Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different organic solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical property of the extracted oil was also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Result revealed that, soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%; using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportion has 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures .At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. Actually, ethanol not produced oil at one hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil. Surprisingly, mixtures of Ethanol and Hexane gave admirable results. Predominantly, ethanol-hexane mixtures of 60:40, and 40:60% (volume proportions) gave better oil yields of 44%, and 41.2% respectively than that of hexane (40.35%) at 3 hours of process time.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
This document discusses various methods for extracting volatile oils from plants. It describes distillation techniques like water distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also covers solvent extraction methods and mechanical expression. The key extraction methods are distillation, solvent extraction using chemicals or supercritical fluids, and mechanical expression for certain plants. Distillation is a common traditional technique but requires more energy, while supercritical fluid extraction provides better oil yields in less time.
Black mustard seeds are cultivated for their oil, which is used as a condiment, illuminant, lubricant, and in soaps. The seeds contain sinigrin, a thioglycoside that produces the pungent allyl isothiocyanate when broken down by the enzyme myrosin. Black mustard is mixed with white mustard to make mustards used in various condiments. The oil is also used in repellents for cats and dogs.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products derived mostly from plants. Resins can occur alone or in combination with other plant metabolites like volatile oils, gums, or oils and gums. The document discusses the properties, types, occurrence, extraction and identification of resins. It provides examples of specific resins and their constituents and uses, including cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric and ginger.
This document discusses resins, which are amorphous substances produced by plants as end products of metabolism. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are composed mainly of terpenes and can be extracted through solvent extraction, distillation, incisions, or heating the plant. Physically, resins are hard, brittle solids or semi-solids that burn readily. Chemically, resins contain mostly carbon and are classified based on their predominant constituents like acids, esters, or alcohols. Tests can identify resins based on solubility, chemical reactions, or specific constituents. Resins have various uses like adhesives, emulsifiers, antiseptics,
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Extraction, isolation and identification lect 1reemissa5
Medicinal plants provide sources for traditional and modern medicines. There are various methods for extracting active compounds from medicinal plants including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and aqueous-alcoholic extraction. The selection of an extraction method depends on factors like the plant materials used, the desired compounds, and the solvent. Common steps in extraction are size reduction, extraction using a solvent, filtration, concentration, and drying to produce extracts for use.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
This document discusses various methods for extracting volatile oils from plants. It describes distillation techniques like water distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also covers solvent extraction methods and mechanical expression. The key extraction methods are distillation, solvent extraction using chemicals or supercritical fluids, and mechanical expression for certain plants. Distillation is a common traditional technique but requires more energy, while supercritical fluid extraction provides better oil yields in less time.
Black mustard seeds are cultivated for their oil, which is used as a condiment, illuminant, lubricant, and in soaps. The seeds contain sinigrin, a thioglycoside that produces the pungent allyl isothiocyanate when broken down by the enzyme myrosin. Black mustard is mixed with white mustard to make mustards used in various condiments. The oil is also used in repellents for cats and dogs.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products derived mostly from plants. Resins can occur alone or in combination with other plant metabolites like volatile oils, gums, or oils and gums. The document discusses the properties, types, occurrence, extraction and identification of resins. It provides examples of specific resins and their constituents and uses, including cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric and ginger.
This document discusses resins, which are amorphous substances produced by plants as end products of metabolism. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are composed mainly of terpenes and can be extracted through solvent extraction, distillation, incisions, or heating the plant. Physically, resins are hard, brittle solids or semi-solids that burn readily. Chemically, resins contain mostly carbon and are classified based on their predominant constituents like acids, esters, or alcohols. Tests can identify resins based on solubility, chemical reactions, or specific constituents. Resins have various uses like adhesives, emulsifiers, antiseptics,
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Extraction, isolation and identification lect 1reemissa5
Medicinal plants provide sources for traditional and modern medicines. There are various methods for extracting active compounds from medicinal plants including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and aqueous-alcoholic extraction. The selection of an extraction method depends on factors like the plant materials used, the desired compounds, and the solvent. Common steps in extraction are size reduction, extraction using a solvent, filtration, concentration, and drying to produce extracts for use.
Sesame oil is obtained by expression from seeds of the sesamum indicum plant. It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions like India, Caribbean islands, China, Japan, Africa, and the United States. The oil is pale yellow with a slight odor and bland taste. It contains mainly oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Sesame oil has emollient properties and is used in liniments, plasters, ointments, soaps, and as a vehicle for intramuscular injections. It can be adulterated with oils like camellia, corn, cotton, and peanut oils.
This document discusses various plant extraction and fractionation methods. Extraction involves separating the medicinally active parts of plants from inactive components using selective solvents. Common extraction methods include maceration, infusion, digestion, and decoction. Maceration soaks plants in solvents, infusion uses hot or cold water, digestion uses gentle heat, and decoction boils plants in water. Fractionation further separates crude extracts into portions by solvent polarity in a fractional process.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures of organic compounds extracted from plants. They are typically obtained through hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, expression or other specialized techniques. Volatile oils have several important applications including use in perfumes, cosmetics, flavors, and traditional medicine due to their aromatic properties and biological activities. The specific extraction method used depends on the plant material and desired oil properties.
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract phytochemicals from plant materials. It begins with definitions of extraction and discusses solvent selection. Specific techniques covered include maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, countercurrent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Extraction of specific compound classes like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils are also summarized.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Coconut Oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Coconut oil is the oil expressed from the dried solid part of endosperm of coconut, Cocos nucifera L., belonging to family Palmae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from fruit source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Coconut Oil
2. Biological Sources of Coconut Oil
3. Geographical Sources of Coconut Oil
4. Preparation of Coconut Oil
5. Description of Coconut Oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Coconut Oil
7. Chemical Test of Coconut Oil
8. Uses of Coconut Oil
Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) is an annual herbaceous plant originating from the Middle East, possibly Egypt. It is now primarily grown in India, Iran, and Afghanistan. The part used is the small gray-green seeds, which have a characteristic spicy odor and bitter taste. Ajwain seeds are used as a spice in India due to their digestive benefits. Some key health benefits of Ajwain include aiding digestion, reducing acidity, and helping treat kidney disorders, stomach problems, heart issues, and flu.
This document discusses various extraction methods used to separate medicinally active compounds from plant materials. It begins with an introduction on selecting extraction methods based on compound characteristics and solvent properties. Several conventional methods are described in detail, including maceration, infusion, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation. Non-conventional methods like ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction are also summarized. The document concludes by noting that the appropriate extraction method depends on factors like the target compound and plant material properties.
This document discusses various extraction and isolation techniques for plant constituents. It describes extraction processes like maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, counter-current extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Fractional crystallization, distillation, chromatography techniques and other methods are used to separate and identify plant constituents. Chromatography methods discussed include thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also covers types of solvents used, factors in solvent selection, types of extracts produced, and applications of gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
Volatile oil
Introduction:
Definition:
All volatile oils are obtained from plant source Except oil of musk, from male deer and amber, from whale.
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation of plants or by other method .
This presentation provides information on different types of volatile oils and their medicinal values. Volatile oils are also known as ethereal or essential oils, and evaporate at ordinary temperatures. They provide scents to plants and protect them from animals. There are various classifications of volatile oils including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and esters. Methods to obtain volatile oils include distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Volatile oils have many medicinal uses such as for aromatherapy, as antiseptics, and to treat conditions like spasms. The presentation examines properties, chemical constituents, extraction methods, and applications of these important plant-derived oils
This document describes a method for estimating total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Phenolic compounds are important plant antioxidants. The method involves preparing plant extracts in methanol and mixing them with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. The absorbance is then measured to determine the total phenol content based on a gallic acid standard curve. The total phenolic content measurement provides information about a plant's antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.
The document provides information about cardamom, including its definition, morphology, history, chemical constituents, common usable parts, traditional uses, extraction process, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice and originated in Guatemala. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and its seeds contain volatile oils including a-terpineol and limonene. Traditional uses of cardamom include use in cooking, baking, and as a breath freshener. Its extraction process involves grinding seeds and steeping them in water. Therapeutic uses include treating indigestion, infections, and inflammation. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, but side effects may
The document provides information about volatile oils (also known as essential oils), including their definition, properties, chemical nature, classification, methods of preparation from plants, production and uses. It discusses several individual volatile oils (clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, mentha, sandalwood, lemon grass), describing their method of production, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and diagnostic characters.
Liquorice: Biological source, cultivation and collection, Morphology, microscopySonia Singh
The document discusses liquorice, including its:
1) Biological source as the peeled and unpeeled stolons, roots, and stems of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
2) Cultivation requirements like a deep, fertile, moist soil and harvesting in autumn of the fourth year.
3) Morphology like a cylindrical shape, yellowish-brown color, and longitudinally wrinkled outer surface in unpeeled form.
Essential oils are aromatic liquid substances extracted from plants through various methods. The most common extraction method is steam distillation, which involves using steam to separate the essential oils from plant material. Other methods include carbon dioxide extraction, cold press extraction, and using solvents to extract absolutes. Essential oils have various uses including aromatherapy, massage, room freshening, insect repellents, and beauty products due to their aromatic properties.
This document provides information about tannins, which are astringent, polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites. It discusses:
1. Tannins are naturally occurring complex organic compounds that have astringent properties and form colloidal solutions with water. They precipitate proteins and help protect plants from external threats.
2. Tannins are classified based on their molecular weight and hydrolysis properties. The main types are hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins.
3. Tannins have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities. They are widely distributed in plants and localized in vacuoles,
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent.
Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic cropsAnkush Singh
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
This document discusses various herbal cosmeceuticals used for skin, hair, and color cosmetics. It provides details on plant sources, active constituents, mechanisms of action and common formulations for herbal ingredients like turmeric, bearberry, aloe vera, coriander, rose, chamomile and others used as fairness agents, moisturizers, anti-aging products, and more. Specific cream, lipstick, and other formulations are presented along with the typical percentages of oils, waxes, and other ingredients included.
Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface metho...Alexander Decker
The document describes an experiment that used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of neem seed oil using solvent extraction. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time) on oil yield and quality characteristics. Forty-two experimental runs were conducted. Regression models developed showed solvent composition and extraction time had significant effects on maximizing oil yield. The maximum predicted oil yield of 43.48% was obtained at 80.77% n-hexane, 34.93°C temperature, and 6 hours extraction time. Validation experiments showed oil yields ranging from 32.85% to 37.20%, matching the simulated values.
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that optimized oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (sorrel) oilseeds using response surface methodology. The study extracted oil from the seeds using solvent extraction with n-hexane. It investigated 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction conditions of time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The study also characterized the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and analyzed its fatty acid composition. Additionally, it examined the kinetics of degradation when heating the oil at temperatures up to 250°C. The results showed that the maximum oil yield of 18.25% could be achieved with an extraction time of 2 hours, solvent volume of 157mL, and
Sesame oil is obtained by expression from seeds of the sesamum indicum plant. It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions like India, Caribbean islands, China, Japan, Africa, and the United States. The oil is pale yellow with a slight odor and bland taste. It contains mainly oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Sesame oil has emollient properties and is used in liniments, plasters, ointments, soaps, and as a vehicle for intramuscular injections. It can be adulterated with oils like camellia, corn, cotton, and peanut oils.
This document discusses various plant extraction and fractionation methods. Extraction involves separating the medicinally active parts of plants from inactive components using selective solvents. Common extraction methods include maceration, infusion, digestion, and decoction. Maceration soaks plants in solvents, infusion uses hot or cold water, digestion uses gentle heat, and decoction boils plants in water. Fractionation further separates crude extracts into portions by solvent polarity in a fractional process.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures of organic compounds extracted from plants. They are typically obtained through hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, expression or other specialized techniques. Volatile oils have several important applications including use in perfumes, cosmetics, flavors, and traditional medicine due to their aromatic properties and biological activities. The specific extraction method used depends on the plant material and desired oil properties.
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract phytochemicals from plant materials. It begins with definitions of extraction and discusses solvent selection. Specific techniques covered include maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, countercurrent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Extraction of specific compound classes like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils are also summarized.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Coconut Oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Coconut oil is the oil expressed from the dried solid part of endosperm of coconut, Cocos nucifera L., belonging to family Palmae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from fruit source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Coconut Oil
2. Biological Sources of Coconut Oil
3. Geographical Sources of Coconut Oil
4. Preparation of Coconut Oil
5. Description of Coconut Oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Coconut Oil
7. Chemical Test of Coconut Oil
8. Uses of Coconut Oil
Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) is an annual herbaceous plant originating from the Middle East, possibly Egypt. It is now primarily grown in India, Iran, and Afghanistan. The part used is the small gray-green seeds, which have a characteristic spicy odor and bitter taste. Ajwain seeds are used as a spice in India due to their digestive benefits. Some key health benefits of Ajwain include aiding digestion, reducing acidity, and helping treat kidney disorders, stomach problems, heart issues, and flu.
This document discusses various extraction methods used to separate medicinally active compounds from plant materials. It begins with an introduction on selecting extraction methods based on compound characteristics and solvent properties. Several conventional methods are described in detail, including maceration, infusion, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation. Non-conventional methods like ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction are also summarized. The document concludes by noting that the appropriate extraction method depends on factors like the target compound and plant material properties.
This document discusses various extraction and isolation techniques for plant constituents. It describes extraction processes like maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, counter-current extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Fractional crystallization, distillation, chromatography techniques and other methods are used to separate and identify plant constituents. Chromatography methods discussed include thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also covers types of solvents used, factors in solvent selection, types of extracts produced, and applications of gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
Volatile oil
Introduction:
Definition:
All volatile oils are obtained from plant source Except oil of musk, from male deer and amber, from whale.
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation of plants or by other method .
This presentation provides information on different types of volatile oils and their medicinal values. Volatile oils are also known as ethereal or essential oils, and evaporate at ordinary temperatures. They provide scents to plants and protect them from animals. There are various classifications of volatile oils including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and esters. Methods to obtain volatile oils include distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Volatile oils have many medicinal uses such as for aromatherapy, as antiseptics, and to treat conditions like spasms. The presentation examines properties, chemical constituents, extraction methods, and applications of these important plant-derived oils
This document describes a method for estimating total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Phenolic compounds are important plant antioxidants. The method involves preparing plant extracts in methanol and mixing them with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. The absorbance is then measured to determine the total phenol content based on a gallic acid standard curve. The total phenolic content measurement provides information about a plant's antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.
The document provides information about cardamom, including its definition, morphology, history, chemical constituents, common usable parts, traditional uses, extraction process, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice and originated in Guatemala. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and its seeds contain volatile oils including a-terpineol and limonene. Traditional uses of cardamom include use in cooking, baking, and as a breath freshener. Its extraction process involves grinding seeds and steeping them in water. Therapeutic uses include treating indigestion, infections, and inflammation. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, but side effects may
The document provides information about volatile oils (also known as essential oils), including their definition, properties, chemical nature, classification, methods of preparation from plants, production and uses. It discusses several individual volatile oils (clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, mentha, sandalwood, lemon grass), describing their method of production, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and diagnostic characters.
Liquorice: Biological source, cultivation and collection, Morphology, microscopySonia Singh
The document discusses liquorice, including its:
1) Biological source as the peeled and unpeeled stolons, roots, and stems of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
2) Cultivation requirements like a deep, fertile, moist soil and harvesting in autumn of the fourth year.
3) Morphology like a cylindrical shape, yellowish-brown color, and longitudinally wrinkled outer surface in unpeeled form.
Essential oils are aromatic liquid substances extracted from plants through various methods. The most common extraction method is steam distillation, which involves using steam to separate the essential oils from plant material. Other methods include carbon dioxide extraction, cold press extraction, and using solvents to extract absolutes. Essential oils have various uses including aromatherapy, massage, room freshening, insect repellents, and beauty products due to their aromatic properties.
This document provides information about tannins, which are astringent, polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites. It discusses:
1. Tannins are naturally occurring complex organic compounds that have astringent properties and form colloidal solutions with water. They precipitate proteins and help protect plants from external threats.
2. Tannins are classified based on their molecular weight and hydrolysis properties. The main types are hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins.
3. Tannins have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities. They are widely distributed in plants and localized in vacuoles,
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent.
Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic cropsAnkush Singh
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
This document discusses various herbal cosmeceuticals used for skin, hair, and color cosmetics. It provides details on plant sources, active constituents, mechanisms of action and common formulations for herbal ingredients like turmeric, bearberry, aloe vera, coriander, rose, chamomile and others used as fairness agents, moisturizers, anti-aging products, and more. Specific cream, lipstick, and other formulations are presented along with the typical percentages of oils, waxes, and other ingredients included.
Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface metho...Alexander Decker
The document describes an experiment that used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of neem seed oil using solvent extraction. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time) on oil yield and quality characteristics. Forty-two experimental runs were conducted. Regression models developed showed solvent composition and extraction time had significant effects on maximizing oil yield. The maximum predicted oil yield of 43.48% was obtained at 80.77% n-hexane, 34.93°C temperature, and 6 hours extraction time. Validation experiments showed oil yields ranging from 32.85% to 37.20%, matching the simulated values.
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that optimized oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (sorrel) oilseeds using response surface methodology. The study extracted oil from the seeds using solvent extraction with n-hexane. It investigated 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction conditions of time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The study also characterized the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and analyzed its fatty acid composition. Additionally, it examined the kinetics of degradation when heating the oil at temperatures up to 250°C. The results showed that the maximum oil yield of 18.25% could be achieved with an extraction time of 2 hours, solvent volume of 157mL, and
Optimization, kinetic degradation and quality characterization of oil extract...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study that aimed to optimize oil extraction from Nigeria Hibiscus sabdariffa (Sorrel) oilseeds using Response Surface Methodology, and characterize the physicochemical properties and kinetics of degradation of the extracted oil. The study conducted 17 experimental runs using a Box-Behnken design to determine the optimal extraction time, solvent volume, and sample weight. The maximum oil yield of 18.25% was predicted at 2 hours, 157 ml solvent, and 22 g sample weight. Analysis showed the oil was highly unsaturated with potential food and industrial uses. Kinetic studies found the degradation rate of peroxide value in the oil increased with temperature, following first order reaction kinetics.
Advancement in neem oil extraction process Prem Baboo
This paper describes a process of preparation of neem oil water emulsion & coating of urea in fertilizer plants, at site of urea production. The neem tree found in Asia and basically Indian sub continent. The basic part for neem oil used is seed of the neem known as kernels .Different method are available to obtain neem oil including one new method Supercritical method for extraction of neem oil from kernels.Now a days the main demand of neem oil in fertilizers Industries for coating of Urea and other fertilizers. “Government of India has done away with the cap on neem- coated urea and now it can be produced 100%. It is a win-win situation for both industry and farmers. It has been noted that farmer’s income would increase with the help of neem-coated urea as productivity would increase with less usage of urea.”Consequently the demand of Neem oil drastically increasing. In this paper some description of oil preparation method. Using carbon dioxide: methanol for supercritical fluid extraction is the maximum yield eco friendly process but slightly economical.
Extraction Of Essential Oil From Betel LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on extracting essential oils from betel leaves. Betel leaves contain various beneficial compounds and essential oils that are of interest to researchers. The study investigated extracting oils from dried betel leaves using Soxhlet extraction with water and 70% ethanol as solvents. Water extraction yielded a higher amount (1.57g) than ethanol extraction (1.23g). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify compounds in the extracts. The extracts contained various alkaloids, phenolic compounds, acids and other soluble components.
Effect of Extraction Method of Chia Seeds Oil on its Content of Fatty Acids a...IRJET Journal
This study examined the extraction of oil from white and black chia seeds using three different methods: solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and screw pressing extraction. Solvent extraction yielded the highest percentage of oil at 30% for both white and black seeds. Fatty acid analysis found that arachidic acid and linoleic acid were most abundant in oil from white seeds, while linoleic acid was highest in oil from black seeds. Extracted oils from both seeds showed antioxidant effects and presence of compounds like flavonoids and terpenes.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
11.[1 7]evaluation of temperature & solvent effect on peach kernel oil extrac...Alexander Decker
1. The document evaluates temperature and solvent effects on peach kernel oil extraction through digital Soxhlet extraction. Hexane yielded higher extracts than ethanol. Higher temperatures and more solvent increased yields.
2. Fatty acid compositions were determined using gas chromatography. Oleic and linoleic acids were the predominant fatty acids in peach kernel oil.
3. Soxhlet extraction yielded more oil than maceration. Optimal extraction requires balancing yield with economic and quality factors like temperature and solvent usage.
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Extraction of Essential Oil from Neem Seed by Using Soxhlet Extraction Methods
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-6, Jun- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.6.5 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 646
Extraction of Essential Oil from Neem Seed by
Using Soxhlet Extraction Methods
Bereket Tesfaye1
, Tilahu Tefera1,2*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Abstract— Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed
was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different
organic solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical
property of the extracted oil was also determined by using
classical wet chemical method. Result revealed that, soxhlet
extraction using hexane has 40.35%; using ethanol-hexane
mixture of 60:40% volume proportion has 43.71%, using
ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. For all
solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up
to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures .At
smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater
than from ethanol and methanol. Actually, ethanol not
produced oil at one hour extraction time. Thus, by effective
determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type,
temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result
on the quality and quantity of neem oil. Surprisingly,
mixtures of Ethanol and Hexane gave admirable results.
Predominantly, ethanol-hexane mixtures of 60:40, and
40:60% (volume proportions) gave better oil yields of 44%,
and 41.2% respectively than that of hexane (40.35%) at 3
hours of process time.
Keywords— Neem oil, Particle size, Soxhlet extraction,
Solvent type.
I. INTRODUCTION
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is one of the very few
trees known in the Indian sub-continent. This tree is
belonged to Meliceae family and grows rapidly in the tropic
and semi-tropic climate. It is also observed that this tree
could survive in very dry and arid conditions. Neem seed is
a part of neem tree which has high concentration of oil.
Neem oil is widely used as insecticides, lubricant, drugs for
variety of diseases such as diabetes and tuberculosis. This
oil could also prolong leather goods when it is applied on
them. There are several methods to obtain neem oil from the
seeds like mechanical pressing, supercritical fluid
extraction, and solvent extraction (Puri, 1999).
Neem Oil is a vegetable oil gotten from the fruits, leaves
and seeds of neem tree. The tree is a member of the
Mahogany family, with generic name Azadirachta Indica A.
Juss, it is an evergreen tree which is endemic to the Indian
subcontinent and has been introduced to many other areas in
the tropics. It has also been found to thrive in the semi
tropics, arid and semi-arid climates in some countries
including Nigeria where it is known as Dongoyaro, meaning
―tall boy. The main reason behind the popularity of the
neem oil is that it is used to treat few of the most common
problems that the people face. The neem tree (Azadrichta
indica) is among the fastest-growing trees, it attains a height
of about 12-13 feet or 3.7- 3.96 meter and is a drought
resistant tree (Bankole, 1997, Lalea et al. 1999).
Neem oil is generally light to dark brown in color. It has a
bitter taste and an offensive odor similar to the combined
odors of garlic and peanut. It comprises mainly of
triglycerides (esters formed from a molecule of glycerol and
three molecules of fatty acids), and is very rich in
azadirachtin- the key component acting as insect repellent,
anti-feedant, anti-fungal and anti-viral, among others, it is
perhaps the most important commercial product of neem for
organic farming and medicines (Adeeko &Ajibola,1990,
Mongkhol et al. 2004). Also, it is being increasingly used in
manufacturing a large number of skin products: body soaps,
body lotions, and beauty care facial packs in combination
with other natural ingredients (Liaum et al., 2008).
The use of solvents and sohxlet extraction process for the
extraction of neem oil is generally preferred choice. This is
due to very high oil yield and less turbid oil obtained than
from mechanical pressing. Due to the relatively low
operating cost compared to supercritical extraction. The
solvent hexane is the most commonly used, as well as
preferred choice in extraction of oils from seed, even in
neem oil solvent extraction. This is largely due to its
availability at a reasonable cost and its suitable functional
characteristics for oil extraction. Amongst such
characteristics is its high solvent power for triglycerides at
fairly low temperatures, non-reactivity with oil and oil
miscella, as well as with equipment (Liaum et al., 2008).
The objective of present study was used soxhlet extraction
method and some selected organic solvent to extract
essential oil from neem seed. The effects of parameter such
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-6, Jun- 2017]
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as temperature, time and particle size were studied. As the
solvents, we used ethanol, hexane, methanol and ethanol-
hexane mixtures.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials
Neem seed used for the study was obtained from Dire Dawa
city. Dry oven was used for drying neem seed. Analytical
balance was used for weighed neem powder. Sieve was
used for separate fine particles from neem powder. Filter
paper was used for filtration process. Heater Mantle was
used for heating the solution during soxhlet extraction time.
Soxhlet chamber was used for extraction process. Conical
flasks and 100 mL volumetric flasks were used for
measuring and solution preparation. Burette, beakers and
pipette were used for carry titration process.
2.2. Chemicals (Reagent)
N-hexane, Methanol, Toluene, Ethanol and mixtures of
ethanol and hexane were used for extraction of oil from
need powdered. Alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH),
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and phenolphthalein indicator were
used for determination of saponification value.
2.3. Size reduction and sieve analysis of neem seeds
Neem kernel was crushed in KIKA-WERKE GMBH mill
with sieve size 2mm. The sample was sieved using vibrated
shaker with set of sieves sizes arranged in descending order
1mm, 710μm and 355μm .This is because to investigate the
effect of particles size on yield and quantity of the oil.
Therefore, using 355μm sieve is more effective and gives
greater amount of oil than the else.
2.4. Preparation of neem seed powder
Neem seed used for the study was obtained from Dire Dawa
city. Prior to use, the neem seeds were repeatedly washed
to remove dirt and other impurities material, and
subsequently dried in oven at 50°C until it attained constant
moisture content. Then, neem seeds were pulverized to get
the particle sizes of 355μm and prepared for extraction
process (Maria et al. 2008).
2.5. Method for extraction of neem oil
100 g of neem powder was placed into the thimble and
placed in the soxhlet chamber .500 ml of selected solvents
were placed in a round bottom flask and assembled for
soxhlet extractor then the distillation process was begun.
After completed the extraction process, the solvent and
extractor were placed on water bath to evaporate the
solvent. Then extracted neem oil was weighed by using the
following equation:
% oil yield
=
𝑊1−𝑊2
𝑊1
𝑋100…………………………..…………..(1)
Where: W1=Sample weight initially placed in the thimble
and W2= sample weight after dried in the oven (Natarajan et
al. 2003).
Acid value and saponification value were determined
according to the methods prescribed by AOAC (1984).
Specific gravity and pH were determined according to the
method of AOAC (1990).
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed was carried
by soxhlet extraction method using some selected organic
solvents and parameters. The effects of parameter such as
temperature, time and particle size were studied. As the
solvents, we used ethanol, hexane, methanol and ethanol-
hexane mixtures. Results were tabulated in the following
tables. Three replicate measurements were carried for each
parameters (N=3).
Table.1: show result of Soxhlet extraction using hexane with particle size 355μm and at constant temperature.
Trial Temperature(0
c ) Time (min) Oil yield (%)
1 70 60 37.02
2 70 120 39.43
3 70 180 40.35
Table.2: Show results of Soxhlet extraction using hexane with constant particle size (355μm) and varies temperature.
Trials Temperature (0c) Oil yield (%)
1 70 41.08
2 78 41.89
3 86 42.41
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-6, Jun- 2017]
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Table.3: show results of Soxhlet extraction using Ethanol-Hexane mixtures of 60:40% of volume proportion at constant
temperature
Trials Temperature(0
C) Time (min) Oil yield (%)
1 70 60 25.06
2 70 120 37.87
3 70 180 43.71
Table.4: Show results of Soxhlet extraction using Methanol with particle size 355μm and at constant temperature
Trials Temperature(0c) Time(min) Oil yield (%)
1 70 60 25.38
2 70 120 39.05
3 70 180 42.89
Table.5: Show results of Soxhlet extraction using Ethanol with particle size 355μm and at constant temperature
Trials Temperature (0c) Time (min) Oil yield (%)
1 70 60 -
2 70 120 40.54
3 70 180 42.65
Table.6: Show result of Soxhlet extraction using ethanol- hexane mixture 40:60% of volume proportion with particle size 355 μm
and constant temperature
Trials Temperature (0c) Time(min) Oil yield (%)
1 70 60 26.23
2 70 120 36.42
3 70 180 40.21
3.1. Physico-chemical properties of extracted neem oil
In the present study the physico-chemical properties of the extracted essential neem oil was investigated by using classical wet
chemical method. Results were presented in table-7.
solvents Acid value (mg
KOH/g)
Sap.Value (mg
KOH/g)
Specific gravity PH
Ethanol 17.35 195.56 0.85 5.38
Hexane 18.05 202.04 0.90 6.04
60:40% hex/eth 14.46 194.48 0.90 4.86
40:60% hex/eth 17.11 198.36 0.89 4.98
3.2. Effect of Temperature
Results obtained from the analysis showed that an increase
in temperature generally favors an increase in oil yield. This
phenomenon is due to the fact that oils are generally more
soluble at elevated temperatures (Sen et al. 1992). At higher
temperatures, the viscosity of the solvent is reduced while
the diffusivity, as well as evaporation rate is increased. This
increases the contact time between the solvent and the oil
bearing material (Ayoola et al., 2014). From the above
result, soxhlet extraction using hexane at constant
temperature (700
C) which has 40.35% and temperatures at
860
C has 42.41%. At same temperature, the results showed
that ethanol -hexane mixture of 60:40 % volume
proportions were better extraction liquid for higher yields of
oil attained.
3.3. Effect of Time
Oil yield obtained (expressed in percent) was extraction
time reliant. In general, the oil yield increased with increase
in extraction time and there was no considerable increase
after 3hour (Ayoola et al., 2014). Results shown from table-
1, soxhlet extraction using hexane the time changed from
1hr to 3hrs the oil yield rose 37.02% to 40.35%. In case of
ethanol- hexane mixture of 60:40% and 40:60% volume
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-6, Jun- 2017]
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proportions the oil yield rapidly rose 25.06% to 43.71% and
26.23% to 40.21% respectively. The same condition was
appeared in methanol. Ethanol produced no oil at one hour
of extraction time. As the extraction time increased,
mixtures of 60% ethanol 40% hexane gave the maximum
oil yield. These show that the combination of solvents
favors higher oil yield compare to using these solvents
separately.
Results of physco-chemical properties of extracted neem oil
point out that, extraction using hexane solvent reported high
acid value (18mgKOH/g) and saponification value (202.04
mgKOH/g) than the other solvents. Acid value indicates
the amount of free fatty acids presents in an oil. Acid value
is good indicator of oil degradation caused by hydrolysis.
Also higher extraction temperature increased the acid value
because the extraction temperature influenced the
hydrolysis of neem oil (Adeeko & Ajibola , 1990).
Saponification value indicates the average molecular weight
of triglycerides in the oil (Fasina &Ajibola, 1989, Ayoola et
al., 2014). And also an increase in temperature increased the
saponification value because higher temperature caused
lipid to breakdown therefore reduced the average molecular
weight of the oil (Fasina &Ajibola, 1989, Adeeko &
Ajibola , 1990).
IV. CONCLUSION
This project work was intended to investigate the influence
of different factors such as Particle sizes, solvent type,
temperature, and time on the quantity of neem oil.
Variability of these operating conditions is the pre-dominant
factors for the quantity of the oil.
There are different methods for essential oil extraction from
neem seed. In the present study, soxhlet extraction method
was selected. In this extraction method the maximum oil
yield obtained was 43.71% by using ethanol-hexane
60:40% solvent with particle size of 355μm and for three
hours extraction time. The experimental quantitative
difference in the quantity of the oil was due to particle size
and extraction time variability.
Determination of the appropriate size of the particles and
optimal time for the recommended particle size needs to
have a consideration to get the maximum amount of the
required product. Volume proportions of ethanol-hexane
mixtures (60:40 and 40:60% respectively) served as
efficient solvent alternatives to the use of hexane in
essential neem oil extraction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors grateful to Dire Dawa University Institute of
Technology Department of Chemical engineering, Ethiopia
for providing all kind of bear and encouragement to carry
out this thesis work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest
regarding the publication of this paper.”
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