical aircraft turbine blade is used for this technology concept study. An adaptable turbine rotor blade, if made feasible, can lead to a leap ahead technology innovation in improving part-load efficiency of gas turbine engines.
Natural Convection from Heated Rough Surface at the Bottom of Vented Rectangu...theijes
Natural convection heat transfer from tilted rectangular enclosure heated at the bottom rough surfaces wall and vented by uniform slots opening at top wall experimentally investigated. Rough surfaces of roughness 0.002 m are used to study their effect on the heat transfer characteristics. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of venting ratio, enclosure's tilt angle and Rayleigh number on the cooling of rough surface inside the enclosure. The experiments are carried out at a Rayleigh number ranging from 2 × 108 to 1.52× 109 for enclosure tilt angles ranging from 0º to 90. Top venting arrangement is studied at different venting ratios of 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25. Roughness shows a large effect on heat transfer for the rectangular enclosure where the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of venting ratio and decrease enclosure's tilt angle at the same Rayleigh number. This can be attributed to the roughness may increase the blockage effect on the flow that can cause the buoyancy force to decrease, but on the other hand it increases the turbulence intensity resulting in a higher heat transfer. The results are compared with a smooth rectangular enclosure of the same surface area to study the effect of roughness on heat transfer. The average Nu of rough surface in rectangular enclosure is higher than that of smooth surface by the range from 12 % to 21% depending on Ra. Correlations are developed for the top venting arrangement to predict the average Nusselt number of the enclosure in terms of the Rayleigh number, venting ratio and enclosure tilt angle.
The processor caches, main memory and storage system is an integral part of any computer system. As information begins to accumulate, higher density and long term storage solutions are necessary. Due to this, computer architects face some level of challenges in developing reliable, energy-efficient and high performance memories. Also, existing storage devises are degrading in performance, cost, and sizes. Power consumption from the factory has increased, as newer codes are written, and server hardware capabilities are not adequate to handle big data of the future. New emerging memories (NEMs) are presently with its properties likely to open doors to innovative memory designs to solve the problems. This paper looks at the features of the emerging memory technologies, and compares incumbent memories types with the expected future memories.
Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving vehicles for safe F...theijes
In this fast world the demand for energy is ever increasing. With increase in energy production. There is heavy increase in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels they are going to extinct very soon, So the best way to save our nature and increase energy production is by using renewable energy. In this paper I am going to discuss about production of electricity through wind turbine mounted over a moving vehicle. We are implementing a very advanced H-Bridge converter for this conversion of alternate current produced by permanent magnet moving generator to direct current. The main reason for this paper is to explain about utilization of wind energy on a moving vehicle which is being wasted and to extract electricity without any fluctuations.
Role conflict and stress effect on the performance of employees working in pu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
Classical mechanics analysis of the atomic wave and particulate formstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
Multi Channel Multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate Real Time Industrial Standard ...theijes
The Aim is for HDL Design Architecture and Implementation of Multi clock frequency synchronized real time industrial standard parallel Hi-tech PRBS CDMA Transceiver Bus Array ASIC SOC /Card for Ultra high Speed real time Industrial Communication Interface Cards/Products like Data Acquisition and Tracking of wireless Data Communication Protocol Interface Cards/SOC’s like Data Serializer, De-serializer, Data Communication Protocol interface ADD on cards/Products, FPGA Cards of Different Data Transfer Baud rate. This Design Consists of multiple parallel C.D.M.A Transmitters and Receiver ASIC I.P Cores , Data Transmission and Reception done by Different Clock Frequencies operated at Mega/Giga / Tera/ Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Clock Frequencies. Data Transmission Speed In terms Mega/Giga/Tera/Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Bytes/Frames/Super Frames etc. and also Data transmitter and receiver consists of base band signal and Carrier signal generators, Channel Encoder, Decoder, Modulator and Demodulator generates modulation and Demodulation signal by spreading and dispreading through different communication frequency spread Spectrum techniques DSSS Communication, FH , Chaos for high Bandwidth , the design done through parallel distributed computing technique, data transmission and reception done parallel for various data interface cards of different data transfer speed. In this design transmission and reception done by different PRBS Data Pattern Sequences like 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1, 2e48 -1, 2e52 -1, 2e63 -1 etc. H.D.L FPGA Industrial Software Design Flow Process Implementation Done by either Xilinx/Altera. Programming Done by Verilog /VHDL Software and Simulation, Synthesis, ASIC Floor planning and Placement and routing, Reconfiguration and Debugging Done Xilinx ISE 9.2i/10.1i EDA Software and Xilinx /Altera FPGA Development Board/Kit.
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
A Computational Study Of Heat Transfer Due To The Inlet Oscillating Condition...theijes
Heat transferis numerically investigated in aconfined oscillating laminar slot jet. The inlet velocity profile is uniform, and oscillating with an angle φ (in radians) as follows:휑 = 휑푚푎푥 ∗ 푠푖푛(2휋푓푡).φmax is the maximum jet angle, and f is the frequency of oscillation. The height-to-jet-width ratio was set to 5, the fluid’s Prandtl number is 0.74 and Reynolds number was fixed at 250.Strouhal’s numberSt, which is the other dimensionless group characterizing this problem, was varied in the range 0.05<st><0.75.The jet hydraulic diameter (2w), was used in the definition of both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. φmax was defined, based on a solid finding presented later in this paper. At St=0.4, and 0.5, a modest enhancement of heat transfer was noticed in the stagnation region, when compared to a steady jet
An Enhance PSO Based Approach for Solving Economical Ordered Quantity (EOQ) P...IJMER
The Meta-heuristic approaches can provide a sufficiently good solution to an
optimization problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information and with lower
computational complexity especially for numerical solutions. This paper presents an enhanced PSO
(Particle Swarm Optimization) technique for solving the same problem. Through the PSO performs well
but it may require some more iteration to converge or sometimes many repetitions for the complex
problems. To overcome these problems an enhanced PSO is presented which utilizes the PSO with
double chaotic maps to perform irregular velocity updates which forces the particles to search greater
space for best global solution. Finally the comparison between both algorithms is performed for the
EOQ problem considering deteriorating items, shortages and partially backlogging. The simulation
results shows that the proposed enhanced PSO converges quickly and found much closer solution then
PSO.
A Fuzzy Arithmetic Approach for Perishable Items in Discounted Entropic Order...Waqas Tariq
This paper uses fuzzy arithmetic approach to the system cost for perishable items with instant deterioration for the discounted entropic order quantity model. Traditional crisp system cost observes that some costs may belong to the uncertain factors. It is necessary to extend the system cost to treat also the vague costs. We introduce a new concept which we call entropy and show that the total payoff satisfies the optimization property. We show how special case of this problem reduce to perfect results, and how post deteriorated discounted entropic order quantity model is a generalization of optimization. It has been imperative to demonstrate this model by analysis, which reveals important characteristics of discounted structure. Further numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the relative performance between the fuzzy and crisp cases in EnOQ and EOQ separately.
Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliersinventionjournals
Inventories exist throughout the supply chain in various form for various reasons. Since carrying these inventories can cost anywhere from 20-40 % of their value a year, managing them in a scientific manner to maintain minimal levels makes economic sense. This paper presents a continuous review two echelon inventory system. The operating policy at the lower echelon is (s, S) that is whenever the inventory level traps to s on order for Q = (S-s) items is placed, the ordered items are received after a random time which is distributed as exponential. We assume that the demands accruing during the stock-out period are lost. The retailer replenishes their stock from the regular supplier which adopts (0,M) policy, M = n1Q. When the regular supplier stock is empty the replacement of retailer stock made by the outside supplier who adopts (0, N) policy N = n2Q. The joint probability disruption of the inventory levels of retailer, regular supplier and the outside supplier are obtained in the steady state case. Various system performance measures are derived and the long run total expected inventory cost rate is calculated. Several instances of a numerical examples, which provide insight into the behaviour of the system are presented.
Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliersinventionjournals
: Inventories exist throughout the supply chain in various form for various reasons. Since carrying these inventories can cost anywhere from 20-40 % of their value a year, managing them in a scientific manner to maintain minimal levels makes economic sense. This paper presents a continuous review two echelon inventory system. The operating policy at the lower echelon is (s, S) that is whenever the inventory level traps to s on order for Q = (S-s) items is placed, the ordered items are received after a random time which is distributed as exponential. We assume that the demands accruing during the stock-out period are lost. The retailer replenishes their stock from the regular supplier which adopts (0,M) policy, M = n1Q. When the regular supplier stock is empty the replacement of retailer stock made by the outside supplier who adopts (0, N) policy N = n2Q. The joint probability disruption of the inventory levels of retailer, regular supplier and the outside supplier are obtained in the steady state case. Various system performance measures are derived and the long run total expected inventory cost rate is calculated. Several instances of a numerical examples, which provide insight into the behaviour of the system are presented.
Perishable Inventory Model Having Weibull Lifetime and Time Dependent DemandIOSR Journals
In this paper we develop and analyse an inventory model for deteriorating items with Weibull rate of decay and time dependent demand. Using the differential equations, the instantaneous state of inventory at time‘t’, the amount of deterioration etc. are derived. With suitable cost considerations the total cost function and profit rate function are also obtained by maximizing the profit rate function, the optimal ordering and pricing policies of the model are derived. The sensitivity of the model with respect to the parameters is discussed through numerical illustration. It is observed that the deteriorating parameters have a tremendous influence on the optimal selling price and ordering quantity.
Modeling Of an Inventory System for Non-Instantaneous decaying Items with Par...iosrjce
We will discuss an inventory model is investigates with variable demand rate and time dependent deteriorating items.In this study, we have taken shortages in inventory are allowed and fully backlogged. This model is studied under the condition for decaying items of permissible delay in payments which is most
important and an outcome of interaction between product and financial markets which arises. This model based on time-dependent, holding cost, shortages cost and the combination of model is unique and practical.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Fuzzy Inventory Model of Deteriorating Items under Power Dependent Demand and...orajjournal
The present paper deals with the development of a fuzzy inventory model of deteriorating items
under power demand rate and inventory level dependent holding cost function. The deterioration
rate, demand rate, holding cost and unit cost are considered as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Both
the crisp model and fuzzy model are developed in this paper. The graded mean integration
method(GM) and signed distance method(SD) are used to defuzzify the total cost of the present
model. Both the models are illustrated by suitable numerical examples and a sensitivity analysis
for the optimal solution towards changes in the system parameters are discussed. Lastly a
graphical presentation is furnished to compare the total costs under the above two mentioned
methods in the fuzzy model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Moment Preserving Approximation of Independent Components for the Reconstruct...rahulmonikasharma
The application of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has found considerable success in problems where sets of observed time series may be considered as results of linearly mixed instantaneous source signals. The Independent Components (IC’s) or features can be used in the reconstruction of observed multivariate time seriesfollowing an optimal ordering process. For trend discovery and forecasting, the generated IC’s can be approximated for the purpose of noise removal and for the lossy compression of the signals.We propose a moment-preserving (MP) methodology for approximating IC’s for the reconstruction of multivariate time series.The methodologyis based on deriving the approximation in the signal domain while preserving a finite number of geometric moments in its Fourier domain.Experimental results are presented onthe approximation of both artificial time series and actual time series of currency exchange rates. Our results show that the moment-preserving (MP) approximations of time series are superior to other usual interpolation approximation methods, particularly when the signals contain significant noise components. The results also indicate that the present MP approximations have significantly higher reconstruction accuracy and can be used successfully for signal denoising while achieving in the same time high packing ratios. Moreover, we find that quite acceptable reconstructions of observed multivariate time series can be obtained with only the first few MP approximated IC’s.
A STATISTICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME SORTING ALGORITHMSijfcstjournal
This research paper is a statistical comparative study of a few average case asymptotically optimal sorting
algorithms namely, Quick sort, Heap sort and K- sort. The three sorting algorithms all with the same
average case complexity have been compared by obtaining the corresponding statistical bounds while
subjecting these procedures over the randomly generated data from some standard discrete and continuous
probability distributions such as Binomial distribution, Uniform discrete and continuous distribution and
Poisson distribution. The statistical analysis is well supplemented by the parameterized complexity
analysis
Similar to Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Sales (20)
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Sales
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 9 || Pages || PP -26-33|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 26
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns
and Special Sales
Yamanthi Uday Kumar
Lecturer In Mathematics, Hindu College,Guntur,(A.P.) – 522 002,India.
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is
assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and
deteriorating items are considered for the discussion.
Keywords: optimal quantity, disposable cost, cost function, order level system
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 04 September 2015 Date of Accepted: 20 September 2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The problem of returning or of selling the inventory excess to optimal stock level is considered for an
order level inventory system, when the demand is probabilistic in nature. The optimal stock level of an
inventory system is smaller than the amount on-hand, and then the question of selling excess inventory arises in
many business organizations. That is in any wholesale or retail business the demand of particular product
decreases due to launch of new product which is cheaper or superior. This is so happened in the context of
Pentium V computers. That means the sales of Pentium V. This type of context can be materialized when a new
budget suggests the price increase or due to any other market fluctuations the stock-on-hand of the product
becomes more than the optimal stock level. In such instances, the optimum amount to be returned or sold, if any
should be determined by balancing the losses due to various costs involved in the system.
Naddor [1] has considered this problem for EOQ inventory system where as Dave [2] has extended for
an order level inventory system. We now develop a single period inventory model with probabilistic demand for
non- deteriorating and deteriorating items. Inventory models for deteriorating items have been considered by
various researchers in the recent past, including Shah & jaiswal [3], Aggarwal [4], Nahamias [5 - 9].In all these
models the convention problem of ‘how much’ ‘and ‘when to stock ‘was discussed under varying assumptions
of inventory systems.
Choosing appropriate hypothetical parameter values one can carry out numerical illustration. The
applicability of the model requires specific parametric quantification with different distributions. Even with
simple functions the cost function becomes complex in nature.In analysing such inventory systems, it is always
challenging to estimate the demand distribution. Most of the researchers use parametric approaches for
Estimation of the demand distribution.Usually a gamma distribution cf.Moomen l962[10], Burgin[11]; Das[ l 2]
a lognormal distribution.(Beckmann and Bobkoski [13]; Tadikamalla[14] ) and other distributions. Since, with
small data sets, it is difficult to reject a null hypothesis of any hypothesis of any of the above standard
distribution; it is interesting to study a non-parametric approach. Strijhoch and Heuts [15] have used parametric
and non-parametric approximation for the lead time demand distributions and demonstrated that the Kernal
density (Non-Parametric approach) estimation approach has considerable advantage over the parametric density
estimation in an (Q,s) inventory model with a cost criterion. A separate simulation study on these lines will be
carried out highlighting the computational convenient over parametric approach. The pertinent results and
analysis will be communicated elsewhere
In this study probabilistic inventory model with inventory returns for non-deteriorating items when the demand
will be a random variable X, during the period tp.
II.MODEL ASSUMPTIONS AND NOTATIONS:
We adopt the following notations in carrying the mathematical model.
(i) X: Random variable representing the demand during the period with known probability density
function f(x).
(ii) The scheduling period is a prescribed constant say tp
(iii) Replenishment rate is infinite, replenishment size is constant.
Lead time is zero. The fixed lot size qp raises the inventory at the beginning of the scheduling
period to the target level S.
2. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
(iv) Shortages if any are to be backlogged.
(v) The system starts with an amount of Q units out of which only P units are to be retained, after returning
or selling. The problem is to determine the optimal value say of P.
(vi) The inventory holding cost C1 per unit time, the shortage cost C2 per unit time and the returning or
selling cost C4 per unit and known and constant during the planning period tp.
III.MODEL WITH NON-DETERIROTATING ITEMS:
In this context the period T starts with initial inventory level of Q units and final inventory level of
zero. Since (Q – P) units are returned (or) sold, the retained P units will be consumed by the time say t1 (t1 T)
due to demand. During the period (T - t1) the optimal order level system will operate. Two typical situations
may arise in the system depending on the relative values of demand x during a cycle and the quantity retained P
units.
Case 1: x P i.e., demand size less than or equal to the quantity retained.
Let Q1 (t) denotes inventory position at time t (0 t t1). Then the differential equation governing the system
during t, is given by
The solution of the above equation using the boundary conditions
Q1 (0) =P and Q1 (t1) = 0 gives
Q1 (t) = [P-x/t (et
-1)] e-1
,
To determine average number of units I11(x) carrying inventory per unit time, we assume that Q1 (t) is
approximately linear in t, so that
Case 2: x > P i.e., P < X < Q1. Here we note that maximum quantity that can be returned (or) sold, if any is Q
i.e. the optimal value of P must be less than or equal to Q. In this case, suppose that the system carries P units
and these P units will be consumed during t1 period and during ( t1 ,T), the order level inventory system will
operate. Then it can be seen that the inventory level Q1 (t) over (0, T) is given by
Since Q1 (0) = p and Q1 (t1) = 0, equation (4) gives
Further since t1 < T, we have
x > Pt1 / ( (say) …………… (6)
the average number of units per unit time during the cycle are
Here we use the series form of exponential and logarithms in the above equations (4.3.6) and (4.3.7) we get
From equations (4.3.3) to (4.3.8) the expected average amount of inventory is
Where K(S) is the expected cost function as given by Naddor[l] . In order to reduce the complexity of the
various expressions involved in the model we use series form of exponential terms and ignore the terms of
second and higher order terms of P we get
The optimum P, yields
3. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
The integrals involved in equation (10) and (1l) can be evaluated explicitly for some specific probability density
functions f(x) only; for those functions we can obtain optimum value of P (say) P° by solving (11) and then
minimum total expected cost of the entire system can be obtained by substituting P = P° in equation (10). This
is what illustrated in the following example. Let the demand density function is given by
= 0 otherwise. …………………………….. (12)
Where C I 0.002 is used to normalize the above function as density function
For this density function equation (11) becomes
The solution of the above equation gives optimal quantity to be retained say P0 of P. However, explicit solution
in P for the above function is not possible. Hence, to find the optimal value of P say P°, we use Newton-
Raphson iterative method for solving the equation (13).
IV. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS:
We have endeavored to determine what effect varying in the parameter C4 i.e., disposable cost or
special sales over the changes of optimum cost. Such changes can take place due to uncertainties in any business
context or they might be influenced by the decisions maker himself. To examine these implications of the
model, consider a hypothetical system with the following parameter values. C1 = 0.65; C2 = 5.04; R = 2004;
T = 0.5; and Q = 4800. All the parameters are expressed in consistent units per unit time. For different values
of C4, we have determined the optimal quantity to be retained and associated costs are summarized in the
following table
C4 t1 P0
K(P0
) S K(S)
0.20 0.104758 272.7947 4056.292 500 2882.321
0.22 0.115979 306.1074 5682.961 500 2882.321
0.24 0.126517 338.1883 7609.305 500 2882.321
0.26 0.136181 368.2986 9716.512 500 2882.321
0.28 0.144946 396.1952 11917.03 500 2882.321
0.30 0.152833 421.7822 14135.35 500 2882.321
0.32 0.159901 445.1115 16317.61 500 2882.321
0.34 0.166229 466.3219 18429.25 500 2882.321
0.36 0.171900 485.594 20450.61 500 2882.321
0.38 0.181582 519.0852 25473.23 500 2882.321
4. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
We note that, from equation (13) the optimum value of P0
of P increases with an increase value of C4.
This is obvious since the higher the retaining or selling cost, the smaller should be the quantity to be returned.
Thus the optimum value of P is sensitive with respective to the parameter C4
V. LINEARITY ASSUMPTION AND ERROR ANALYSIS:
In deriving the model, it has been tactically assumed that the depletion of inventory Level I (t) of the
system is linear in t, over the cycle time. In fact, I (t) is a non-linear function of t and the linearity assumption
over estimates the average amount in inventory, in this case average amount to be retained and consequently the
total cost of the system. This will induce an error in the cost function. However, if this error is too small in
magnitude then the assumption of linearity is justified. We now present an error analysis and show that incurred
error is significant. Note that, if the linearity function is not made then the expression for average amount to be
retained in inventory per unit time during the cycle is given by
Hence the error due to linearity assumption is
Here 1, 1(r) is given in (4.33) and the relative error in total cost REK (T) is given by the ratio
Here, can be retained for the given model by replacing with in equation (l0).By
taking = Re 0.56 per unit per unit time and ranging 0.28 (0.02) 0.38; different values of (using
equation 10), are obtained. The corresponding relative error in total cost (REC) are obtained and
summarized in the following table.
Table 1: Error Analysis
C4 P REK
0.28 396.1952 27.98553 15.86942
0.004228
0.30 421.7822 32.72707 18.7021 0.004086
0.32 445.1115 37.38957 21.51662 0.003989
0.34 466.3219 41.90605 24.26878 0.003922
0.36 485.594 46.23575 26.92975 0.003611
0.38 519.0852 54.26194 31.91789 0.003443
5. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
From the above table, it can be observed that the magnitude of the relative error in total cost is very small which
shows that the linearity assumption is justifiable.
VI. MODEL WITH DETERIORATING ITEMS:
The probabilistic model is developed with the same assumptions as those given in section 2 except
that a constant fraction (say) of the on-hand inventory deteriorates per unit time. Depending on the values of P
and x of X, the following cases arise:
Case (i): When x ≤ P
Let Q1 (t) denote the inventory level of the system at time t ( ) when the demand x unit
occurs during the time t1, then during that period the demand rate is and hence differential equation governing
the system is
The solution of (17) gives
Since x≤ P, we must have Q1 ( ) ≥ 0 (or) x ≤ P / {exp ( -1)} = (say)
The number of unit, that deteriorate during the cycle is
To determine average number of units carried in inventory per unit time we assume that is
approximately linear in t, so that
Case (ii): When x>P:
In this case, suppose that the system that in inventory during (0, ) an during ( T) the optimal
order level system will operate; then it can be seen that the optimal inventory level (t) over (0, T) is given by
Where and can be had from Shah and Jaiswal [3] since = 0, (4.3.21) gives
Further, since < T, we also have in this case
The no. of units that deteriorate during the cycle are
The average amount in inventory per unit time is
6. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
From (19) and (24), we have
From (4.3.20), (4. 3.24) and (4.325), the expected total cost of the system is given by
Where K(S) is the expected cost in the order level system and is given by
Optimum value of of S, in the solution of the following equation
For the derivations of K(S) in (27) and S in (28) see Shah & Jaiswal [3].The optimum value of P is the
solution of the following equation.
In practice, for obtaining the optimal value of P° of P, we are supposed to evaluate various integrals
of . It is not possible to obtain explicit expression for some of the integrals. To overcome this
difficulty we have used the expansion form of the exponentials and logarithms in the cost function (26) by
ignoring the second and higher order levels of6 under the assumption that0 ≤ T. The integrals involved in (29)
can be evaluated only for some specific functions f(x) only, for such functions we can determine optimum
7. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
quantity to be retained say of P using equation (29) and the corresponding minimum cost can be obtained by
substituting P° in (28). This is illustrated with the following example. Let the demand density function be
For this demand density, equation (29) becomes
Where
and the optimum order level of ofs is a solution of
For derivation of K(S) and S1 see Shah and Jaiswal [3]. The optimum quantity to be retained P° of P is the
solution of
8. Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
-
.
VII. DISCUSSION
In this article we have attempted to derive an analytical solution to the optimum quantity to be
retained in the context of probabilistic demand. Both non-deteriorating and deteriorating cases were considered.
However, a closed form solution could not be obtained. To handle this type of situation one can use a non-
parametric approach in estimating demand distribution. In all these cases the Kernel density estimation approach
proposed by Strijbosch and Heuts [15], can be used. This suggestion will enhance the further scope of this
research problem.
References:
[1] Naddor (1967) ―Inventory Returns and Special Sales", Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol 18, 560 — 561. New York, U.S.A.
[2] Dave, U (1986) ―Inventory returns and special sales in an order Level system ―optimization 17, 819-825.
[3] Shah .Y.K and Jaiswai. M.C.,(1977)," An order level inventory model for a system with constant rate of deterioration,
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[4] Aggan/val, S.P., (1978), ― A Note on an Order Level Inventory model for a system with a constant rate of deterioration,
OPSEARCH 15(4), 184 - 187.
[5] Nahimias, S.,(1975a) Optimal Ordering Policies for Perishable lnventroy -1 Operational Research 23(4), 735-749.
[6] Nahimias, S., (1975b) A comparison of alternative approximations for ordering perishable inventory, INFOR, 13,175-184.
[7] Nahimias, S., (1975) An ordering perishable Inventory under Erlang demand. Naval Res. Logist. Quart. 22, 415-425.
[8] Nahimias, S., (1976) Myopic approximations for the perishable Inventory problems . Mgmt. Sci. 22, 1002-1008.
[9] Nahimias, S., (1978) The fixed charge perishable inventory problem. Operations Research, 26,464-481
[10] Moonen H.J.M.(1962)," The Determination of Re-order Levels when Demand and Lead times have Gamma and Normal
Distributions respectively," Statistica Neerlandica 16, 113 — 120 , (original in Dutch)
[11] Burgin, T.A. (1972), ―Inventory Control with Normal Demand and Gamma Lead times," Operational Research Quarterly 23, 73-
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[12] Das, C., (1975), ―Supply and redistribution rules for two-location inventory system - one period analysis―, Management science
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[13] Beckmann,M.J., and Bobkoski, F. (1958)," Airline demand : an analysis of some frequency distributions", Naval Research
Logistics Quarterly 5, 43-51
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[15] Strijbosch L.W.G and Heuts R.M.J., (1992)"Modeiiing (S,Q) Inventory Systems:Parametric Versus non-parametric
approximations for the lead time demand distribution", EJOR, 63, 86-101, North-Holland.