1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SILAM(PERILLA FRUCTOSCENS) SEED AND
ITS OIL FOUND IN NEPAL
Supervisor : Mr.Nawaraj Upadhaya
By
LOKENDRA BHARATI
LALITPUR VALLEY COLLEGE
AFFILIATED TO TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
JAWALAKHEL LALITPUR
June 2015

2. Introduction
EDIBLE OIL
•Edible oils are food stuffs which are composed of glycerides of fatty
acids.
•Vegetable oil contributes 70% of global oil production while marine
oils contribute about only 2% of total, with the remainder being
contributed by fats from land animals.
•Fats and oil are important and the most concentrated source of
energy furnishing about 9 kilo calories per gram of oils and fats as
compared with 4 kilo calories per gram each furnished by protein and
carbohydrate.

3. PERILLA OIL
• Perilla fructescens (Family- Labiateae),commonly called Perilla
is an annual crop which is native to east Asia.
• China ,Japan , Korea ,Thailand , India and other East Asian
countries are major producers of Perilla oil.
• The oil comprises up to 51% of the seeds weight, it's a very rich
source of Omega-3 fatty acid;Alpha-linoleicacid (ALA),about
50 to 60% of the oil consists of ALA.

4. • Perilla oil revealed linked to a reduced incidence of
degenerative diseases ,particularly coronary heart diseases
(CHD),Cancers,Inflammation,Arthiritis, Asthma etc. , however
Perilla oil in the diet is associated with a low incidence of
cancer and CHD,despite the high fat intake.
• Traditionally the oil and seed are used in the treatment of
colds, cough, chest stuffiness,vomiting,abdominal pain and
constipations.

5. Silam (Perilla
fructescens) Plant

6. Statement of the problem
• The Silam seed is used as an oil seed and generally for culinary purpose in the kitchen
but Silam oil has high nutritional value than that of other oil and this is specially due
to high content of fatty acid (omega-3,6 fatty acids) which contributes about 40-45 %
and is rare in oil from other plant sources.
• In this context the present study focuses on the Physico-chemicals analysis of
P.fructescens to provide a nutritional statistics impacts on the modern scientific
societies, environmentalist regarding conservation, cultivation and popularization of
this under utilized traditional oil yielding crop at mass scale.
• So highlighting the nutritional value , this oil would lead to cultivation of this plant in
commercial level which therefore could be a great source of economy for the nation.

7. Objectives of the study
General objectives
•To highlight the physical properties of Silam seed and physicochemical characteristics
of Silam oil.
Specific objectives
•To determine various physical properties of Silam seed.
• To prepare the oil from the Silam seed.
•To carry out the proximate analysis of Silam oil.
•To highlight the importance and the uses of Silam oil.
•To promote the use and cultivation of Silam oil in remote areas (mountain and hill
region).

8. Significance of the study
The quality of oil is a measure of identity and edibility. Thus the
Silam oil which has high nutritional value could be
commercialized if its nutritional and medicinal value is
measured and is highlighted among all. The analysis would be
useful to know about the quality and nutritional status of the oil
that is mostly available in the locality of Far western mountain
region (Bajura). Therefore Silam oil would be a good source of
income for the locals of mountain and hilly region and also aid in
national GDP.

9. Limitations of the study
• Study of toxic substance could not be done.
• Study of fatty acid profile of Perilla oil could not be done due
to time limitation.
• The quantitative color observation of Perilla oil using
Tintometer or Spectrometer could not be done due to lack of
instrument in lab.
• Study of antioxidant property could not be carried out due to
time constraint.

10. Materials and Methodology
Material/Sample Collection
•Silam seed and oil samples were purchased from the local
market of Bajura.

11. Flow chart for preparation of Silam oil
Traditional (Expeller) Method Silam seed
Cleaning and Weighing
Passing through hopper of Mechanical expeller
Pressing in Mechanical expeller
Solid mass (Feed use)
OIL
(Recovery 44%)

12. Solvent extraction process Silam seed
Cleaning and grinding
Thimble making(5gm sample)
Subjecting thimble in Solvent(Hexane) extraction arrangement
Extraction of oil along with solvent (after recycling for 12-15 times for 3-4 hrs. )
Removal of solvent
OIL
(Recovery 49%)

13. Physical analysis of Silam seed
1000 kernel weight
1000 kernel weight was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula
is
1000 kernel weight = 10*wt. of 100 Kernel.
Angle of repose
Angle of repose was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula is
Angle of repose (Ø) = tan-1
(2h/d)
Where, Ø= angle of repose
h=height of heap
d=diameter of the heap

14. Angle of friction
Angle of friction was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula
is: Angle of friction= (180- angle of repose)
Porosity
Porosity was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula is:
Porosity = density-bulk density × 100
density
Density
Density was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula is:
Density = wt. of grain / vol. of water displaced

15. Bulk density
Bulk density was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula
is: Bulk density= wt. of grain / unit vol. of grain (gm/ltr.)
L/B Ratio
Being small and spherical in shape the L/B Ratio of Perilla seed is not determined.

16. Oil yield:
The oil was extracted using expeller method and solvent extraction method as described
in S.Rangana, 2007.The oil yield is expressed in percentage (%) as follows:
Oil weight × 100
Oil content (%) =
Sample weight
Moisture content:
Moisture content of oil samples were determined using hot air oven method as per the
method described in AOCS, 2000.
Ash content:
Ash content of oil samples was determined using Muffle Furnance method as per the
described in S.Rangana, 2007.
Chemical Analysis

17. Protein content:
Protein content of the Perilla seed sample was determined by Kjeldahl’s method as
described in Rangana,2009.
Nitrogen(%,wet basis) =
Protein (%, wet basis) = Nitrogen (%, wet basis) × 6.25
Refractive Index:
The refractive index of oil samples were determined using Abbe’s Refractometer at 250
C as
described in Rangana , 2009.
Specific gravity:
Specific gravity of oil samples were determined by using Pycnometer described in
Rangana, 2007.
Specific gravity = weight of crude oil / weight of distilled water

18. Acid value:
Acid of oil samples was determined using the method as described in AOAC, 2000.
And the formula is:
ml of alkali × N of alkali × 56.1
Acid value =
Wt. of sample (g)
Free fatty acid:
Free fatty acid of oil samples was determined using the method as described in AOAC,
2000.And the formula is:
ml of alkali × N of alkali × 28.2
% FFA (as oleic acid) =
Wt. of sample (g)

19. Saponification value:
Saponification value of oil samples was determined using the method as described in
AOAC, 2000.And the formula is:
ml of HCl × N of HCl × 56.1
Saponification value =
Wt. of sample (g)
Iodine value:
Iodine value of oil samples were determined using the method as described in
AOAC,2000. And the formula is:
(Blank titer - Sample titer) ml × N of Na2S2O3×12.69
Iodine value =
Wt. of sample (g)

20. Peroxide value:
Peroxide value of oil samples were determined using the method as described in
AOAC,2000. And the formula is:
N× (VS –VB) ×1000
PV (Meq/kg) =
Wt. of sample (g)
Where,
N = normality of sod-thiosulfate, VS = sod-thiosulfate consumed by sample
(ml), and VB = sod-thiosulfate consumed by blank (ml).
Unsaponifiable matter:
Similarly Unsaponifiable matter of oil samples were determined using the
method as described in AOAC,2000.

21. Statistical Analysis:
One way ANOVA was carried out for data on physico-
chemical parameters using SPSS 16th
version at 5 % level of
significance.

22. Results and Discussion
Values are a mean of five replications ± SD
S.No. Properties Mean ± S.D value
1 True density (g/ltr) 0.763 ± 0.01
2 Bulk density (g/cm3
) 424.500± 0.34
3 Porosity (%) 42.073± 4.27
4 Angle of repose (degree) 52.460 ± 1.85
5 Angle of friction (degree) 127.540± 1.85
6 1000 kernel weight (g) 4.130± 1.94
7 Foreign matter (%) 1.844 ± 0.41
Table.1 Perilla (Silam) seed Physical Properties

23. Physico-chemical parameter of Silam Seed

24. • The analysis of physical parameters of perilla seed on six
different parameters namely 1000 kernel weight, angle of repose,
angle of friction, porosity, density and bulk density was
calculated to be 4.13 grams, 52.46 degrees, 127.54 degrees,
42.07 %, 0.76 g/ltr and 424.48 g/cm3
respectively as average
mean values.
• Comparing with the 95% confidence interval (CI) of mean, all
perilla oil samples were found to have moisture content in the
range of (0.196 - 0.913)%, refractive index in the range of 1.445-
1.447 and specific gravity in the range of 0.925-0.932

25. Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Moisture content 7.297 ± 0.014a
7.542± 0.039b
6.924 ± 0.022c
Protein content 17.3± 0.100a
17.340± 0.079a
17.433± 0.057a
Fat content 48.19 ± 0.203a
47.958 ± 0.053a
48.516± 0.164b
Ash content 0.915± 0.004a
0.904± 0.004b
0.857± 0.003c
Acid insoluble ash 0.666 ± 0.004a
0.630 ± 0.002b
0.672 ± 0.015a
Foreign matter 1.462 ± 0.575a
1.942± 0.010a
2.127 ± 0.005b
Table 2:Mean ± S.D values for Chemical Analysis of Perilla seed
Values are a mean of three replications t

26. Values are a mean of three replications
Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Moisture content 0.196 ± 0.128a
0.553± 0.028b
0.913 ± 0.030c
Refractive index 1.446 1.447 1.445
Specific gravity 0.931 ± 0.003a
0.925 ± 0.003b
0.932± 0.002a
Acid value 1.870 ± 0.104a
1.765 ± 0.003a
1.759 ± 0.002a
Free fatty acid 0.908 ± 0.002a
0.881 ± 0.002b
0.879 ± 0.002c
Peroxide value 1.251 ± 0.054a
1.436± 0.014a
2.527 ± 2.342a
Iodine value 195.715 ± 0.255a
194.677 ± 0.791a
195.891 ± 0.591b
Saponification number 189.63 ± 0.550a
191.063 ± 0.816b
190.543 ± 0.348a
Unsaponifiable matter 0.830 ± 0.001a
0.850 ± 0.013b
0.846 ± 0.021c
Table 3: Mean ± S.D values for Physicochemical Analysis of Perilla oil

34. Conclusion
• Silam (Perilla frutescens) is one of the important oil yielding crops with
high nutritional and medicinal value but is usually underutilized in our
country.
• Oil can be extracted from perilla seeds using the solvent extraction
process.
• The mean oil yield was obtained as 49.20% based on the solvent
extraction process that indicates perilla seeds can be good source of
abundant oil.
• Most of the oil samples were fulfilling the general AOAC standards in
all the physicochemical parameters but there is not any specific standard
for perilla oil in our country since it is underutilized traditional crop of
Nepal.
• All physicochemical parameters were significantly different among the
different samples of oil.

35. Recommendations
• Effect of storage conditions in physical and physico-chemical properties of
perilla oils.
• Fatty acid profile of perilla oil can be studied using latest technologies.
• Oxidative stability of the perilla oil can be studied.
• The antioxidant properties of perilla seed and its oil can be researched.
• Oil extraction rates using different extraction methods can be studied and
compared.
• Government or other body should give emphasis on promotion and
cultivation of underutilized but health beneficial crops like perilla etc.

36. Figure A: Mixcropping of P. frutescens along the bund of agriculture farm, B:
Monocropping of P. frutescens, C: Manual threshing of P. frutescens, D: Sauce (chutney)
of roasted seeds, one of the famous traditional dishes of Bajura Nepal.

37. A.Flowering Perilla B.Perilla oil and
C.Perilla seed

38. Thanks For Coming
Today!
Feel free to contact
me with any
questions….
Bharati.lokendra@gmail.com