International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics IJERA Editor
In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure. Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
IRJET- Effect of Strain Rate and Thickness on Mechanical Properties of Ju...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of strain rate and thickness on the mechanical properties of jute/glass hybrid fiber composites. Specimens of varying thicknesses (3.25mm, 4.8mm, 6.5mm) were tested at different strain rates using a universal testing machine. The properties tested included tensile modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and tensile toughness. Results showed that strain rate and specimen thickness affect the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite material. Specifically, the study found that increasing strain rate and decreasing thickness increased the tensile modulus and strength of the material.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the dimensional characteristics of seam puckering and the influence of various causes on puckering. An objective image processing-based assessment method was developed to quantify puckering dimensions and overcome subjective evaluations. Experiments varied needle tension, stitch density, and fabric properties to analyze their effects on puckering severity. Puckering images were processed to estimate parameters for a luminosity model characterizing dimensional puckering properties. Results showed puckering severity increased with higher tension and correlated with fabric weight and bending rigidity properties.
Crimson Publishers- Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and Pique Knits by Usha Chowdhary*, Mohammed Maruf Adnan and Chin-I Cheng in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
A STUDY ON TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITE MATER...IAEME Publication
Hybrid composite Materials have extensive engineering application where strength to weight ratio, low cost and ease of fabrication are required. Hybrid composites provide combination of properties such as tensile modulus, compressive strength and impact strength which cannot be
realized in composite materials.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
70%) and yarns were prepared on hand spinning system.Knitted fabric samples were constructed on 10-12
gauge, flat bed hand knitting machine. Fabric handle was objectively assessed by SiroFAST.
An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics IJERA Editor
In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure. Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
IRJET- Effect of Strain Rate and Thickness on Mechanical Properties of Ju...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of strain rate and thickness on the mechanical properties of jute/glass hybrid fiber composites. Specimens of varying thicknesses (3.25mm, 4.8mm, 6.5mm) were tested at different strain rates using a universal testing machine. The properties tested included tensile modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and tensile toughness. Results showed that strain rate and specimen thickness affect the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite material. Specifically, the study found that increasing strain rate and decreasing thickness increased the tensile modulus and strength of the material.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the dimensional characteristics of seam puckering and the influence of various causes on puckering. An objective image processing-based assessment method was developed to quantify puckering dimensions and overcome subjective evaluations. Experiments varied needle tension, stitch density, and fabric properties to analyze their effects on puckering severity. Puckering images were processed to estimate parameters for a luminosity model characterizing dimensional puckering properties. Results showed puckering severity increased with higher tension and correlated with fabric weight and bending rigidity properties.
Crimson Publishers- Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and Pique Knits by Usha Chowdhary*, Mohammed Maruf Adnan and Chin-I Cheng in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
A STUDY ON TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITE MATER...IAEME Publication
Hybrid composite Materials have extensive engineering application where strength to weight ratio, low cost and ease of fabrication are required. Hybrid composites provide combination of properties such as tensile modulus, compressive strength and impact strength which cannot be
realized in composite materials.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
70%) and yarns were prepared on hand spinning system.Knitted fabric samples were constructed on 10-12
gauge, flat bed hand knitting machine. Fabric handle was objectively assessed by SiroFAST.
IRJET - Mechanical Characterisation of Glass Fibre Composites by using Recycl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using recycled plastics to produce glass fiber composites. Plastics are widely used but not biodegradable, leading to pollution. They can be recycled mechanically by grinding into chips, heating to form yarn, and weaving into fabric. Glass fiber composites are strong but expensive. The study produced composites using epoxy resin with layers of recycled plastic fabric and glass fiber. Testing found the composites had densities from 0.94-1.17 g/cm3, tensile strengths around 50 MPa similar to thermoplastics, hardness increased with more fiber, and impact absorption increased up to 40% fiber content. The composites showed mechanical properties comparable to virgin glass
A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that
gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to
metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical
properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of
composite materials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when
compared to classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for
the analysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the
constituents for the desired lamina stiffness and strength.
Experimental investigations of milling on fiber compositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into milling fiber composites. The study examined how milling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut influence cutting forces like thrust and torque. Experiments were conducted on carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites with fiber orientations of 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees relative to the tool motion. Results showed that fiber failure mechanisms depend on orientation, with crushing failure at 45 and 90 degrees producing higher forces than bending failure at 0 and 135 degrees. Chip morphology and delamination patterns supported the proposed failure modes. The research provides insight into fiber failure during milling of composites to optimize machining parameters.
1) The study investigated the effect of short coir fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of polymer composites at varying fiber weight percentages (5-25%) and thicknesses (3-5mm).
2) Testing found that flexural strength and elongation increased with fiber content up to 20% reinforcement, but then decreased at 25%. The 20% reinforced 4mm thick composite exhibited the highest flexural strength and elongation.
3) Increasing fiber content improved bonding between the coir and polymer matrix, while higher contents led to more porosity and weaker properties. Coir was shown to be an effective and lightweight reinforcement for polymer composites.
- The document discusses buckling analysis of a fiber-filled plastic push rod component used in clutch release cylinders.
- It performs nonlinear buckling analysis using both isotropic and anisotropic material models, coupled with injection molding simulations to model fiber orientation.
- The results show that accounting for anisotropy induced by the molding process, as predicted by the Moldflow simulation, improves the accuracy of the buckling load prediction compared to experimental data over using a traditional isotropic material model.
Textile preforms are used as structural backbones in composite materials. They provide homogeneous distribution of fibers and matrix materials. Various techniques like weaving, knitting and braiding are used to make textile preforms from high performance fibers like carbon, glass and aramid. Woven preforms have advantages like design flexibility and net shape manufacturing but lower out-of-plane properties. Three-dimensional preforms have better in-plane and out-of-plane properties but their production is more complex. Optimization of textile production techniques can help reduce the manufacturing cost of composites using textile preforms.
Textiles and Multi-axial Reinforcements Dr alistair mc ilhagger technical tex...Invest Northern Ireland
The document discusses technical textiles and 3D woven composites. It provides an overview of research at Ulster University on 3D weaving technology, including its historical importance in Northern Ireland. Some key benefits of 3D woven composites are their delamination resistance and potential for reduced costs compared to traditional laminate composites. However, challenges remain around crimp levels, developing new machinery and processes, and variations in weave design and properties. The NIACE competence centre is presented as a way to help address challenges and accelerate development from concept to commercialization.
Study on shear strength characteristics of coir mat reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The document investigates the mechanical and morphological properties of composites made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with leather waste. Composites were produced by melt mixing HDPE with 0-60% leather waste and compression molding. Testing found that tensile strength and yield stress increased up to an optimum waste content but decreased with more filler. Hardness was higher than HDPE alone. Adding additives to a formulation of HDPE90/leather waste10 increased tensile, yield, and impact strengths by over 50% compared to unmodified HDPE. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ductile fracture surfaces and improved thermal stability compared to pure HDPE.
Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method is presented for the analysis of geometrically linear laterally loaded, rectangular laminated plates. The analysis uses the Mindlin plate theory which accounts for transverse shear deformations. A computer program has been compiled. The convergence and accuracy of the DR solutions of isotropic, orthotropic, and laminated plates for elastic small deflection response are established by comparison with different exact and approximate solutions. The present Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method shows a good agreement with other analytical and numerical methods used in the verification scheme. It was found that: The convergence and accuracy of the DR solution were dependent on several factors which include boundary conditions, mesh size and type, fictitious densities, damping coefficients, time increment and applied load. Also, the DR small deflection program using uniform meshes can be employed in the analysis of different thicknesses for isotropic, orthotropic or laminated plates under uniform loads in a fairly good accuracy.
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
This study experimentally investigates the effect of hybridizing jute and glass fibers on the mechanical properties of polyester composites. Jute fiber reinforced polyester composites (JFRPC), glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (GFRPC), and various hybrid fiber reinforced polyester composites (HFRPC) were fabricated and tested. Tensile and flexural testing showed that HFRPC exhibited higher strength properties than JFRPC or GFRPC alone, due to the combined properties of both natural jute and synthetic glass fibers. In particular, composites with 2% jute fiber and varying amounts of glass fiber achieved comparable strengths to GFRPC at a lower cost. Therefore, hybridizing jute and glass
Cotton Grading - approaches for the textile value chain - POLAND 2016Debashish Banerjee
The document discusses approaches for improving cotton grading and efficiency in the textile value chain. It analyzes data from cotton testing at various stages of processing, from the lay down to carding, combing, and drawing. The analysis shows that fiber quality metrics like micronaire and tensile properties remain consistent as cotton moves through processing, and can be used to predict fiber behavior and optimize machinery settings to manage quality and productivity. The paper models the data using statistical and predictive techniques to provide insights for higher order process control across the textile value chain.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of reinforcing an expansive soil with polypropylene tape fibres on the soil's swelling behavior. One-dimensional swell tests were conducted on remolded expansive soil specimens with and without fibres. Fibre content was varied between 0.25% and 0.5% and fibre length was varied between 30, 60, and 90 mm. Digital image analysis was used to observe heave, and results found that heave reduction increased as fibre content and length increased, with the maximum reduction occurring at low fibre aspect ratios of 0.25% fibre content. Test results revealed that fibre length significantly influences the reinforcing effect on swelling behavior.
A study on flexural strength of hybrid polymer composite materials e glass fibIAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on the flexural strength of hybrid polymer composite materials made of E-glass fibers, carbon fibers, and graphite particles in an epoxy resin matrix. The study varies the thickness of the laminates from 2mm to 4mm and uses two different grades of epoxy resin, 5052 and 556, as the matrix material. Flexural tests were conducted to evaluate how the flexural strength is affected by varying the laminate thickness and using different matrix materials. The goal of the study was to generate material property data for these hybrid composite laminates fabricated using the hand layup and room temperature vacuum bag molding process.
This document discusses 3D profile structures, which are 3D woven fabrics with non-planar shapes like I-beams, T-joints, and pipes. It describes how 3D weaving can produce profiles with high strength web-flange junctions without fillers or stitching. Applications discussed include use in aircraft components like fan blades, casings, and braces due to profiles' design flexibility, strength, and resistance to delamination.
3D weaving involves interlacing yarns in three dimensions to create fabrics with thickness. It has several advantages over traditional 2D weaving. The presentation discusses the process of 3D weaving, which involves arranging warp, weft, and binder yarns in three phases. It also examines the structures, materials, and applications of 3D woven fabrics. Key applications discussed include filtration, aerospace, medical, sports, and protection fields. In conclusion, 3D weaving is an expanding technology however specialized machines for large-scale production remain limited.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Mechanical Characterisation of Glass Fibre Composites by using Recycl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using recycled plastics to produce glass fiber composites. Plastics are widely used but not biodegradable, leading to pollution. They can be recycled mechanically by grinding into chips, heating to form yarn, and weaving into fabric. Glass fiber composites are strong but expensive. The study produced composites using epoxy resin with layers of recycled plastic fabric and glass fiber. Testing found the composites had densities from 0.94-1.17 g/cm3, tensile strengths around 50 MPa similar to thermoplastics, hardness increased with more fiber, and impact absorption increased up to 40% fiber content. The composites showed mechanical properties comparable to virgin glass
A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that
gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to
metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical
properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of
composite materials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when
compared to classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for
the analysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the
constituents for the desired lamina stiffness and strength.
Experimental investigations of milling on fiber compositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into milling fiber composites. The study examined how milling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut influence cutting forces like thrust and torque. Experiments were conducted on carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites with fiber orientations of 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees relative to the tool motion. Results showed that fiber failure mechanisms depend on orientation, with crushing failure at 45 and 90 degrees producing higher forces than bending failure at 0 and 135 degrees. Chip morphology and delamination patterns supported the proposed failure modes. The research provides insight into fiber failure during milling of composites to optimize machining parameters.
1) The study investigated the effect of short coir fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of polymer composites at varying fiber weight percentages (5-25%) and thicknesses (3-5mm).
2) Testing found that flexural strength and elongation increased with fiber content up to 20% reinforcement, but then decreased at 25%. The 20% reinforced 4mm thick composite exhibited the highest flexural strength and elongation.
3) Increasing fiber content improved bonding between the coir and polymer matrix, while higher contents led to more porosity and weaker properties. Coir was shown to be an effective and lightweight reinforcement for polymer composites.
- The document discusses buckling analysis of a fiber-filled plastic push rod component used in clutch release cylinders.
- It performs nonlinear buckling analysis using both isotropic and anisotropic material models, coupled with injection molding simulations to model fiber orientation.
- The results show that accounting for anisotropy induced by the molding process, as predicted by the Moldflow simulation, improves the accuracy of the buckling load prediction compared to experimental data over using a traditional isotropic material model.
Textile preforms are used as structural backbones in composite materials. They provide homogeneous distribution of fibers and matrix materials. Various techniques like weaving, knitting and braiding are used to make textile preforms from high performance fibers like carbon, glass and aramid. Woven preforms have advantages like design flexibility and net shape manufacturing but lower out-of-plane properties. Three-dimensional preforms have better in-plane and out-of-plane properties but their production is more complex. Optimization of textile production techniques can help reduce the manufacturing cost of composites using textile preforms.
Textiles and Multi-axial Reinforcements Dr alistair mc ilhagger technical tex...Invest Northern Ireland
The document discusses technical textiles and 3D woven composites. It provides an overview of research at Ulster University on 3D weaving technology, including its historical importance in Northern Ireland. Some key benefits of 3D woven composites are their delamination resistance and potential for reduced costs compared to traditional laminate composites. However, challenges remain around crimp levels, developing new machinery and processes, and variations in weave design and properties. The NIACE competence centre is presented as a way to help address challenges and accelerate development from concept to commercialization.
Study on shear strength characteristics of coir mat reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The document investigates the mechanical and morphological properties of composites made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with leather waste. Composites were produced by melt mixing HDPE with 0-60% leather waste and compression molding. Testing found that tensile strength and yield stress increased up to an optimum waste content but decreased with more filler. Hardness was higher than HDPE alone. Adding additives to a formulation of HDPE90/leather waste10 increased tensile, yield, and impact strengths by over 50% compared to unmodified HDPE. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ductile fracture surfaces and improved thermal stability compared to pure HDPE.
Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method is presented for the analysis of geometrically linear laterally loaded, rectangular laminated plates. The analysis uses the Mindlin plate theory which accounts for transverse shear deformations. A computer program has been compiled. The convergence and accuracy of the DR solutions of isotropic, orthotropic, and laminated plates for elastic small deflection response are established by comparison with different exact and approximate solutions. The present Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method shows a good agreement with other analytical and numerical methods used in the verification scheme. It was found that: The convergence and accuracy of the DR solution were dependent on several factors which include boundary conditions, mesh size and type, fictitious densities, damping coefficients, time increment and applied load. Also, the DR small deflection program using uniform meshes can be employed in the analysis of different thicknesses for isotropic, orthotropic or laminated plates under uniform loads in a fairly good accuracy.
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
This study experimentally investigates the effect of hybridizing jute and glass fibers on the mechanical properties of polyester composites. Jute fiber reinforced polyester composites (JFRPC), glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (GFRPC), and various hybrid fiber reinforced polyester composites (HFRPC) were fabricated and tested. Tensile and flexural testing showed that HFRPC exhibited higher strength properties than JFRPC or GFRPC alone, due to the combined properties of both natural jute and synthetic glass fibers. In particular, composites with 2% jute fiber and varying amounts of glass fiber achieved comparable strengths to GFRPC at a lower cost. Therefore, hybridizing jute and glass
Cotton Grading - approaches for the textile value chain - POLAND 2016Debashish Banerjee
The document discusses approaches for improving cotton grading and efficiency in the textile value chain. It analyzes data from cotton testing at various stages of processing, from the lay down to carding, combing, and drawing. The analysis shows that fiber quality metrics like micronaire and tensile properties remain consistent as cotton moves through processing, and can be used to predict fiber behavior and optimize machinery settings to manage quality and productivity. The paper models the data using statistical and predictive techniques to provide insights for higher order process control across the textile value chain.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of reinforcing an expansive soil with polypropylene tape fibres on the soil's swelling behavior. One-dimensional swell tests were conducted on remolded expansive soil specimens with and without fibres. Fibre content was varied between 0.25% and 0.5% and fibre length was varied between 30, 60, and 90 mm. Digital image analysis was used to observe heave, and results found that heave reduction increased as fibre content and length increased, with the maximum reduction occurring at low fibre aspect ratios of 0.25% fibre content. Test results revealed that fibre length significantly influences the reinforcing effect on swelling behavior.
A study on flexural strength of hybrid polymer composite materials e glass fibIAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on the flexural strength of hybrid polymer composite materials made of E-glass fibers, carbon fibers, and graphite particles in an epoxy resin matrix. The study varies the thickness of the laminates from 2mm to 4mm and uses two different grades of epoxy resin, 5052 and 556, as the matrix material. Flexural tests were conducted to evaluate how the flexural strength is affected by varying the laminate thickness and using different matrix materials. The goal of the study was to generate material property data for these hybrid composite laminates fabricated using the hand layup and room temperature vacuum bag molding process.
This document discusses 3D profile structures, which are 3D woven fabrics with non-planar shapes like I-beams, T-joints, and pipes. It describes how 3D weaving can produce profiles with high strength web-flange junctions without fillers or stitching. Applications discussed include use in aircraft components like fan blades, casings, and braces due to profiles' design flexibility, strength, and resistance to delamination.
3D weaving involves interlacing yarns in three dimensions to create fabrics with thickness. It has several advantages over traditional 2D weaving. The presentation discusses the process of 3D weaving, which involves arranging warp, weft, and binder yarns in three phases. It also examines the structures, materials, and applications of 3D woven fabrics. Key applications discussed include filtration, aerospace, medical, sports, and protection fields. In conclusion, 3D weaving is an expanding technology however specialized machines for large-scale production remain limited.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The AIT Dinner Talk by Dr. Prasarn Trairatvorakul, Governor of Bank of Thailand, drew over 400 guests from government, business, academia and media. Dr. Prasarn spoke about the global financial system and challenges for Thailand. He remarked on AIT's important role in contributing to regional economic development through the quality people it produces. A photo feature highlights dignitaries in attendance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1. Os fósseis são formados quando os esqueletos de animais são enterrados no fundo de rios e, ao longo de milhões de anos, a lama se transforma em rocha preservando os ossos.
2. A linhagem humana se separou dos macacos há cerca de 6 milhões de anos, com características como postura ereta e cérebro maior surgindo ao longo do tempo.
3. Os primeiros humanos modernos surgiram na África há cerca de 100 mil anos e depois se espalharam pelo mundo.
Este documento proporciona orientación para asesores de ventas de bienes raíces. Ofrece consejos sobre cómo identificarse con la compañía, dominar los productos, clientes y competidores. También cubre cómo hacer presentaciones efectivas, ganar la empatía del cliente en 2 minutos, hacer preguntas para determinar las necesidades del cliente, manejar objeciones y realizar un seguimiento efectivo. El objetivo final es llevar al cliente a tomar una acción y cerrar la venta.
Este documento resume um projeto da LIPOR para promover a sustentabilidade através da redução de resíduos nas escolas. O projeto envolveu inquéritos, pesagens de lixo, comunicação de resultados e planos de ação para aumentar a reciclagem e reduzir os resíduos indiferenciados e contaminados nas escolas. Os resultados finais mostraram melhorias na gestão de resíduos nas escolas participantes.
La resolución establece el Reglamento de Seguridad para protección contra caídas en trabajo en alturas. El objetivo es promover la salud ocupacional y prevenir riesgos laborales como accidentes y enfermedades. Se aplica a todos los trabajos con riesgo de caída desde 1.5 metros o más. Se definen términos como arnés, anclaje, coordinador de trabajo en alturas y más. Se establecen normas para equipos de protección, capacitación, señalización de riesgos y responsabilidades de empleadores.
El documento presenta los resultados de una encuesta realizada a 32 estudiantes sobre el uso del BlackBerry. La mayoría de los estudiantes no tienen un BlackBerry y no lo consideran necesario, aunque la mitad les gustaría utilizarlo. Aproximadamente la mitad de los estudiantes cree que el BlackBerry absorbe gran parte de su tiempo. Los modelos preferidos son el Curve y el Touch.
Find some useful information about how travel insurance cna help you while you are on a Cruise. It features benefits like medical emergency, emergency evacuation, trip cancellations, delayed fights etc.
Este documento resume las normas legales que rigen la profesión de Contador Público en Colombia. La Ley 145 de 1960 y la Ley 43 de 1990 establecen los requisitos para ejercer como Contador Público, incluyendo tener un título universitario en Contaduría Pública, acreditar experiencia relacionada, y obtener una tarjeta profesional expedida por la Junta Central de Contadores. La Resolución 116 de 1999 de la Junta Central de Contadores especifica aún más los requisitos y procesos para la inscripción y expedición de la tar
El documento presenta diferentes métodos para evaluar diferentes tipos de conocimiento, como conocimiento factual, conceptual, procedimental y actitudinal. Describe instrumentos como mapas conceptuales, observación, autoinformes y coevaluación para evaluar estos tipos de conocimiento. También presenta ejemplos como juegos de simulación, dramatización y el uso de portafolios como sistemas de evaluación auténtica.
la precentacion nos muestra un breve resumen de biomoléculas tales como carbohidratos, lipidos y proteínas que son importantes para el buen funcionamiento del organismo
Este documento presenta una introducción a las redes sociales y la Web 2.0. Sus objetivos son conocer y potenciar el uso de las redes sociales como herramienta de comunicación y difusión, así como aprovechar las herramientas 2.0 para fomentar el conocimiento y el trabajo colaborativo. Se explican conceptos clave como blogs, redes sociales y herramientas como YouTube y Flickr, además de cómo sacar el máximo provecho a las redes sociales y herramientas de monitorización y reputación online.
Este álbum de fotografías contiene imágenes tomadas por Adelino que documentan varios eventos y momentos de su vida. Las fotos incluyen retratos familiares, paisajes naturales y escenas cotidianas.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract
The following paper focuses on change in spirality due to stitch length and count variation .This work was carried out with 12 samples of single jersey knit fabrics which were scoured and bleached with NaOH and H2O2 (35% strength), dyed with reactive dye (Remazol Yellow RR reactive class) and were finished as standard procedure . After finishing the samples were tested for spirality and compared between different stitch length and count. The result obtained in this research indicated that spirality increases strongly due to increase of stitch length when count of yarn is fixed and on fixed stitch length spirality increases with the increment of count.
Keywords: Spirality, Count, Stitch length.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
Noval Method for Fabrication of 3-D Spacer Fabric Composite and Investigatio...IJMER
The paper deals with the fabrication and flexural property studies of 3D Spacer fabrics with
three different stiffener height, i.e., 5mm, 10mm and 15mm. The specimens were fabricated over two
bidirectional woven fabric surfaces of glass fiber reinforced composite face sheet which were
mechanically connected with vertical threads. An innovative stitching technique was used. The flexural
strength and deflection of fabricated specimens were determined through three point bending test (ASTM
C 393-62). A significant increase in flexural rigidity was observed when it compared with other panels,
and found it is highest for 3D Spacer fabric with stiffener height 3415mm. Also, the results proved that
flexural strength of 3D Spacer fabric increases with respect to the height of the stiffener. Also the results
were compared with simply glued sandwich composite of thickness 15mm and found a significant
improvement in flexural strength of 3D spacer fabric composite compared to glued composite.
This document summarizes research on factors that affect thread consumption in garment manufacturing. The researchers conducted experiments with 12 fabric samples stitched with varying thread tensions and compositions to calculate thread consumption. They found that thread consumption increased when the needle tension was loose and bobbin tension was tight, and vice versa. Consumption was also higher for polyester thread than cotton thread. The goal is to understand how thread tension, composition, and other factors influence theoretical versus actual thread use in industry.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Effect of stitch length on physical and mechanical properties of single jerse...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn
(ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, stitch length / loop length, structural geometry, fiber composition of yarn etc. This study
focused on the various stitch length effect of grey single jersey. With an increase in stitch length, the dimensional properties like CPI,
WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased for all the structures; while comfort properties like air permeability & water
absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased stitch length at grey stage. Other properties
such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased stitch length. Though all the tests for fabric
properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is
mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done
according to desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of
fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
This research project examines the anisotropic behaviour of three different textile fabrics - a plain woven fabric, a knit fabric, and a warp knit fabric. Tensile tests are conducted on specimens cut from each fabric in seven different angular directions (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 degrees) to analyze how tensile properties vary with loading direction. For the plain woven fabric, the highest breaking elongation is observed at 45 degrees, while maximum forces are seen in the warp and weft directions. The results show these fabrics exhibit different mechanical properties depending on the direction of applied loads due to their anisotropic structures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study on the air permeability of knitted fabrics made from regenerated cellulosic fibers like viscose and modal. Sixteen knitted fabric samples were produced from viscose and modal yarns in two different counts spun at the same twist, knitted into pique structures at four tightness levels. Testing showed that air permeability decreased with increasing fabric thickness and tightness factor. Finer yarn counts and looser structures increased air permeability. Viscose fabrics showed a stronger correlation between air permeability and thickness than modal fabrics. Overall, the study found that air permeability of these knitted fabrics is influenced by yarn count, fabric thickness, tightness, and porosity.
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim Quality by A K Choudhary in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
For an end consumer of denim garments, the most important factors are performance and comfort after few aesthetic factors such as appearance and fashion appeal. For stretchable denim fabric, the fit related comfort lies in ability of the fabric to be stretched and recover when a repeated load is applied due to body movements without any permanent set called bagging. In this study, the interactive effect of twist multiplier of weft yarn, denier elastane fibre and fabric areal density on performance of denim fabric was investigated. The denier of elastane fibre used with weft yarn of three different twist multiplier- 4.9, 5.2 and 5.5, is changed as 40D, 55D and 70D. The areal density of fabric is changed through change in picks per inch as 50, 55 and 60. Performance was analysed on the basis of results of breaking strength, breaking elongation and cyclic loading stretch properties. The test results revealed that the tensile strength and breaking elongation properties of denim fabric, for both before and after cyclic loading are in the same trend, but after cyclic loading due to fatigue behaviour, tensile strength and breaking elongation was reduced. The breaking elongation increased as lycra content increases in the fabric and with increase in lycra content percentage, tensile strength was decreased slightly.
Effect of loop size on compressive load comfort of elastic knitted fabricsMinh Tuan Nguyen
1) The study investigated how knitted elastic fabric compressive load is affected by loop size and penetration depth to determine fabric comfort levels.
2) Fabric samples were produced with three different loop sizes and tested at three penetration depths, with compressive load measured using an Instron tensile tester.
3) Statistical analysis showed that loop size and penetration depth had significant influence on compressive load, which could be modeled with high accuracy using a third order equation. This allows comfort levels to be predicted based on loop size and penetration depth.
Effect of Stitch Length on Different Properties of Plain Single Jersey FabricIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The works reported in this paper present the effects of stitch length on different properties of plain single jersey fabric. Fabric properties can be changed due to use of various counts of yarn, type (ring, rotor, and compact), quality, stitch length, structural geometry, fiber composition, etc. With an increase in stitch length, the properties like Courses Per Inch (CPI), Wales Per Inch (WPI), GSM and stitch density will be decreased when the remaining other parameters are constant. Again shrinkage and spirality will be increased and bursting strength decreased with the increased stitch length. Pilling and abrasion resistance show lower grading when stitch length increases.
IRJET- Pile Height and Terry Fabric - A StudyIRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of pile height on various properties of terry fabrics, finding that increasing pile height significantly increases fabric thickness, GSM, tensile strength, and moisture absorption, while decreasing air permeability and water absorbency time. Three terry fabrics were produced with pile heights of 3.5 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.6 mm using cotton yarn, and their properties were analyzed and compared. In general, properties correlated positively with increased pile height due to the greater amount of yarn and loop surface area available.
This document summarizes the development of an automated drapability tester that quantifies the draping behavior of reinforcement fabrics. The tester combines force measurement with optical analysis to detect defects like gaps, loops, and wrinkles during forming. It uses cameras and laser scanning to capture these defects, allowing drapability effects to be quantified. Test results on non-crimp fabrics and woven fabrics show how the tester can measure forces, gap widths, fiber misalignment, and sample deformation at different forming levels. The automated tester provides detailed drapability data to support composite part and process design.
Effect of machine parameters on knit fabric specificationstawfik_hussein
This document summarizes research on the effect of machine parameters on knit fabric specifications. The research investigated cotton knit fabrics produced with different yarn counts, machine gauges, and machine diameters. The following relationships were identified:
1) Yarn count typically increases with machine gauge. Higher gauges accommodate finer yarns.
2) The diameter of finished fabrics varies with machine diameter and fabric grammage. At different grammage ranges, the relationship between machine and fabric diameters differs.
3) A constant, Kv, relates the VDQ pulley number, stitch length, and needle number. Kv depends on machine type and diameter. It allows for better selection of VDQ number based on stitch
1. The study investigated the spinning limits and yarn properties of cotton, viscose, and polyester fibers spun on a Dref-3 friction spinning machine across different yarn counts.
2. The spinning limit, defined as the finest yarn count that can be spun with acceptable quality and breakage rate, was found to depend on fiber type and ranged from 33-311 tex for the fibers studied.
3. As yarn count decreased, yarn properties like unevenness and imperfections generally increased for all fiber types due to poorer fiber separation and increased irregularities introduced during drafting. Twists also increased with finer counts.
4. Tensile properties responded differently for different fibers - they remained fairly constant
The Effect of Fabric Construction Parameters and Scouring on the Moisture Tra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of knit fabric construction parameters and scouring on moisture transmission properties. Three blend compositions were tested: 50/50 polyester/cotton, 50/50 polyester/viscose, and 50/50 polyester/modal. Fabric samples were assessed for properties like stitch density, loop length, porosity, and tightness factor before and after scouring. Testing showed the 50/50 polyester/modal fabric had the best air permeability and moisture transfer capabilities. Scouring improved the vertical wicking performance of all fabric samples. The 50/50 polyester/modal knit fabric performed best in terms of comfort and moisture management.
Comparison of some of Denim Fabric Properties produced with different Weftijsrd.com
The aim of this study was to asses and compares the some of denim fabric properties using three different weft yarns. Threads per inch and weft type are some of the most important parameters that affect both weaving performance and fabric property. Experimental studies were conducted by weaving fabrics with same warp yarn i.e. 9'OE Rotor yarn. Three different weft yarns are (1) Excel (2) Cotton (3) Polyester. These all are same count. Denim fabrics was woven in three different twill weave (1) 2/1 (2) 3/1 (3) 2/2. It was found the weave type and weft type affects fabric properties. The weave and weft yarn has great impact on the some of comfort related properties also i.e. air permeability, tensile strength, tear strength, and seam slippage, bursting strength.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
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Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
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In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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During the hour, we’ll take you through:
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Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
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- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
1. P. Pratihar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1007-1011
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Static and Dynamics Drape Of Fabric: An Emerging Arena of
Fabric Evaluation
P. Pratihar
Department of Textile Engineering Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University
of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Drape is one of the most important fabric properties from designer as well as end user point of view. The
standard method of drape measurement is as per IS 8357:1977. This can be classified as static drape. In today’s
scenario, across all the areas, advancement of technology is remarkable. There is little doubt that the influence
of technology has overtaken our lives. In the manufacturing field, technology solves a number of problems
related to design, production and dispatching of products, providing the consumer with either low cost or large
varieties of enhanced, sophisticated or unique products depending on the direction and philosophy of the
company and its marketing strategy. One has to learn to co-exist with technology so are industries and it is not
who will use the technology to combat competition in the world of markets of the future that is crucial, but
rather who will develop new technologies to stay competitive. Dynamic drape behavior and simulations are
gaining more and more popularity day by day. It is so, because it gives to some extent close to real life situation.
Many research worker in abroad are working on the same since last decade, but unfortunately very few
information, particularly data base information are available here. No readymade instrument is available here to
study the dynamic drape behaviour of fabric.
Keyword:- drape, static drape, dynamic drape, instrument, simulation
I.
INTRODUCTION
Drape is a very important property of fabric,
as it plays major role in aesthetic appeal of fabric
particularly when used as skirt, table-cloth, curtain, etc.
It is directly related to textile aesthetics, which is
important for the development, and selection of textile
materials in apparel industries and especially for the
design of clothes such as dresses and skirts.
Drapeability of textiles is judged subjectively and is
dependent on people’s skill and experience, which
render difficulties during drape comparisons,
especially when judged by different people.
The next generation of textile and garment
manufacturing and automated retailing system will
need to predict the true 3-D behaviour of fabric and
garment design and wear. It is generally accepted that
one of the most important requirements for the
development of a 3-D garment CAD system, is how to
obtain the real shape of the garment in 3-D shape from
the original 2-D design patterns. To do this effectively
the deformable behaviour of textile material would
play a very vital role in this area. Researchers have
studied various methods to achieve this, however,
unlike other engineering areas, the success of such
modern methods are very limited in textile
engineering. Commercial CAD system are still not
able to meet those requirements. The major task is to
find a precise and efficient approach to determine the
real 3-D deformed shape of the cloth according to real
fabric properties and to deal with complex 3-D design
patterns [1].
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II.
TRADITIONAL APPROACH STATIC DRAPE BEHAVIOUR OF
FABRIC
A. Drape Measurement
The most widely accepted method of drape
test is IS 8357:1977. In this test, a circular fabric
sample whose diameter is 25.0 cm is placed on a
circular disk of 12.5 cm. The cloth drapes and
compresses internally owing to gravity, finally
resulting in a flared shape. Then the drape coefficient
is described as the ratio of vertical projection area to
the entire sample area [2,3,4].
A diagrammatic representation of the same is
given in the following Fig. 1 & 2
Fig.1: Actual Projection of Shadow (Photo taken from
machine)
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Fig. 2: Based on projections, various areas.
2
( A R2 )
Drape Coefficent
100 %
( R12 R2 2 )
where A Area within the projectedoutline of the draped fabric,
R 2 Radii of the disk, R1 Radii of the fabric sample
The drape coefficient alone does not give a
complete description of drape behaviour . There are
many other aspects of the detailed form of draping.
One other parameter which can easily be measured is
the number of nodes formed as the fabric drapes. The
following Fig. 3 illustrates how the number of nodes
formed when the fabric bends symmetrically at the
edge of the disc without double curvature and the
number depends on the relative values of disc and
fabric diameter. Flexible fabric will drape down by
buckling into more folds than are shown in the Fig. 3
Fig.3: Influence of relative values of disc and fabric
diameter on probable minimum number of nodes. (a)
Specimen diameter 30 cm; disc diameter 15 cm – three
nodes. (b) Specimen diameter 30 cm; disc diameter
21.3 cm – three nodes.
Cusick
[5]
(1962)
confirmed
this
experimentally and the following Fig. 4 based on his
schematic representation of how the number of nodes
depends on fabric stiffness and disc diameter.
Fig. 4: Schematic representation of variation of
number of nodes with disc diameter and fabric
stiffness. Fabric diameter = 30 cm.
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Very stiff fabric merely sag slightly without
forming any definite nodes: this gives the area
designated as zero nodes. The number of nodes
increases as the disc diameter decreases and the fabric
stiffness decreases.
There is general tendency for the number of
nodes to decrease as drape coefficient rises. Same
would be expected from the position of the disc
diameter line in the fig above (Fig. 4).
A given fabric does not always drape with
same number of nodes. In his work Cusick [5] (1962)
found that 60 tests on a cotton cambric gave the
following distribution of results:
6 nodes, 5 tests
7 nodes, 22 tests
8 nodes, 24 tests
9 nodes, 9 tests
The drape coefficient of the fabric was not
much altered by differences in the number of nodes
formed. The average value of drape coefficient with 6
nodes was 70% and with 9 nodes it was 72%. It is also
possible to alter the number of nodes by disturbing the
fabric. What this means is that there are a number of
configurations where the energy passes through
minimum values (corresponding to whole number of
nodes) and the fabric does not necessarily fall in to the
lowest of these configurations.
B. Various Fabric Properties and Drape of Fabric
From the discussions so far it can be seen that
drape of fabric is a complex phenomena of various
fabric properties like bending and buckling behaviour
of fabric, shear properties, tensile properties, etc.
Substantial amount of work has been done by various
researchers and established lots of relationship
between these parameters. Cusick [5,6,7] and Treloar
[8] have done lots of work in this field and have
investigated the dependence of drape of the fabric on
bending and shear stiffness.
According to Hearle [9], in his text book,
“Structural Mechanics of Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics”
ch. 12, the major mode of deformation in draping is
fabric bending, but due to occurrence of double
curvature, some shearing also takes place. Sharma [10]
et al have studied on low-stress mechanical properties
of fabric and its relationship with drapability
characteristics of a fabric. In their work, they have
observed that the drape coefficient has a strong
correlation with bending properties, good to strong
correlation with shearing properties and poor
correlation with tensile properties.
Nature of fabric deformation in drape is
extremely important. The major mode of deformation
in draping is fabric bending, but due to occurrence of
double curvature some shearing also take place. Some
tensile as well as compressive deformation also takes
place, but as these are very small, can be ignored.
Buckling behaviour also very important, but as it is
related to bending stiffness, it will automatically be
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taken care of along with bending length, as stiffness is
a function of bending length. Therefore, it was said
that bending and shear properties are the main factors
influencing drape. Again, as the fabric is draping under
its own weight, the measure of bending length by
Shirley stiffness test method will be appropriate. The
general pattern of behaviour were also estimated by a
considerations of what happens when the shear
stiffness takes extreme values i.e. zero shear stiffness
and infinite shear stiffness, in the said book [9].
Work done by Okur [11] et al gives the
prediction of fabric drape coefficient from FAST data.
In their work, relationship between fabric drape
coefficient obtained from Cusick’s drape meter and
mechanical properties ascertained on the FAST system
for women’s woven suiting fabrics were examined and
a multiple linear regression model was proposed.
Lai Sang-Song [12] had worked for
establishing
discriminant
models
of
fabric
characteristics. In the work four fabric groups, woven
from cotton, linen, wool and silk were used.
Discriminant analysis were used to characterize and
discriminate between different fabric groups and 14
drape forms were able to classify the four groups of
fabrics with a 98.3% classification accuracy rate.
In another interesting work by Lo [13] et al,
have presented a model for predicting fabric drape
profiles using polar coordinates. It is claimed that with
the help of their developed model, the drape
coefficient, node locations, node numbers and node
shape in the fabric drape profile can be predicted. In
this work polar coordinate fitting is used to determine
the constants and a good agreement was observed
between the theoretical and experimental drape
profiles and drape coefficient%.
It was also claimed that drape profile can be
directly predicted from bending and shear histeresis as
constants in the drape profile model can be obtained by
bending and shear histeresis using regression analysis.
It was also suggested that for better prediction of the
fabric drape profile, mean value should be taken in the
warp, weft and ±45° directions than that in the warp
and weft directions.
III.
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Fig. 5 : Using of Fabric as Long Skirt
Fig. 6 : Using of Fabric as Short Skirt
MODERN APPROACH - DYNAMIC
DRAPE BEHAVIOUR OF FABRIC
The drape measurement technique IS
8357:1977 gives a fair idea about drape coefficient of a
fabric in static condition. But, when skirt is hanged to
body its drape pattern changes as the body movement
takes place (Fig. 5 & 6). Even a same fabric when used
as table cloth, may form different drape pattern, when
its position is disturbed (Fig. 7). Therefore, it is needed
to evaluate fabric drape coefficient, when it’s static
condition is disturbed. And also there is need to study
what will be the drape coefficient after some
movement in the fabric sample. This kind of study is
called dynamic drape behavior study.
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Fig. 7 : Using of Fabric as Table Cloth
Quite a bit of work has been done on static
drape behavior of fabric by Cusick in 60s. In 70s &
80s, it was felt that drape is not much important.
Therefore the main focus during this period was on
tensile behavior of the fabric. But during 90s, due to
rapid growth of readymade garment along with
computerized manufacturing system, it was felt by
various research workers and market surveyors that
drape is very important property one need to look in to
for giving proper shape of a garment after it’s cutting
and sewing. Moreover, to meet the customer
requirement and stringent competition in the market
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one need to give best of the best quality of the fabric,
so that when one uses the fabric, its drape property
does not change much from morning to evening. The
crease resistant fabrics with special finish etc. have
come into existence because of this development.
To evaluate dynamic drape behavior of
fabrics, a testing device was designed by Yang et
al[11] and new adequate parameters which can
represent dynamic drapeability were defined and the
stability of those parameters were discussed. As the
revolution of fabric increases, fabric overhangs and the
projected area changes in three stages. Dynamic drape
coefficient increases; which shows the degree of fabric
overhanging with revolution speed, is defined as a
parameter of dynamic drapeability. The effect of
airflow is larger for rotating fabrics at higher
revolution speed. Both the dynamic drape coefficient
increase and the dynamic drape coefficient at 200 rpm
showed high accuracy and reproducibility.
In another work on conventional static and
new dynamic drape by Matsudaira & Yang[15], on
Silk Fabrics finds that dynamic drape property is very
useful for categorizing the fabric. In this work,
conventional static and new dynamic drape
coefficients of silk woven fabrics were examined
precisely to distinguish those features of each
classified fabric by its yarn structure using our
regression equations.
IV.
SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC
DRAPE BEHAVIOUR OF FABRIC
The word Simulation means ‘imitation’ or
‘replication’, etc. As mentioned earlier, basically drape
is fabric fall and it happens when part of the fabric is
supported and part of it unsupported. Therefore, when
a fabric is used as an apparel application or industrial
application and whenever there is any movement of the
object during its application its drape changes.
It has always been clear that woven materials
have unique properties that allow them to deform in
ways significantly different than other sheet materials,
e.g. paper, vinyl or metal foils. Cloth’s special
deformation capabilities have been noted and
recognized through the ages, but never really fully
understood from a specific scientific or engineering
perspective.
In engineering, great progress has been made
in developing theories to explain and predict the
deformation behaviour of nearly rigid materials like
steel or stiff plastics. This has made possible the
development of robust tools for computer-aided design
(CAD), allowing engineers to design and analyze steel
structures on computers long before any real structure
is actually built. Unfortunately, same is not true for
flexible materials such as cloth. For these material, few
CAD tools exit, forcing apparel designer to use more
traditional and less efficient design methods. One of
the main reasons for the dearth of apparel CAD tool is
the lack of good mechanical models of fabric that may
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be used to simulate and predict the folds and buckles
of a draping cloth[16].
Today there are many design programs with
various software tools and a wide choice of designing
functions are available. These work on a sketching
model that can produce a visual presentation on how
colours, motifs and materials look on a scanned model.
Production preparation steps such as pattern
construction, grading system, pattern planning and
optimization and automated cutting are realized with
computer assistance. However, as reported by Fischer
et al [17], CAD systems available in the market have
two weak spots: the system work only twodimensionally, and the material behaviour and
parameters are not taken into account.
Therefore, it can easily be seen that true
simulation of drape behaviour is not possible. But,
alternately, what can be done is, attempt for partial
simulation of fabric drape behaviour and from the
partial simulated drape behaviour test data one can
predict the further application behaviour of the fabric.
It will also be helpful for categorizing the fabric in
terms of its fabric fall behaviour.
V.
CONCLUSION
Drape is one of the most important fabric
properties particularly from designer point of view.
Earlier researches in textile mechanics mainly focused
on the understanding of relationship between the
mechanical properties of fabrics and those of the yarns
as well as fabric structures. To assist designers
achieving satisfactory aesthetic objectives at the
clothing design stage, many recent researches have
focused on the development of computer aided design
and engineering (CAD/CAE) programs for garment.
Dynamic condition of a textile fabric is very complex
than its static position. Therefore, dynamic drape
behavior and dynamic drape coefficient are gaining
more and more popularity day by day. It is so, because
it gives to some extent close to real life situation.
REREFENCES
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Modelling the dynamic drape of garments on
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George K. Stylios, T. R. Wan and N. J.
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Science and Technology, vol 8, No. 3, 1996,
pp. 95-112.
Hu J & Chan Y F, Effect of Fabric
Mechanical Properties on Drape, Text. Res. J.,
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Xiaoqun D, Takao F, Shijeru M, Masayuki T
& Yoshio S, Drape Formation Based on
Geometric Constraint and its Application to
Skirt Modeling, Int J Clothing Sci Technol.,
13, 2001, 23.
Measurement and Modeling of Drape using
Digital Image Processing, B K Behra & Ajit
Kumar Pattanayak, Indian J of Fibre &
Textile Res.,33, September 2008, pp 230-238
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Inst., 56(5), T596-T606 (1965).
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(1965).
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(1961).
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Treloar, J. Text. Inst., 56, T533-T550 (1965).
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Fabrics, Volume 1 by J. W. S. Hearle, P.
Grosberg and S. Backer.
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drapability by Kaushal Raj Sharma, B. K.
Behra, H. Roedel and Andrea Schenk, Indian
Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, vol 29,
March 2004, pp 57-61.
Prediction of fabric drape coefficient from
FAST data by Ayse Okur and Tansel Cihan,
Textile Asia, July, 2002.
Using drape form to establish discriminant
models of fabric characteristics by Lai SangSong, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile
Research, vol 29, June 2004, pp 143-148
Modeling a fabric drape profile by W. M. Lo,
J. L. Hu and L. K. Li, Text. Res J., 2003,
72(5), pp. 454-463 (2002)
Measurement of drape coefficients of fabrics
and description of hanging shapes of fabrics
Part 4: Evaluation and dynamic drape
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Yang M. and Matsudaira M., Journal of the
Textile Machinery Society of Japan, 1999;
52(9), T167-T175(1999).
Features of conventional static and new
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fabrics by Matsudaira M. & Yang M., Text.
Res J., 2003, 73(3), pp. 250-255.
A Particle-Based Model for Simulating the
Draping Behaviour of Woven Cloth by David
E. Breen, Donald H. House and Michal J.
Wozny, Text. Res. J., 64(11), 663-685(1994).
Simulating the Drape Behaviour of Fabrics by
P. Fischer, S. Krzywinski, H. Rodel, A.
Schenk and V. Ulbright, Text. Res. J., 69(5),
331-334 (1999).
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