The study evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc on the growth and yield of wheat variety Kiran-95. It found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) produced the maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering performed third best, it was found that both the split soil and split foliar applications were most effective and
Agronomic Biofortification of Maize with Zinc and Iron Micronutrients by Sala...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
A field experiment on agronomic biofortification with zinc and iron micronutrients in maize was carried out during kharif season of 2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Bailhongal. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept with three replications consisted of 16 treatment combinations involving seed treatment (no seed treatment and seed treatment with Zn and Fe each@1%), soil application of Zn and Fe (no soil application, soil application of recommended ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each@25kg ha-1 and FYM enriched ZnSO4 and FeSO4 application each@15kg ha-1 and FYM enriched ZnSO4 and FeSO4 application each@25kg ha-1) and foliar application of Zn and Fe at 45 DAS (no foliar and foliar spray of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each@0.5%).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000522.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
Efficient Nutrient Management in Fodder Maize( Zea mays L.) By Vajinder Pal K...vajinder kalra
The document summarizes research on nutrient management practices for fodder maize production. It finds that applying nitrogen at rates of 160-200 kg/ha and phosphorus at 60-80 kg/ha maximizes fodder maize growth, yield, and nutritional quality. Specifically, these nutrient levels resulted in increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, and crude protein content. The timing of nitrogen application is also important, with splitting applications between planting and tasseling stages found to maximize nitrogen uptake. Maintaining adequate soil phosphorus and sulfur through fertilization further enhances fodder maize dry matter production.
Fly ash is a problematic waste produced from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Its disposal poses environmental challenges. The document discusses using fly ash in agriculture as a feasible alternative for disposal while improving soils and crop productivity. It provides data on fly ash composition, effects on soil properties, plant growth, and heavy metal uptake. Tables show increased crop yields from fly ash application and savings in chemical fertilizer use. The document argues for adopting suitable management strategies for productive fly ash disposal in agriculture.
— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Agronomic biofortification of crops with zinc and iron by Vajinder Pal Kalravajinder kalra
1) Agronomic biofortification involves applying zinc and iron containing fertilizers to soil and plant leaves to increase the micronutrient content of food crops. Over 2 billion people worldwide are deficient in zinc and iron.
2) Common staple crops like rice and wheat naturally contain low amounts of zinc (10-40 mg/kg) which is insufficient to meet human zinc requirements. Applying zinc fertilizers can increase the zinc content of crop grains to 40-60 mg/kg.
3) Field studies found that applying zinc through soil or foliar methods increased the zinc concentration in wheat and maize grains compared to no zinc application. Combined soil and foliar application resulted in highest zinc concentrations.
Agronomic Biofortification of Maize with Zinc and Iron Micronutrients by Sala...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
A field experiment on agronomic biofortification with zinc and iron micronutrients in maize was carried out during kharif season of 2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Bailhongal. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept with three replications consisted of 16 treatment combinations involving seed treatment (no seed treatment and seed treatment with Zn and Fe each@1%), soil application of Zn and Fe (no soil application, soil application of recommended ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each@25kg ha-1 and FYM enriched ZnSO4 and FeSO4 application each@15kg ha-1 and FYM enriched ZnSO4 and FeSO4 application each@25kg ha-1) and foliar application of Zn and Fe at 45 DAS (no foliar and foliar spray of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each@0.5%).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000522.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
Efficient Nutrient Management in Fodder Maize( Zea mays L.) By Vajinder Pal K...vajinder kalra
The document summarizes research on nutrient management practices for fodder maize production. It finds that applying nitrogen at rates of 160-200 kg/ha and phosphorus at 60-80 kg/ha maximizes fodder maize growth, yield, and nutritional quality. Specifically, these nutrient levels resulted in increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, and crude protein content. The timing of nitrogen application is also important, with splitting applications between planting and tasseling stages found to maximize nitrogen uptake. Maintaining adequate soil phosphorus and sulfur through fertilization further enhances fodder maize dry matter production.
Fly ash is a problematic waste produced from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Its disposal poses environmental challenges. The document discusses using fly ash in agriculture as a feasible alternative for disposal while improving soils and crop productivity. It provides data on fly ash composition, effects on soil properties, plant growth, and heavy metal uptake. Tables show increased crop yields from fly ash application and savings in chemical fertilizer use. The document argues for adopting suitable management strategies for productive fly ash disposal in agriculture.
— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Agronomic biofortification of crops with zinc and iron by Vajinder Pal Kalravajinder kalra
1) Agronomic biofortification involves applying zinc and iron containing fertilizers to soil and plant leaves to increase the micronutrient content of food crops. Over 2 billion people worldwide are deficient in zinc and iron.
2) Common staple crops like rice and wheat naturally contain low amounts of zinc (10-40 mg/kg) which is insufficient to meet human zinc requirements. Applying zinc fertilizers can increase the zinc content of crop grains to 40-60 mg/kg.
3) Field studies found that applying zinc through soil or foliar methods increased the zinc concentration in wheat and maize grains compared to no zinc application. Combined soil and foliar application resulted in highest zinc concentrations.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions |...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of applying biochar from wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse on maize yield and plant nutrients under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted in which maize was grown in plots treated with wheat straw biochar at 5 and 10 tons/ha, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5 and 10 tons/ha, or a control with no biochar. The results showed that wheat straw biochar at 10 tons/ha and sugarcane bagasse biochar at 10 tons/ha significantly increased maize grain yield, plant biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compared to the control. However, biochar did not significantly affect micronutrient levels in the maize
1) Zinc and iron deficiencies affect approximately 2 billion people globally and are a major cause of malnutrition, particularly in developing countries where cereal-based diets provide most calories.
2) Biofortification through agronomic practices such as fertilization can increase micronutrient concentrations in crops and provide a potentially sustainable solution. Application of zinc-containing fertilizers to the soil and foliage has been shown to reliably increase zinc levels in grains across multiple countries.
3) Foliar application of zinc at different crop growth stages affects the distribution and concentration of zinc deposited in different grain tissues. Higher nitrogen fertilization can also influence grain zinc and iron concentrations.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and conservation tillage. It defines sustainable agriculture as production techniques that protect the environment, public health, and communities. Conservation tillage is defined as practices that disturb the soil minimally and keep at least 30% of the soil surface covered. Benefits of conservation tillage include reduced soil erosion, increased organic matter, and improved water retention. Case studies show increases in crop yields and soil parameters like organic carbon under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
This document presents the research work titled "Integrated Nutrient Management in Chickpea" conducted by Ashish Kumar Singh. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on chickpea growth, yield, quality and soil properties. The study had 10 treatments involving different combinations and levels of recommended NPK doses, biofertilizers (VAM, Rhizobium, PSB, KSB), and enriched compost applied to chickpea. Data on various plant growth, yield, quality, soil health, microbial, and economic parameters was collected and statistically analyzed to compare the treatments.
This document summarizes the effects of different sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat crops. It finds that cross sowing and close sowing methods resulted in lower weed biomass and higher yields compared to normal line sowing. Herbicide treatments including sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and fenoxaprop-ethyl were most effective at controlling weeds. Criss-cross sowing and integrated weed management practices like hand-weeding or herbicide use led to higher wheat yields, fewer weeds, and greater profits compared to broadcast sowing or weedy conditions.
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Integrated nutrient management approaches under system of rice intensificatio...Ashutosh Pal
1) The document discusses integrated nutrient management approaches for rice cultivation using the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method.
2) A field experiment was conducted with 8 treatments involving different combinations and timings of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, and biofertilizers.
3) The treatment combining 5 tons farmyard manure with the recommended dose of fertilizer, with nitrogen applied as 1/4 at transplanting, 1/2 at 2nd weeding, and 1/4 at panicle initiation, resulted in the highest grain yield of 7284 kg/ha.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effects of tillage and nutrient management practices on wheat grown after rice. Some key points:
- Wheat is the second most important crop in India after rice, accounting for 31.5% of food grain. Average wheat yield in India is 31.2 q/ha.
- Rice and wheat are the dominant crops in India, occupying 42 and 29.64 million hectares respectively and contributing 75% of food needs.
- Tillage practices like zero tillage, reduced tillage, and bed planting can help save time, costs, and irrigation water compared to conventional tillage. Nutrient management should match application to crop requirements to improve yields and reduce losses.
Sakshi Pandey presented on resource conservation technologies and their impact on resource conservation, economics, and productivity in agriculture. Some key points:
1) Indian agriculture consumes about 30% of total electricity and 20% of the world's arable land, yet faces increasing challenges of water scarcity, soil degradation, and stagnating yields.
2) Various resource conservation techniques were discussed, including conservation tillage practices like zero-tillage, reduced tillage, and furrow irrigation to save water, reduce energy use, and improve yields.
3) Precision farming tools like leaf color charts, green seekers, and laser land leveling were also presented as improving nutrient and water use efficiencies.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
This document discusses foliar nutrition and the absorption of nutrients through plant leaves. It provides evidence that nutrients applied to leaves can be absorbed and moved within plants. Studies from the 1950s showed that nutrients like copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are taken up foliarly. More recent imaging of zinc in plant leaves also demonstrated absorption and translocation. The document asserts that very low concentrations of nutrients through foliar applications can have positive effects on crop yields. It presents data showing that Brandt Smart System nutrients mixed with herbicides led to increased corn and soybean yields compared to herbicides alone. The document concludes that soil nutrients alone cannot meet all of a plant's micronutrient needs and that foliar mic
The agronomy of foliar feeding corn and soybeanVatren Jurin
This document discusses the benefits of foliar feeding corn and soybeans with essential nutrients like boron, zinc, and manganese. It provides information on how these nutrients increase yields by supporting processes like photosynthesis, root growth, and pollen formation. Examples are given showing yield increases from 3 to 15 bushels with foliar applications of zinc and boron on corn in Argentina. Similarly, applications of manganese and boron on soybeans in Argentina increased yields compared to untreated crops. Studies demonstrate the benefits of micronutrient and growth hormone products on soybean yields from 1996-2002.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions |...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of applying biochar from wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse on maize yield and plant nutrients under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted in which maize was grown in plots treated with wheat straw biochar at 5 and 10 tons/ha, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5 and 10 tons/ha, or a control with no biochar. The results showed that wheat straw biochar at 10 tons/ha and sugarcane bagasse biochar at 10 tons/ha significantly increased maize grain yield, plant biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compared to the control. However, biochar did not significantly affect micronutrient levels in the maize
1) Zinc and iron deficiencies affect approximately 2 billion people globally and are a major cause of malnutrition, particularly in developing countries where cereal-based diets provide most calories.
2) Biofortification through agronomic practices such as fertilization can increase micronutrient concentrations in crops and provide a potentially sustainable solution. Application of zinc-containing fertilizers to the soil and foliage has been shown to reliably increase zinc levels in grains across multiple countries.
3) Foliar application of zinc at different crop growth stages affects the distribution and concentration of zinc deposited in different grain tissues. Higher nitrogen fertilization can also influence grain zinc and iron concentrations.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and conservation tillage. It defines sustainable agriculture as production techniques that protect the environment, public health, and communities. Conservation tillage is defined as practices that disturb the soil minimally and keep at least 30% of the soil surface covered. Benefits of conservation tillage include reduced soil erosion, increased organic matter, and improved water retention. Case studies show increases in crop yields and soil parameters like organic carbon under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage.
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
This document presents the research work titled "Integrated Nutrient Management in Chickpea" conducted by Ashish Kumar Singh. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on chickpea growth, yield, quality and soil properties. The study had 10 treatments involving different combinations and levels of recommended NPK doses, biofertilizers (VAM, Rhizobium, PSB, KSB), and enriched compost applied to chickpea. Data on various plant growth, yield, quality, soil health, microbial, and economic parameters was collected and statistically analyzed to compare the treatments.
This document summarizes the effects of different sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat crops. It finds that cross sowing and close sowing methods resulted in lower weed biomass and higher yields compared to normal line sowing. Herbicide treatments including sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and fenoxaprop-ethyl were most effective at controlling weeds. Criss-cross sowing and integrated weed management practices like hand-weeding or herbicide use led to higher wheat yields, fewer weeds, and greater profits compared to broadcast sowing or weedy conditions.
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Integrated nutrient management approaches under system of rice intensificatio...Ashutosh Pal
1) The document discusses integrated nutrient management approaches for rice cultivation using the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method.
2) A field experiment was conducted with 8 treatments involving different combinations and timings of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, and biofertilizers.
3) The treatment combining 5 tons farmyard manure with the recommended dose of fertilizer, with nitrogen applied as 1/4 at transplanting, 1/2 at 2nd weeding, and 1/4 at panicle initiation, resulted in the highest grain yield of 7284 kg/ha.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the effects of tillage and nutrient management practices on wheat grown after rice. Some key points:
- Wheat is the second most important crop in India after rice, accounting for 31.5% of food grain. Average wheat yield in India is 31.2 q/ha.
- Rice and wheat are the dominant crops in India, occupying 42 and 29.64 million hectares respectively and contributing 75% of food needs.
- Tillage practices like zero tillage, reduced tillage, and bed planting can help save time, costs, and irrigation water compared to conventional tillage. Nutrient management should match application to crop requirements to improve yields and reduce losses.
Sakshi Pandey presented on resource conservation technologies and their impact on resource conservation, economics, and productivity in agriculture. Some key points:
1) Indian agriculture consumes about 30% of total electricity and 20% of the world's arable land, yet faces increasing challenges of water scarcity, soil degradation, and stagnating yields.
2) Various resource conservation techniques were discussed, including conservation tillage practices like zero-tillage, reduced tillage, and furrow irrigation to save water, reduce energy use, and improve yields.
3) Precision farming tools like leaf color charts, green seekers, and laser land leveling were also presented as improving nutrient and water use efficiencies.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
This document discusses foliar nutrition and the absorption of nutrients through plant leaves. It provides evidence that nutrients applied to leaves can be absorbed and moved within plants. Studies from the 1950s showed that nutrients like copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are taken up foliarly. More recent imaging of zinc in plant leaves also demonstrated absorption and translocation. The document asserts that very low concentrations of nutrients through foliar applications can have positive effects on crop yields. It presents data showing that Brandt Smart System nutrients mixed with herbicides led to increased corn and soybean yields compared to herbicides alone. The document concludes that soil nutrients alone cannot meet all of a plant's micronutrient needs and that foliar mic
The agronomy of foliar feeding corn and soybeanVatren Jurin
This document discusses the benefits of foliar feeding corn and soybeans with essential nutrients like boron, zinc, and manganese. It provides information on how these nutrients increase yields by supporting processes like photosynthesis, root growth, and pollen formation. Examples are given showing yield increases from 3 to 15 bushels with foliar applications of zinc and boron on corn in Argentina. Similarly, applications of manganese and boron on soybeans in Argentina increased yields compared to untreated crops. Studies demonstrate the benefits of micronutrient and growth hormone products on soybean yields from 1996-2002.
Timmy Mann from Ben Hill Griffin, Inc. presented on foliar fertilizers. He discussed that foliar fertilizers provide a practical approach to plant nutrition and increase disease resistance and production. Proper foliar fertilizers are soluble and compatible with other products. Nutrient deficiencies can weaken plant defenses and increase susceptibility to disease, while maintaining optimal nutrient levels through foliar applications supports both plant health and higher yields. Studies show that foliar applications of nutrients like potassium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate can increase orange production and quality.
Nutrition and soil health to optimize production foliar fertilizing in maca...MacadamiaSociety
Foliar nutrition involves applying liquid fertilizers directly to plant leaves. Nutrients are absorbed through the leaf cuticle. [1] Foliar nutrition can improve macadamia tree nut yields, restore tree health, and improve canopy growth after pruning. [2] The timing and combination of nutrients applied is important for maximum efficacy. Nutrients should be applied at different crop stages from spring flush to post-harvest. [3] Foliar applications can complement soil-applied fertilizers by improving nutrient uptake from the soil.
The document discusses essential plant nutrients including macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required in relatively large amounts by plants, while micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, and boron are needed in smaller amounts. The document then provides details on the functions, deficiency symptoms, and management of specific nutrients for cotton crops.
Foliar nutrition uptake and factors affecting it. Key points:
1) Nutrients can be absorbed by leaves through stomata or cuticles. Uptake depends on factors like concentration, solubility, pH, and environmental conditions.
2) Nutrients must penetrate the cuticle or enter stomata and then transport through plant tissues. Concentration gradients and permeability influence penetration.
3) Environmental factors like humidity, temperature, light intensity impact uptake. Higher humidity and temperatures increase uptake while higher light decreases it.
Role of Foliar Nutrition in producing 300 bu of CornVatren Jurin
This document discusses integrated plant nutrition and the role of micronutrients in crop production. It describes micronutrients as physiological tools that can help maximize gene expression and mitigate stress. Specific micronutrients like zinc, boron, manganese are discussed in the context of herbicide tolerance, no-till systems, and enhancing the ability of crops to use soil nutrients. The concept of "transient nutrient deficiency" is introduced, where high demand periods or limitations in nutrient transport can lead to deficiencies even when soil levels are adequate. The conclusion is that to reach high yield goals, soil nutrients alone may not be sufficient and micronutrient fertilizers can help crops reach their genetic potential.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
This document summarizes the results of a seminar presentation on the response of micronutrient application in soybeans under Indian conditions. It includes 9 tables that show results from studies looking at the effects of different micronutrients like zinc, boron, and iron on soybean yield, quality, and plant characteristics. The tables show that application of micronutrients like zinc and boron can increase soybean seed yield, oil content, protein content, and other measures of plant growth and vigor compared to crops that do not receive micronutrient applications.
Foliar feeding can provide the nutrients required for normal development of crops in cases where absorption of nutrients by the roots system is disturbed.
Learn more here: http://www.haifa-group.com/knowledge_center/fertilization_methods/foliar_nutrition/
The importance of foliar nutrition in todays modern agricultureVatren Jurin
The document discusses the importance of foliar and micronutrient nutrition in modern agricultural systems. It notes that an integrated plant nutrition system can increase productivity and quality while decreasing costs and minimizing environmental impact. It also explains that micronutrients come from various sources including the soil, but may be lacking at critical growth stages, and that foliar application can help ensure crops obtain necessary nutrients. The document emphasizes that foliar nutrition is important now for maximizing yields and economic returns in agriculture.
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Effect of biochar on maize yield and yield components in rainfed conditions|I...Innspub Net
To investigate the maize yield and nutrient concentration in its leaves as affected by biochar from different organic materials (wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse), a field experiment was conducted on maize crop during 2013 at koont research farm chakwal. The treatments were control, wheat straw biochar at 5t ha-1, and 10t ha-1, sugarcane bagasse biochar at 5t ha-1and 10t ha-1. The experiment was conducted in RCBD. Maize was grown in 4m × 6m sized plots. Soil samples were taken before sowing of crop for determination of soil pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and texture. The plant parameters were grain yield, plant biomass, macro nutrients and micro nutrients. Wheat straw biochar 10 t/ha showed an increase of 16.1% N, 38.8% P, 33% K, 28.9% biomass and 20.8% grain yield. Sugarcane bagasse biochar at a rate of 10 t/ha showed significant increase of 14.9% N, 27.7% P, 30% K, 27.6% biomass and 22.1% grain yield. None of the biochar treatment showed any significant increase in micronutrient concentration in plant.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
This study investigated the effects of foliar applications of various micronutrients on seed yield characteristics in two tomato varieties. The micronutrients tested individually and in combination were boron, zinc, molybdenum, copper, iron and manganese. Application of a mixture of all micronutrients resulted in the highest seed recovery rates, 100 seed weights, seed yields per plant, and seed yields per hectare in both varieties. The highest seed weights were also observed with boron application in one variety and the micronutrient mixture in the other variety. In general, all micronutrient treatments improved seed yield characteristics compared to the control, with the micronutrient mixture treatment having the greatest effect
Using agronomic biofortification to boost zinc, selenium,.pdfIqbalHussain913371
This study investigated the biofortification of zinc, selenium, and iodine in food crops grown on soils in China's Loess Plateau region, which is typically deficient in these micronutrients. Field trials were conducted applying fertilizers of selenium, zinc, and iodine individually and in combination to the soil and as foliar sprays on winter wheat. The results showed that soil-applied selenium increased selenium concentrations in wheat, maize, soybean, potato, cabbage, and canola to target levels. Foliar selenium and zinc also effectively boosted levels of these nutrients in wheat grain. Soil zinc only increased levels in cabbage and canola, while foliar zinc was effective for wheat. Soil
Technical Programme of P.h.D Experiment on Maize shikharverma26
This document provides details of a proposed PhD experiment on the effects of nano zinc, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment will have 21 treatments in a split plot design with 3 replications. Treatments will evaluate the effects of farmyard manure, vermicompost, and different combinations of recommended NPK doses with zinc sulfate and nano zinc on maize growth parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Economic analysis of treatments will also be conducted.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Mozambique to evaluate the response of soybean crops to different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. The highest rates of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) led to the tallest plants, highest biomass and grain yields, most pods, and largest seeds. Moderate rates (20-40 kg P2O5 ha-1) optimized some growth parameters. The study demonstrates that phosphorus fertilization can improve soybean yields in the acidic soils of Mozambique's Angónia region.
Impact of nitrogen fertilizer from organic and conventional sources on seed y...Innspub Net
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.), a minor oil seed crop cultivated on marginal and sub marginal lands under poor or neglected nutrient management practices in India has a good production potential even under low nutrient input conditions. However, not much study has been made on nutrient management practices for optimising plant growth and thereby seed yield. The study was undertaken to determine the growth and seed yield response of Niger to different nitrogen sources in rainfed acid lateritic uplands. Nitrogen was applied through chemical (Urea) and organic sources (Vermicompost, Mustardoilcake and Bonemeal) separately and in combination of these at two levels (30 and 60 kg ha-1) in consecutive two years (2013-’14 and 2014-’15). Maximum seed yield (580 kg ha-1) and dry matter yield (4530 kg ha-1) of Niger were obtained where oilcake was applied in combination with chemical nutrients. However, varying sources or level of nitrogenous nutrients had no impact on oil content in seeds of Niger. Among the various sources of Nitrogen, combination of oilcake and chemical provided sufficient amount of Nitrogen to the soil which was observed through highest uptake as well as leftover available Nitrogen in soil. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/2eoky3A
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
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Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc in
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
80
Comparative Efficiency of Soil and Foliar Applied Zinc in
Improving Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) Variety Kiran-95
Hafeez Noor Baloch*1, Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro1, Sana Ullah Baloch2, Shahbaz Khan Baloch2, Sun
yingying2, Salih A. I. Sabiel2, Shabeer Ahmed Badini1, and Rameez Ahmed Baloch1
1. Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
2. College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
(Corresponding author:hafeeznoorbaloch @gmail.com)
Abstract
A field study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of zinc application through soil and foliar
spray on growth and yield of wheat variety Kiran-95 at Soil Chemistry Section, Agriculture Research Institute,
Tandojam during Rabi 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in three replicated randomized complete block
design. The treatments comprised Control (No Zinc), Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering stage, Soil applied
Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1 at tillering stage, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage,
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at
tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage. The statistical analysis of data suggested that soil and foliar applied zinc
affected significantly (P<0.05) growth and yield traits of wheat variety Kiran-95. The results illustrated that Soil
applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage produced maximum plant height (99.0 cm),
tillers (410.7 m-2), spike length (13.1 cm), spikelets per spike (23.0), grains per spike (45.1), seed index (43.4 g),
biological yield (9354.4 kg ha-1) and grain yield (5123.4 kg ha-1), closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2%
at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage with 97.6 cm plant height, 408.8 tillers m-2, 13.0 cm spike length, 22.8
spikelets per spike, 45.0 grains per spike, 43.2 g seed index, 9273.4 kg ha-1 biological yield and 5080.7 kg ha-1
grain yield. The performance of wheat variety Kiran-95 ranked 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th almost in all the growth and
yield parameters particularly grain yield (kg ha-1) when fertilized with Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1 at tillering
stage, Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering stage and Foliar applied
Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage. However, minimum growth and yield traits were registered in Control (No Zinc).
Furthermore, the results concluded that although numerically maximum growth and yield values were recorded
in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage but statistically the differences between
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering
stage + 0.2% at booting stage were non-significant. Hence, Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at
booting stage were found the most economical treatment for obtaining optimum yield of wheat variety Kiran-95.
Keywords: Wheat, Comparative Efficiency, Soil, Foliar, Zinc, Improving Yield and Yield Components
1. Introduction 1
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. It is the leading food grain of
Pakistan and being staple diet of the people. Wheat occupies a central position in formulation of agricultural
policies by contributing 10.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.2 percent to GDP. Wheat was
cultivated on an area of 8693 thousand hectares during 2012-13 with production of 24231 thousand tonnes (GOP,
2013). Wheat yield in Pakistan is 2787 kg ha-1 as against 4762 kg ha-1 in China, world average 3086 kg ha-1,
3018 kg ha-1 and in the USA. The average yield per unit area of wheat in Pakistan is still far below the potential
yields due to a variety of factors.
Micronutrients play a pivotal role in the yield improvement of cereals (Rehm and Sims, 2006). Zn is classified
as a micronutrient. Almost 50 percent of the world soils used for cereal production is Zn deficient (Torun et al.,
2001); as a result, approximately 2 billion people suffer from Zn deficiency all over the world (Asad and Rafique,
2002). A deficiency of Zn is characterized by the development of broad bands of striped tissue on each side of
the midrib of the leaf. A Zn deficient plant also appears to be stunted, commonly known as "little leaf" (Thalooth
et al., 2006). Almost 50 percent of the world soils used for cereal production is Zn deficient (Torun et al., 2001);
as a result, approximately 2 billion people suffer from Zn deficiency all over the world (Asad and Rafique, 2002).
Zinc is essential for the transformation of carbohydrates and regulating consumption of sugars. It is required in a
variety of enzymes and plays an essential role in DNA transcription (Don Eckert, 2010). The grain yield can be
improved by addition of Zn fertilization (Maqsood et al., 2009).
Zinc deficiency is a worldwide nutritional constraint for crop production, as Zn removed by crops is usually not
fully replenished by fertilization in agricultural soils. Its deficiency is particularly widespread in cereals that are
grown on calcareous soil (Graham et al., 1992). Deficiency of zinc in wheat has been reported from various parts
of the world, Pakistan soils are not exception to this. Almost 50% of the world soils used for cereal production
are Zn deficient (Gibbson, 2006). This percentage is even higher in areas with calcareous soils as the proportion
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
81
of sorbed Zn that could be desorbed back into solution decreased substantially as pH increased to more than 5.5
(Singh et al., 2008), which reduces not only grain yield, but also nutritional quality of grains. As a result,
approximately two billion people suffer from Zn deficiency all over the world. Zinc deficiency is the third most
serious crop nutrition problem in the Pakistan, ranking after N and P deficiency (Rashid & Rafique, 1996). Zinc
deficiency is common in both warm and cold climate. Despite of being graded as less sensitive (Clark, 1990),
wheat is severely affected by Zn deficiency in Pakistan.
Foliar fertilization of crops can complement and guarantee the availability of nutrients to crops for obtaining
higher yields (Arif et al., 2006). The foliar spray of zinc at tillering and/or booting and milking growth stage (s)
increased the grain yield of wheat (Mohammad et al., 2009). Sohu (2008) disclosed that soil application of Zn
had significant effect on all the growth and grain yield contributing parameters of wheat. The highest Zn level of
15.0 kg ha-1 produced significantly greater values for plant height (93.26 cm), number of tillers (13.86) plant-1,
spike length (12.33 cm), number of grains (62.2) spike-1, seed index (39.27 g) and grain yield (4966.67 kg ha-1).
Application of zinc increased wheat dry matter, grain yield, and straw yield significantly over control (Asad and
Rafique, 2000). Similarly, in another study Zeidan et al. (2010) concluded that wheat grain yield, straw yield,
1000-grain weight and number of grains spike¬1 and Zn concentration in flag leaves and grains as well as,
protein content in grain were significantly increased by the application of zinc.
1.1 Materials and Methods 2
The field study was conducted at Soil Chemistry Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam to evaluate
the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc in improving yield and yield components of wheat variety
Kiran-95 during Rabi, 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in three replicated randomized complete block
design (RCBD), having net plot size 5 m x 4 m (20 m2).
Land preparation
The land was prepared by two dry plowings followed by precision land leveling. After soaking doze, when soil
reached proper moisture level, two plowings with cultivator plow were done to achieve the fine seedbed.
Sowing time and method
The sowing was done with the help of single row hand drill on 10th November, 2013, maintaining distance of
22.5 cm between rows.
Irrigation and fertilizer application
The first irrigation was applied at the crown root initiation stage i.e. 21 DAS. Subsequently five irrigations were
applied as and when needed until the crop reached physiological maturity. Inorganic fertilizers were used to
provide proper nutrition to plants. Nitrogen was applied at 120 kg N ha-1 in the form of Urea and DAP. Urea was
applied in three splits, first at the time of sowing, second at the 1st irrigation and the remaining at the 2nd
irrigation. Full dose of phosphorus in the form of DAP @ 56 kg ha-1 was applied at the time of sowing.
Crop harvesting
At maturity five plants from each treatment of all replications were selected at random for harvest. These plants
were harvested by cutting at ground level with sharp sickle. The spikes were separated from straw, placed in
separate paper bags, oven-dried for 24 hours at 78oC. Threshing was done by hands.
Statistical Analysis
The data were subjected to statistical analysis using MSTAT-C (Russel and Eisensmith, 1983). The Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was applied to compare treatment means superiority, where necessary.
1.1.1 Results 3
The field study was conducted at Soil Chemistry Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam to evaluate
the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc in improving yield and yield components of wheat variety
Kiran-95 during Rabi, 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in three replicated randomized complete block
design (RCBD). The net plot size was kept as 5 m x 4 m (20 m2
). The treatments included: Control (No Zinc),
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage, Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage, Soil applied Zinc
5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, Foliar applied
Zinc 0.4% at tillering and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage. The observations
were recorded on parameters of economic importance such as Plant height (cm), Tillers (m-2
), Spike length (cm),
Spikelets per spike, Grains per spike, Seed index (1000-grain weight, g), Biological yield (kg ha-1
) and Grain
yield (kg ha-1
). The results on above parameters are shown in Tables 1-8 and their analyses of variance as
Appendices I-VIII. The results are interpreted as under:
Plant height (cm)
The data in relation to plant height (cm) of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied zinc are
shown in Table-1 and their analysis of variance as Appendix-I. The analysis of variance showed that the
differences for plant height (cm) between various treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results
illustrated that maximum plant height (99.0 cm) was recorded in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering
+ 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2% booting stage
and Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage which resulted in 97.6 and 94.2 cm plant height, respectively.
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
82
The plant height reduced to 93.7, 92.0 and 90.9 cm when crop was fertilized with Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at
tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage,
respectively. However, minimum plant height (88.5 cm) was noted in Control (No Zinc). Furthermore, results
indicated that although numerically maximum plant height was recorded in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at
tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage but statistically it differed non-significantly (P>0.05%) with Foliar applied
Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 1.
Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on plant height (cm) of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 89.9 84.9 90.9 88.5 d
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 92.3 91.4 92.3 92.0 bc
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 94.3 94.4 93.9 94.2 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage 99.2 99.0 98.9 99.0 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 89.9 89.9 92.9 90.9 cd
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 93.9 93.4 93.9 93.7 b
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage 97.8 98.0 96.9 97.6 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
Tillers (m-2
)
The results regarding tillers (m-2
) of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied zinc are
presented in Table-2. The analysis of variance indicated that the differences for tillers (m-2
) between various
treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results suggested that maximum tillers (410.7 m-2
) were
noted in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by Foliar
applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2% booting stage and Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage with
408.8 and 395.7 tillers m-2
, respectively. The number of tillers m-2
reduced to 392.3, 387.3 and 385.3 when crop was
supplied with Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage and Foliar applied
Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, respectively. However, minimum tillers (381.5 m-2
) were recorded in Control (No
Zinc). Moreover, data showed that although numerically maximum tillers (m-2
) were observed in Soil applied Zinc
5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage but they demonstrated non-significant (P>0.05%) differences
statistically when compared with Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 2. Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on tillers (m-2
) of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 376.5 386.5 381.5 381.5 d
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 389.6 384.6 387.6 387.3 cd
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 398.0 393.0 396.0 395.7 bc
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at
booting stage
421.0 411.0 400.0 410.7 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 387.6 382.6 385.6 385.3 cd
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 394.6 389.6 392.6 392.3 cd
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at
booting stage
412.5 405.5 408.5 408.8 ab
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
Spike length (cm)
The data pertaining to spike length (cm) of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied zinc are
shown in Table-3. The analysis of variance showed that the differences for spike length (cm) between various
S.E ± 1.1198
DMR 0.05 2.4398
DMR 0.01 3.4204
CV% 1.46
S.E ± 3.9009
DMR 0.05 13.636
DMR 0.01 17.433
CV% 1.21
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
83
treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results exhibited that maximum spike length (13.1 cm) was
recorded in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2% booting stage and Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage
which resulted in 13.0 and 12.4 cm spike length, respectively. The spike length reduced to 11.4, 11.3 and 9.9 cm
when crop was fertilized with Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage
and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, respectively. However, minimum spike length (9.6 cm) was noted in
Control (No Zinc). Furthermore, results indicated that although numerically maximum spike length was recorded in
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage but statistically it differed non-significantly
(P>0.05%) with Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 3.
Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on spike length (cm) of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.6 d
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 11.3 11.4 11.3 11.3 c
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 12.4 12.2 12.6 12.4 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at
booting stage
13.2 13.1 13.1 13.1 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 10.5 9.8 9.5 9.9 d
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 11.5 11.3 11.4 11.4 c
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at
booting stage
13.1 13.0 12.9 13.0 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
Spikelets per spike
The results in relation to spikelets per spike of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied zinc
are given in Table-4. The analysis of variance suggested that the differences for spikelets per spike between
various treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results illustrated that maximum spikelets per
spike (23.0) were found in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely
followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2% booting stage and Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at
tillering stage with 22.8 and 22.4 spikelets per spike, respectively. The number of spikelets per spike decreased
to 22.1, 21.0 and 19.5 under Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage
and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, respectively. However, minimum spikelets per spike (18.9) were
registered under Control (No Zinc). In addition, results indicated that although numerically maximum spikelets
per spike were recorded in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage but statistically
non-significant (P>0.05%) differences were observed in comparison with Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering
stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 4. Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on spikelets per spike of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 18.9 19.0 18.8 18.9 e
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 c
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 22.4 22.3 22.5 22.4 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage 23.1 23.0 23.1 23.0 b
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 19.7 19.3 19.5 19.5 d
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 22.1 22.0 22.2 22.1 b
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage 22.7 23.0 22.8 22.8 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
S.E ± 0.1735
DMR 0.05 0.6064
DMR 0.01 0.7753
CV% 1.84
S.E ± 0.0947
DMR 0.05 0.3311
DMR 0.01 0.4233
CV% 0.54
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Vol.4, No.23, 2014
84
Grains per spike
The results regarding grains per spike of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied zinc are
presented in Table-5 and their analysis of variance as Appendix-V. The analysis of variance indicated that the
differences for grains per spike between various treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results
suggested that maximum grains per spike (45.1) were noted in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0
kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2% booting stage and Soil
applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage with 45.0 and 44.0 grains per spike, respectively. The number of grains
per spike reduced to 43.0, 42.6 and 37.7 when crop was supplied with Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil
applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, respectively. However,
minimum grains per spike (36.5) were recorded in Control (No Zinc). Moreover, data showed that although
numerically maximum grains per spike were observed in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at
booting stage but they demonstrated non-significant (P>0.05%) differences statistically when compared with Foliar
applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 5. Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on grains per spike of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 36.4 36.7 36.3 36.5 e
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 42.6 42.7 42.5 42.6 c
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 43.6 44.2 44.3 44.0 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage 45.3 45.0 45.2 45.1 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 38.0 37.3 37.6 37.7 d
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 42.7 43.4 43.0 43.0 c
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage 45.0 45.2 44.9 45.0 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
Seed index (1000-grain weight, g)
The data pertaining to Seed index (1000-grain weight, g) of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar
applied zinc are shown in Table-6 and their analysis of variance as Appendix-VI. The analysis of variance showed
that the differences for seed index (g) between various treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The results
demonstrated that maximum seed index (43.4 g) was noticed in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering +
5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2% booting stage and
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage which resulted in 43.2 and 39.8 g seed index, respectively. The seed
index decreased to 37.7, 37.0 and 35.6 g when crop was fertilized with Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil
applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, respectively. However,
minimum seed index (33.7 g) was noted in Control (No Zinc). Furthermore, results indicated that although
numerically maximum seed index was recorded in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting
stage but statistically it differed non-significantly (P>0.05%) with Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage +
0.2% at booting stage.
Table 6. Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on seed index (1000-grain weight, g) of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 33.6 33.9 33.5 33.7 d
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 36.4 37.0 37.4 37.0 bcd
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 39.3 39.9 40.3 39.8 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage 43.7 42.7 43.7 43.4 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 38.7 33.3 34.8 35.6 cd
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 37.2 37.8 38.2 37.7 bc
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage 43.6 43.2 42.9 43.2 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
Biological yield (kg ha-1
)
The data in relation to biological yield (kg ha-1
) of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied
S.E ± 0.2136
DMR 0.05 0.7465
DMR 0.01 0.9545
CV% 0.62
S.E ± 0.9581
DMR 0.05 3.3491
DMR 0.01 4.2820
CV% 3.04
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
85
zinc are shown in Table-7 and their analysis of variance as Appendix-VII. The analysis of variance showed that
the differences for biological yield (kg ha-1
) between various treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05).
The results illustrated that maximum biological yield (9354.4 kg ha-1
) was recorded in plots fertilized with Zinc
5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage
+ 0.2% booting stage and Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage which resulted in 9273.4 and 8440.4 kg
ha-1
biological yield, respectively. The biological yield reduced to 7650.7, 7415.9 and 7050.2 kg ha-1
when crop
was fertilized with Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage and Foliar
applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage, respectively. However, minimum biological yield (6940.6 kg ha-1
) was noted
in Control (No Zinc). In addition, results indicated that although numerically maximum biological yield was
recorded in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage but statistically it differed non-
significantly (P>0.05%) with Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 7. Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on biological yield (kg ha-1
) of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 6931.0 6989.7 6901.2 6940.6 c
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 7423.5 7529.2 7294.9 7415.9 c
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 8320.1 8173.9 8827.3 8440.4 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage 9405.0 9272.0 9386.2 9354.4 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 7666.2 6532.8 6951.5 7050.2 c
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 7587.9 7739.7 7624.6 7650.7 c
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage 9262.7 9314.0 9243.5 9273.4 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
Grain yield (kg ha-1
)
The data regarding grain yield (kg ha-1
) of wheat variety Kiran-95 as affected by soil and foliar applied zinc are
presented in Table-8 whereas, the analysis of variance as Appendix-VIII. The analysis of variance indicated that
the differences for grain yield (kg ha-1
) between various treatments were statistically significant (P<0.05). The
results showed that maximum grain yield (5123.4 kg ha-1
) was observed in plots fertilized with Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage, closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% tillering stage + 0.2%
booting stage and Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage with 5080.7 and 4638.0 kg ha-1
grain yield,
respectively. The grain yield decreased to 4222.4, 4098.8 and 3906.3 kg ha-1
under Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at
tillering, Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage,
respectively. However, minimum grain yield (3848.7 kg ha-1
) was recorded in Control (No Zinc). Furthermore,
results suggested that although numerically maximum grain yield was recorded under Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg
ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage but statistically non-significant (P>0.05%) differences were found
when compared with Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage.
Table 8. Effect of soil and foliar applied zinc on grain yield (kg ha-1
) of wheat variety Kiran-95
Treatments R-I R-II R-III Mean
Control (No Zinc) 3843.6 3874.5 3827.9 3848.7 c
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 4102.8 4158.4 4035.1 4098.8 c
Soil applied Zinc 10.0 kg ha-1
at tillering stage 4574.7 4497.8 4841.6 4638.0 b
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1
at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1
at booting stage 5150.0 5080.0 5140.1 5123.4 a
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage 4230.5 3634.0 3854.4 3906.3 c
Foliar applied Zinc 0.4% at tillering 4189.3 4269.2 4208.6 4222.4 c
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage 5075.1 5102.1 5065.0 5080.7 a
Means not sharing the same letter in a column differ significantly at 0.05 probability level.
1.1.2 Discussion 3
Nutrient deficiency and imbalanced fertilizers use are one of the important factors for low yield of wheat in
Pakistan. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and its deficiency is common in cultivated soils
S.E ± 219.71
DMR 0.05 767.99
DMR 0.01 981.90
CV% 3.36
S.E ± 115.64
DMR 0.05 404.20
DMR 0.01 516.79
CV% 3.21
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.23, 2014
86
of Pakistan (Zeidan et al., 2010). Zinc plays a very important role for the transformation of carbohydrates and
regulating consumption of sugars. It is required in a variety of enzymes and plays an essential role in DNA
transcription (Don Eckert, 2010). A typical symptom of zinc deficiency is the stunted growth of leaves,
commonly known as "little leaf" (Thalooth et al., 2006).The grain yield can be improved by addition of Zn
fertilization (Maqsood et al., 2009). Foliar fertilization of crops can complement and guarantee the availability of
nutrients to crops for obtaining higher yields (Arif et al., 2006). The findings of the study suggested that soil and
foliar applied zinc affected significantly (P<0.05) growth and yield traits of wheat variety Kiran-95. Soil applied
Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage produced maximum plant height (99.0 cm), tillers
(410.7 m-2), spike length (13.1 cm), spikelets per spike (23.0), grains per spike (45.1), seed index (43.4 g),
biological yield (9354.4 kg ha-1) and grain yield (5123.4 kg ha-1), closely followed by Foliar applied Zinc 0.2%
at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage almost in all the growth and yield attributes, particularly grain yield
(5080.7 kg ha-1). However, minimum growth and yield traits particularly grain yield (5080.7 kg ha-1).
Furthermore, the results concluded that although numerically maximum growth and yield values were recorded
in Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage but statistically the differences between
Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at booting stage and Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering
stage + 0.2% at booting stage were non-significant. These results showed that foliar application of zinc proved
more beneficial and economical as compared to soil applied zinc. Low dose of zinc is required when applied
through spray. Application of zinc twice at tillering and booting stage demonstrated more effectiveness as
compared to application once at higher or lower dose either through foliar application or soil. These results
confirmed that zinc is required at two critical stages i.e. tillering and booting stage. The results are in agreement
with those of Arif et al. (2006) who suggested that Foliar fertilization of crops can complement and guarantee the
availability of nutrients to crops for obtaining higher yields The results are in line with the findings of
Mohammad et al. (2009) who concluded that foliar spray of zinc at tillering and/or booting and milking growth
stage (s) increased the grain yield of wheat. Similar results were also reported by Sohu (2008) who found that
soil application of Zn had significant positive effect on all the growth and yield contributing parameters of wheat.
The results are strongly supported by Asad and Rafique (2000) who indicated that Application of zinc increased
wheat dry matter, grain yield, and straw yield significantly over control. Similarly, in another study Zeidan et al.
(2010) concluded that wheat grain yield, straw yield, 1000-grain weight and number of grains spike¬1 and Zn
concentration in flag leaves and grains as well as, protein content in grain were significantly increased by the
application of zinc. Dell et al. (2001) disclosed that Foliar treatments with ZnSO4 and chelated Zn forms resulted
in shoot Zn concentrations in 7-week-old plants being about two-fold greater than those in plants supplied with
Zn in the root environment or via foliar spray of ZnO. Adding surfactant to foliar sprays containing chelated
forms of Zn did not cause negative growth effects, but surfactant added to ZnO or ZnSO4 foliar sprays decreased
shoot growth. Adding urea to the ZnO foliar spray had no effect on shoot growth. Foliarly-applied 65 Zn was
translocated to leaves above and below the treated leaf as well as to the root tips. These results are in accordance
with Hussain and Yasin (2004) who reported 12% increase in wheat yield by the application of 5 kg Zn ha-1,
over control. Increasing Zn dose upto 16 kg Zn ha-1 increased spike length, number of spikelets per spike,
number of tillers per m2 and 1000 grain weight, significantly over control, while highest straw yield was
obtained with the application of 8 kg Zn ha-1. In conclusion, Zn supply along with recommended NPK fertilizers
led to satisfactory crop production. The complimentary use of micronutrients is advantageous as it helps increase
NPK uptake, maintain micronutrients levels in soil and increases crop productivity. It is possible to obtain higher
crop yield with complimentary use of micronutrients along with recommended macronutrient fertilizers.
Conclusion
The results concluded that all the treatments of soil and foliar applied zinc affected significantly (P<0.05) growth
and yield parameters of wheat variety Kiran-95. Soil applied Zinc 5.0 kg ha-1 at tillering + 5.0 kg ha-1 at
booting stage (T4) produced maximum traits, particularly grain yield (5123.4 kg ha-1), closely followed by
Foliar applied Zinc 0.2% at tillering stage + 0.2% at booting stage (T7) with 5080.7 kg ha-1 grain yield.
However, T7 was found the most economical for obtaining optimum yield of wheat variety Kiran-95 due to non-
significant (P>0.05) statistical differences with T4.
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