This study examined the extraction of oil from white and black chia seeds using three different methods: solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and screw pressing extraction. Solvent extraction yielded the highest percentage of oil at 30% for both white and black seeds. Fatty acid analysis found that arachidic acid and linoleic acid were most abundant in oil from white seeds, while linoleic acid was highest in oil from black seeds. Extracted oils from both seeds showed antioxidant effects and presence of compounds like flavonoids and terpenes.
Processing and Quality Evaluation of Menthol Mint Oilinventionjournals
Menthol mint oil is distilled by water steam distillation from leaves of Mentha arvensis and is the most importance source of L-menthol. It contains L-menthol 68.3%, menthone 8.2%, isomenthone 4.4%, menthyl acetate 4.3%, mixture of isomers of menthol 4.5%, cis-3- hexanal 0.2-% and limonene 1.2%, However percentage of components depends on the genetic and ecological conditions. Major component L-Menthol is isolated by freezing at low temperature with the recovery of around 65% in form of menthol flakes and the remaining material is known as DMO or dementholised oil (30%). During the process 1% loss is generally found. All the components are being used in Flavours, Pharmaceuticals, Tobacco and other cosmetic Industries.
IRJET- Assessing the Genuinty of Sesame Oil Available in Markets of India usi...IRJET Journal
This document assesses the genuineness of sesame oil available in Indian markets using the Bellier Turbidity Temperature Test (BTTT). BTTT is a qualitative method to test sesame oil purity based on insolubility of arachidic acid. The study analyzed refined, pure, organic and seed sesame oils from different Indian regions. All oils showed BTTT values between 20.2-21.8°C, fulfilling standards. Statistical analysis showed low variation between readings, demonstrating the test's reproducibility. The study concludes BTTT is reliable, reproducible and suitable for testing diverse sesame oil samples.
Methods for recovery of γ- Oryzanol from Rice bran oil refiningOmkarJoshi81
Rice is major source of food all over world. Rice bran coat is removed from white rice for consumption purpose. Rice bran contains 15-20% of lipid, which on further processing like extraction becomes as Rice bran oil.
Rice bran oil is normally obtained from the bran composite of rice that is removed during the milling process of brown rice to produce white rice, although some extraction processes were developed that occur during the milling process. Commercial rice milling practiced in most of the world does not separate the germ from the bran efficiently, and in many cases unable to separate hull from bran. Thus, what is called rice bran usually contains the germ and parts of the hull and endosperm also.
This document summarizes a study on recycling edible oil after frying. Samples of used sunflower and bean oil were collected from restaurants and analyzed before and after a three-step processing method. The processed oil showed improved properties, with density, moisture, and impurity levels closer to fresh oil. However, acidity and peroxide values increased after frying. Soap was produced from the processed oil and tested, showing higher alkali and lower acid levels than soap from fresh oil. The study concludes the processed oil can be reused in soap production, providing an economical recycling method and reducing environmental impact.
The document examines the effect of bleaching on quality attributes of crude palm oil. Crude palm oil samples were divided into three groups: sample A was unbleached, sample B was heat bleached, and sample C was bleached using activated coconut pod ash. Bleaching reduced moisture content, crude protein, free fatty acid, iodine value, density, refractive index and viscosity across samples. Bleaching increased oil extract, saponification value and lightened color. Bleaching with activated coconut pod ash had the greatest impact on quality attributes, suggesting it is an effective bleaching method for crude palm oil.
The document summarizes research into extracting essential oils from Moringa oleifera seeds and flowers using solvent extraction. Moringa seeds and flowers were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Analysis found the seed oil contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid (up to 69.9%) and the flower oil contained 56% oleic acid. This shows the oils from both can be used for human consumption. Extraction yield was highest at around 15g of sample. The characterization of physical properties found the seed and flower oils would be suitable for various uses.
1. The document describes a study on producing biodiesel from chicken fat through transesterification.
2. Key steps included extracting oil from chicken fat through hydrolysis, then converting the oil to biodiesel via a catalyzed chemical reaction with methanol called transesterification.
3. Experiments were conducted to determine important parameters for designing and building a mini biodiesel production plant, including determining the amount of catalyst needed through acid-base titration of the chicken fat oil.
Processing and Quality Evaluation of Menthol Mint Oilinventionjournals
Menthol mint oil is distilled by water steam distillation from leaves of Mentha arvensis and is the most importance source of L-menthol. It contains L-menthol 68.3%, menthone 8.2%, isomenthone 4.4%, menthyl acetate 4.3%, mixture of isomers of menthol 4.5%, cis-3- hexanal 0.2-% and limonene 1.2%, However percentage of components depends on the genetic and ecological conditions. Major component L-Menthol is isolated by freezing at low temperature with the recovery of around 65% in form of menthol flakes and the remaining material is known as DMO or dementholised oil (30%). During the process 1% loss is generally found. All the components are being used in Flavours, Pharmaceuticals, Tobacco and other cosmetic Industries.
IRJET- Assessing the Genuinty of Sesame Oil Available in Markets of India usi...IRJET Journal
This document assesses the genuineness of sesame oil available in Indian markets using the Bellier Turbidity Temperature Test (BTTT). BTTT is a qualitative method to test sesame oil purity based on insolubility of arachidic acid. The study analyzed refined, pure, organic and seed sesame oils from different Indian regions. All oils showed BTTT values between 20.2-21.8°C, fulfilling standards. Statistical analysis showed low variation between readings, demonstrating the test's reproducibility. The study concludes BTTT is reliable, reproducible and suitable for testing diverse sesame oil samples.
Methods for recovery of γ- Oryzanol from Rice bran oil refiningOmkarJoshi81
Rice is major source of food all over world. Rice bran coat is removed from white rice for consumption purpose. Rice bran contains 15-20% of lipid, which on further processing like extraction becomes as Rice bran oil.
Rice bran oil is normally obtained from the bran composite of rice that is removed during the milling process of brown rice to produce white rice, although some extraction processes were developed that occur during the milling process. Commercial rice milling practiced in most of the world does not separate the germ from the bran efficiently, and in many cases unable to separate hull from bran. Thus, what is called rice bran usually contains the germ and parts of the hull and endosperm also.
This document summarizes a study on recycling edible oil after frying. Samples of used sunflower and bean oil were collected from restaurants and analyzed before and after a three-step processing method. The processed oil showed improved properties, with density, moisture, and impurity levels closer to fresh oil. However, acidity and peroxide values increased after frying. Soap was produced from the processed oil and tested, showing higher alkali and lower acid levels than soap from fresh oil. The study concludes the processed oil can be reused in soap production, providing an economical recycling method and reducing environmental impact.
The document examines the effect of bleaching on quality attributes of crude palm oil. Crude palm oil samples were divided into three groups: sample A was unbleached, sample B was heat bleached, and sample C was bleached using activated coconut pod ash. Bleaching reduced moisture content, crude protein, free fatty acid, iodine value, density, refractive index and viscosity across samples. Bleaching increased oil extract, saponification value and lightened color. Bleaching with activated coconut pod ash had the greatest impact on quality attributes, suggesting it is an effective bleaching method for crude palm oil.
The document summarizes research into extracting essential oils from Moringa oleifera seeds and flowers using solvent extraction. Moringa seeds and flowers were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Analysis found the seed oil contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid (up to 69.9%) and the flower oil contained 56% oleic acid. This shows the oils from both can be used for human consumption. Extraction yield was highest at around 15g of sample. The characterization of physical properties found the seed and flower oils would be suitable for various uses.
1. The document describes a study on producing biodiesel from chicken fat through transesterification.
2. Key steps included extracting oil from chicken fat through hydrolysis, then converting the oil to biodiesel via a catalyzed chemical reaction with methanol called transesterification.
3. Experiments were conducted to determine important parameters for designing and building a mini biodiesel production plant, including determining the amount of catalyst needed through acid-base titration of the chicken fat oil.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients(APIs) Product listAlan Zhao
This document lists the names and contact information for Khonsu International Co., Limited, a company that trades and distributes various pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and herbal extracts. It provides lists of over 100 different products the company trades in, including steroid hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, and herbal extracts. The document encourages sending inquiries to alan@khonsu.biz for more information.
1) The document discusses strategies to mitigate glycidyl esters (GE) during rice bran oil refining. GE levels above 1 ppm are not compliant with EU regulations.
2) GE form from diglycerides at temperatures above 230°C. Rice bran oil is sensitive to GE formation due to its high diglyceride content and refining temperatures of 235-240°C.
3) To reduce GE, refiners should control deodorization time and temperature, aiming to keep temperatures below 240°C. A dual-temperature process, with an initial high-temperature stripping followed by lower-temperature bleaching, may help minimize GE formation.
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
Processing and analysis of ground spices.. (turmericIdrees ul Haq
This document summarizes the processing and analysis of ground turmeric. It discusses that turmeric is used as a condiment, dye, drug and cosmetic. The major turmeric producing states in India are mentioned. A flow chart shows the process of cleaning, grading, grinding, sieving, conveying, weighing and packing of raw turmeric. Quality analysis tests are performed on parameters like moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash and non-volatile ether extraction according to Agmark standards. Observations from samples tested at a turmeric processing plant are presented. Benefits and uses of turmeric in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic industries and others are listed at the end.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides information about seabuckthorn pulp oil and seabuckthorn seed oil. It discusses their extraction process, nutritional contents, and uses. Seabuckthorn oils contain high amounts of antioxidants like carotenoids and vitamins A and E. They have anti-inflammatory and skin healing properties, and are used in cosmetic products for anti-aging and treating conditions like acne, rosacea, and stretch marks. Both oils can be applied directly to skin and hair or incorporated into skin and hair care products at 3-10% concentration.
This document discusses various culinary oils and their fatty acid compositions. It notes that replacing just 5% of daily saturated fat intake with polyunsaturated fat could lower heart disease risk by 10%. Different oils are better suited for different culinary purposes like frying or baking due to their stability and oxidation properties. Nutritional properties, cost, and quality must all be considered when selecting oils.
This document discusses various types of oils and fats, their properties, uses, and health impacts. It notes that certain oils higher in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats like hazelnut, walnut, olive and flaxseed oils are preferable to consume due to their positive health effects when used in moderation. It also warns that partially hydrogenated oils contain unhealthy trans fats and that overconsumption of saturated fats is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Improving the Chemical Properties of Monterey Cheese by Debaryomyces Hansenii...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving the chemical properties of Monterey cheese by adding Debaryomyces hansenii yeast as an adjunct starter. Monterey cheese was produced with starter bacteria alone or in combination with live or dead D. hansenii yeast. The cheeses were ripened for 56 days and tested for various chemical properties. Results showed cheeses with live D. hansenii yeast had higher pH, soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and acid degree values after 3 days of ripening compared to cheeses with only starter bacteria or dead yeast. These results indicate D. hansenii yeast can positively influence proteolysis and lipolysis during the early stages of Monterey cheese ripening.
Recent Development In Halal Food AnalysisIslamiculture
The document summarizes recent developments in halal food analysis. It discusses the increasing global demand for halal food due to the Muslim population growth. Ensuring food is genuinely halal according to Islamic law is important but challenging given modern food processing and fraudulent cases. New analytical methods are being developed including FTIR spectroscopy, electronic nose technology, and molecular biology techniques to better detect haram ingredients like pork in processed foods claimed to be halal.
This document summarizes a study on the extraction of oil from watermelon seeds using different solvents, characterization of the extracted oil, and its application in cosmetic products. Watermelon seeds contain 35-40% oil consisting primarily of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. The study extracted oil from the seeds using n-hexane, benzene, and a mixed solvent system via solvent extraction. Analysis found the oil had properties suitable for use in skin care products due to moisturizing effects. A moisturizer formulation utilizing 6-10% of the extracted watermelon seed oil was developed and found to have similar properties to commercial moisturizers. The extracted oil was also characterized and found to have fatty
Application of GC-MS in Quantitative Analysis of Some Carminative Syrupsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Extraction Of Essential Oil From Betel LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on extracting essential oils from betel leaves. Betel leaves contain various beneficial compounds and essential oils that are of interest to researchers. The study investigated extracting oils from dried betel leaves using Soxhlet extraction with water and 70% ethanol as solvents. Water extraction yielded a higher amount (1.57g) than ethanol extraction (1.23g). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify compounds in the extracts. The extracts contained various alkaloids, phenolic compounds, acids and other soluble components.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
Extraction of Essential Oil from Neem Seed by Using Soxhlet Extraction MethodsIJAEMSJORNAL
Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different organic solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical property of the extracted oil was also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Result revealed that, soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%; using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportion has 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures .At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. Actually, ethanol not produced oil at one hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil. Surprisingly, mixtures of Ethanol and Hexane gave admirable results. Predominantly, ethanol-hexane mixtures of 60:40, and 40:60% (volume proportions) gave better oil yields of 44%, and 41.2% respectively than that of hexane (40.35%) at 3 hours of process time.
The document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of Silam (Perilla fructescens) seeds and oil found in Nepal. Key findings include:
1. The physical properties of Silam seeds were analyzed, such as 1000 kernel weight (4.13g), angle of repose (52.46°), and bulk density (424.48 g/cm3).
2. Chemical analysis found Silam seed contains 17.3-17.43% protein, 48.19-48.516% fat, and 0.857-0.915% ash.
3. Analysis of Silam oil showed a moisture content between 0.196-0.913%, refractive index of 1
The document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of Silam (Perilla fructescens) seeds and oil found in Nepal. Key findings include:
1. The physical properties of Silam seeds were analyzed, such as 1000 kernel weight (4.13g), angle of repose (52.46°), and bulk density (424.48 g/cm3).
2. Chemical analysis found Silam seed contains 17.3-17.43% protein, 48.19-48.516% fat, and 0.857-0.915% ash.
3. Analysis of Silam oil showed a moisture content between 0.196-0.913%, refractive index of 1
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Advancement in neem oil extraction process Prem Baboo
This paper describes a process of preparation of neem oil water emulsion & coating of urea in fertilizer plants, at site of urea production. The neem tree found in Asia and basically Indian sub continent. The basic part for neem oil used is seed of the neem known as kernels .Different method are available to obtain neem oil including one new method Supercritical method for extraction of neem oil from kernels.Now a days the main demand of neem oil in fertilizers Industries for coating of Urea and other fertilizers. “Government of India has done away with the cap on neem- coated urea and now it can be produced 100%. It is a win-win situation for both industry and farmers. It has been noted that farmer’s income would increase with the help of neem-coated urea as productivity would increase with less usage of urea.”Consequently the demand of Neem oil drastically increasing. In this paper some description of oil preparation method. Using carbon dioxide: methanol for supercritical fluid extraction is the maximum yield eco friendly process but slightly economical.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability of crude palm oils produced traditionally and industrially in Cameroon. The study found that the traditional and industrial crude palm oils had higher levels of moisture content, free fatty acids, and peroxide values compared to a reference oil before storage. When stored at 30°C and 20°C over 3 months, the free fatty acid and peroxide values of both oils increased significantly, indicating deterioration, with the traditional oil deteriorating faster than the industrial oil. The physicochemical properties showed the oils were edible but suggested the traditional oil may not be suitable for long-term storage.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients(APIs) Product listAlan Zhao
This document lists the names and contact information for Khonsu International Co., Limited, a company that trades and distributes various pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and herbal extracts. It provides lists of over 100 different products the company trades in, including steroid hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, and herbal extracts. The document encourages sending inquiries to alan@khonsu.biz for more information.
1) The document discusses strategies to mitigate glycidyl esters (GE) during rice bran oil refining. GE levels above 1 ppm are not compliant with EU regulations.
2) GE form from diglycerides at temperatures above 230°C. Rice bran oil is sensitive to GE formation due to its high diglyceride content and refining temperatures of 235-240°C.
3) To reduce GE, refiners should control deodorization time and temperature, aiming to keep temperatures below 240°C. A dual-temperature process, with an initial high-temperature stripping followed by lower-temperature bleaching, may help minimize GE formation.
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Cytotoxic Activity of Ducrosia asa...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hydro distillated oil of the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadi Alva. (Umbelliferae) , has been analyzed by GC/MS with two different capillary columns , HP-5MS and HP-Wax .Thirty-four compounds were identified, 94.3% of the total oils. The concentration of citronellol, chrysanthenyl acetate, decanoic acid, decanol and linalool was high in analysis of the oil with both columns. Cytotoxic activity studied on two human cancer cell lines (LS180 and MCF-7) represented moderate cytotoxic activity.
Processing and analysis of ground spices.. (turmericIdrees ul Haq
This document summarizes the processing and analysis of ground turmeric. It discusses that turmeric is used as a condiment, dye, drug and cosmetic. The major turmeric producing states in India are mentioned. A flow chart shows the process of cleaning, grading, grinding, sieving, conveying, weighing and packing of raw turmeric. Quality analysis tests are performed on parameters like moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash and non-volatile ether extraction according to Agmark standards. Observations from samples tested at a turmeric processing plant are presented. Benefits and uses of turmeric in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic industries and others are listed at the end.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides information about seabuckthorn pulp oil and seabuckthorn seed oil. It discusses their extraction process, nutritional contents, and uses. Seabuckthorn oils contain high amounts of antioxidants like carotenoids and vitamins A and E. They have anti-inflammatory and skin healing properties, and are used in cosmetic products for anti-aging and treating conditions like acne, rosacea, and stretch marks. Both oils can be applied directly to skin and hair or incorporated into skin and hair care products at 3-10% concentration.
This document discusses various culinary oils and their fatty acid compositions. It notes that replacing just 5% of daily saturated fat intake with polyunsaturated fat could lower heart disease risk by 10%. Different oils are better suited for different culinary purposes like frying or baking due to their stability and oxidation properties. Nutritional properties, cost, and quality must all be considered when selecting oils.
This document discusses various types of oils and fats, their properties, uses, and health impacts. It notes that certain oils higher in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats like hazelnut, walnut, olive and flaxseed oils are preferable to consume due to their positive health effects when used in moderation. It also warns that partially hydrogenated oils contain unhealthy trans fats and that overconsumption of saturated fats is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Improving the Chemical Properties of Monterey Cheese by Debaryomyces Hansenii...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving the chemical properties of Monterey cheese by adding Debaryomyces hansenii yeast as an adjunct starter. Monterey cheese was produced with starter bacteria alone or in combination with live or dead D. hansenii yeast. The cheeses were ripened for 56 days and tested for various chemical properties. Results showed cheeses with live D. hansenii yeast had higher pH, soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and acid degree values after 3 days of ripening compared to cheeses with only starter bacteria or dead yeast. These results indicate D. hansenii yeast can positively influence proteolysis and lipolysis during the early stages of Monterey cheese ripening.
Recent Development In Halal Food AnalysisIslamiculture
The document summarizes recent developments in halal food analysis. It discusses the increasing global demand for halal food due to the Muslim population growth. Ensuring food is genuinely halal according to Islamic law is important but challenging given modern food processing and fraudulent cases. New analytical methods are being developed including FTIR spectroscopy, electronic nose technology, and molecular biology techniques to better detect haram ingredients like pork in processed foods claimed to be halal.
This document summarizes a study on the extraction of oil from watermelon seeds using different solvents, characterization of the extracted oil, and its application in cosmetic products. Watermelon seeds contain 35-40% oil consisting primarily of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. The study extracted oil from the seeds using n-hexane, benzene, and a mixed solvent system via solvent extraction. Analysis found the oil had properties suitable for use in skin care products due to moisturizing effects. A moisturizer formulation utilizing 6-10% of the extracted watermelon seed oil was developed and found to have similar properties to commercial moisturizers. The extracted oil was also characterized and found to have fatty
Application of GC-MS in Quantitative Analysis of Some Carminative Syrupsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Extraction Of Essential Oil From Betel LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on extracting essential oils from betel leaves. Betel leaves contain various beneficial compounds and essential oils that are of interest to researchers. The study investigated extracting oils from dried betel leaves using Soxhlet extraction with water and 70% ethanol as solvents. Water extraction yielded a higher amount (1.57g) than ethanol extraction (1.23g). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify compounds in the extracts. The extracts contained various alkaloids, phenolic compounds, acids and other soluble components.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
Extraction of Essential Oil from Neem Seed by Using Soxhlet Extraction MethodsIJAEMSJORNAL
Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different organic solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical property of the extracted oil was also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Result revealed that, soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%; using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportion has 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures .At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. Actually, ethanol not produced oil at one hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil. Surprisingly, mixtures of Ethanol and Hexane gave admirable results. Predominantly, ethanol-hexane mixtures of 60:40, and 40:60% (volume proportions) gave better oil yields of 44%, and 41.2% respectively than that of hexane (40.35%) at 3 hours of process time.
The document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of Silam (Perilla fructescens) seeds and oil found in Nepal. Key findings include:
1. The physical properties of Silam seeds were analyzed, such as 1000 kernel weight (4.13g), angle of repose (52.46°), and bulk density (424.48 g/cm3).
2. Chemical analysis found Silam seed contains 17.3-17.43% protein, 48.19-48.516% fat, and 0.857-0.915% ash.
3. Analysis of Silam oil showed a moisture content between 0.196-0.913%, refractive index of 1
The document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of Silam (Perilla fructescens) seeds and oil found in Nepal. Key findings include:
1. The physical properties of Silam seeds were analyzed, such as 1000 kernel weight (4.13g), angle of repose (52.46°), and bulk density (424.48 g/cm3).
2. Chemical analysis found Silam seed contains 17.3-17.43% protein, 48.19-48.516% fat, and 0.857-0.915% ash.
3. Analysis of Silam oil showed a moisture content between 0.196-0.913%, refractive index of 1
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Advancement in neem oil extraction process Prem Baboo
This paper describes a process of preparation of neem oil water emulsion & coating of urea in fertilizer plants, at site of urea production. The neem tree found in Asia and basically Indian sub continent. The basic part for neem oil used is seed of the neem known as kernels .Different method are available to obtain neem oil including one new method Supercritical method for extraction of neem oil from kernels.Now a days the main demand of neem oil in fertilizers Industries for coating of Urea and other fertilizers. “Government of India has done away with the cap on neem- coated urea and now it can be produced 100%. It is a win-win situation for both industry and farmers. It has been noted that farmer’s income would increase with the help of neem-coated urea as productivity would increase with less usage of urea.”Consequently the demand of Neem oil drastically increasing. In this paper some description of oil preparation method. Using carbon dioxide: methanol for supercritical fluid extraction is the maximum yield eco friendly process but slightly economical.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability of crude palm oils produced traditionally and industrially in Cameroon. The study found that the traditional and industrial crude palm oils had higher levels of moisture content, free fatty acids, and peroxide values compared to a reference oil before storage. When stored at 30°C and 20°C over 3 months, the free fatty acid and peroxide values of both oils increased significantly, indicating deterioration, with the traditional oil deteriorating faster than the industrial oil. The physicochemical properties showed the oils were edible but suggested the traditional oil may not be suitable for long-term storage.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the chemical constituents, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seed oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 24 constituents making up 96.81% of the oil, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenol as major components. Physicochemical analysis found the oil had a specific gravity of 0.9050, refractive index of 1.456, and acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values within reported standards. Proximate analysis determined the seed contained 10.50% moisture, 39.57% protein, and 32.50%
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of supercritical fluid extraction fractionation on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of oils from two cantaloupe cultivars. The oils were extracted from the seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain three fractions. The major fatty acids in both cultivars were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid. Fractionation led to decreases in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids but increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids. All fractions exhibited high antioxidant activity in assays, reducing beta-carotene oxidation and quenching free radicals.
Supercritical extraction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds with pure CO...Egidijus Dauksas
The document discusses supercritical fluid extraction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds using pure CO2 and mixtures of CO2 with caprylic acid methyl ester. It finds that increasing the CO2 pressure from 100 to 350 bar increased the borage seed extract yield from 0.14% to 24.29% by weight. Adding caprylic acid methyl ester as an entrainer further increased the extract yields, with the highest solubility of the entrainer in CO2 determined to be approximately 1 g of ester in 1 g of CO2 at pressures of 100 and 300 bar. The addition of the entrainer increased extract yields up to 47.8 times at 100 bar and 2
This document summarizes a study investigating the potential for Moringa oleifera seed oil to be a new source of oleic acid-type oil for Malaysia. Key findings include:
- M. oleifera seed oil contains high levels of oleic acid (67.9%), similar to olive oil, and remains liquid at room temperature.
- Enzyme treatment, particularly with protease, improved oil extraction yields from the seeds compared to untreated controls.
- Modification of the oil using lipase increased the oleic acid content and decreased the melting point, indicating potential for food/culinary applications.
- Due to its similarities to olive oil and stability properties, M. oleifera seed oil shows promise
Detection of oxidative status of some edible oilSeham Fawzy
The document analyzes the oxidative stability of sunflower and corn oils under different storage conditions and numbers of fryings. It finds that storing oils in the dark for up to 30 days and frying oils fewer than 15 times increases oxidative stability, as measured by peroxide value, anisidine value, and totox value. Repeated frying and long storage periods decrease unsaturated fatty acids and increase saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids. It recommends proper storage, use of antioxidants, limiting frying reuse, and increasing public education to minimize health risks.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
This document summarizes an experiment to extract and characterize crude oil from the seeds of Spermacoce hispida. The extraction was done using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus. Characterization of the extracted oil included determining specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, and iodine value. The results of these tests were within ASTM standard specifications. Characterization suggested the oil contains high levels of saturated fatty acids. The oil showed considerable changes in iodine value and peroxide value when stored for one month under light, darkness, and refrigeration conditions, indicating oxidative rancidity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to Effect of Extraction Method of Chia Seeds Oil on its Content of Fatty Acids and Antioxidants (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.