In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure. Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
fiber strength and fiber fineness are described in detail about the machinery and discussed about new computerized testing machines which are used to determine the strength and fineness of the fiber.
This document discusses nonwoven needle punching processes. It defines nonwovens and describes the three stages of nonwoven production: web formation, web bonding, and finishing treatments. It then focuses on the needle punching process, describing how barbed needles repeatedly penetrate a fibrous web to mechanically entangle the fibers. Key aspects of needle design like needle density and stroke frequency are discussed. The principles of needle punching and how it orientates fibers are also summarized. Applications of needle punched nonwovens are then listed.
Cotton is a natural fibre available easily and abundant quantity. It is a most suitable fibre for textile spinning & clothing due to it’s good spinnability & human friendly characteristics. As cotton is a natural fibre hence it’s properties also affected with several other factors which create variation in fibre properties, these variations also affect spinning processes & it’s products Quality in multi dimensions. Each fibre characteristic impact individually and collectively on spinning process or at ultimate product quality. Revolutionary changes observed in last two decade in the field of spinning machineries where processing speeds greatly increased to enhance production rate. Not only production rate of spinning machines increased but speeds of it’s downstream processes also increased simultaneously which requires better quality of yarn for smooth process and without any interruption to get the maximum efficiency. Hence now it is most important to co-relate fibre properties with respect to it’s consumer process competency. In this article we will discuss the different cotton properties and it’s impact on spinning process and product quality in present prospective and will try to minimize the impact of poor fibre properties on process or product Quality through better Mixing plan selection.
Effect of Stitch Length on Different Properties of Plain Single Jersey FabricIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The works reported in this paper present the effects of stitch length on different properties of plain single jersey fabric. Fabric properties can be changed due to use of various counts of yarn, type (ring, rotor, and compact), quality, stitch length, structural geometry, fiber composition, etc. With an increase in stitch length, the properties like Courses Per Inch (CPI), Wales Per Inch (WPI), GSM and stitch density will be decreased when the remaining other parameters are constant. Again shrinkage and spirality will be increased and bursting strength decreased with the increased stitch length. Pilling and abrasion resistance show lower grading when stitch length increases.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
fiber strength and fiber fineness are described in detail about the machinery and discussed about new computerized testing machines which are used to determine the strength and fineness of the fiber.
This document discusses nonwoven needle punching processes. It defines nonwovens and describes the three stages of nonwoven production: web formation, web bonding, and finishing treatments. It then focuses on the needle punching process, describing how barbed needles repeatedly penetrate a fibrous web to mechanically entangle the fibers. Key aspects of needle design like needle density and stroke frequency are discussed. The principles of needle punching and how it orientates fibers are also summarized. Applications of needle punched nonwovens are then listed.
Cotton is a natural fibre available easily and abundant quantity. It is a most suitable fibre for textile spinning & clothing due to it’s good spinnability & human friendly characteristics. As cotton is a natural fibre hence it’s properties also affected with several other factors which create variation in fibre properties, these variations also affect spinning processes & it’s products Quality in multi dimensions. Each fibre characteristic impact individually and collectively on spinning process or at ultimate product quality. Revolutionary changes observed in last two decade in the field of spinning machineries where processing speeds greatly increased to enhance production rate. Not only production rate of spinning machines increased but speeds of it’s downstream processes also increased simultaneously which requires better quality of yarn for smooth process and without any interruption to get the maximum efficiency. Hence now it is most important to co-relate fibre properties with respect to it’s consumer process competency. In this article we will discuss the different cotton properties and it’s impact on spinning process and product quality in present prospective and will try to minimize the impact of poor fibre properties on process or product Quality through better Mixing plan selection.
Effect of Stitch Length on Different Properties of Plain Single Jersey FabricIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The works reported in this paper present the effects of stitch length on different properties of plain single jersey fabric. Fabric properties can be changed due to use of various counts of yarn, type (ring, rotor, and compact), quality, stitch length, structural geometry, fiber composition, etc. With an increase in stitch length, the properties like Courses Per Inch (CPI), Wales Per Inch (WPI), GSM and stitch density will be decreased when the remaining other parameters are constant. Again shrinkage and spirality will be increased and bursting strength decreased with the increased stitch length. Pilling and abrasion resistance show lower grading when stitch length increases.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Hairiness is characterized by the quantity of freely moving fibre ends or fibre loops projecting from a yarn or textile fabric (woven, knitted or non woven fabrics).
In term of measurement Hairiness corresponds to the total length of the protruding fibres in unit length of one centimeter.
Needle punching is a mechanical process that uses barbed needles to reposition fibers from a horizontal to a vertical orientation in fiber webs. The needle penetration penetrates the web, interlocking the fibers and increasing fiber orientation and fabric strength. Key parameters that affect the needle punching process include fiber and web properties, needle penetration depth, punch density, needle arrangement, and the direction of needling passes. Needle punching is used to manufacture nonwoven fabrics for applications like shoe felts, blankets, automotive insulation, carpet backing, and composites.
FAST is a fabric testing system developed by CSIRO in Australia. It consists of four instruments (FAST 1-3) and one test (FAST 4) to predict how fabrics will perform when made into garments. The instruments measure properties like thickness, bending, extension, and stability. Results are plotted to create a "fabric fingerprint" showing suitability for intended use. Unlike other systems, FAST is cheaper, simpler, and better for industrial use.
The document discusses different mechanical bonding processes used to make nonwoven fabrics, focusing on needle punching and hydroentanglement. It provides details on:
1) The needle punching process which uses barbed needles to mechanically interlock fibers. Key components of the needle loom and felting needles are described.
2) The hydroentanglement process which uses high pressure water jets to entangle fibers. Details are given on the precursor web formation, entanglement unit, water system, and dewatering/drying steps.
3) Common applications of needlepunched and hydroentangled nonwovens which include wipes, protective clothing, artificial leather, surgical fabrics, filtration media and automotive uses.
Study of relationship between seam slippage& strengthAbdur Rahim Khan
1. The document outlines a research project on analyzing factors that influence seam slippage in woven garments.
2. The project will examine the effect of fabric properties like GSM, cover factor, and thickness on seam slippage strength. Fabric samples with different values for these properties will be stitched and tested.
3. Mathematical relationships and graphs will be used to determine the dependency and correlation between seam slippage strength and the structural parameters of the woven fabrics. Test results and data analysis will be included in the project report.
IRJET- Pile Height and Terry Fabric - A StudyIRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of pile height on various properties of terry fabrics, finding that increasing pile height significantly increases fabric thickness, GSM, tensile strength, and moisture absorption, while decreasing air permeability and water absorbency time. Three terry fabrics were produced with pile heights of 3.5 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.6 mm using cotton yarn, and their properties were analyzed and compared. In general, properties correlated positively with increased pile height due to the greater amount of yarn and loop surface area available.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
Variation in linear density of combed yarn due to dyeing with reactive dye in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Though yarn dyeing is a significant part of wet processing, it still has some major obstacles. It loses its weight as well as strength due to wet treatment. A study on the changes of linear density in combed yarn due to different shade percentages of reactive dye has been conducted and the results are statistically analyzed. Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Blue RR were used for this experiment. The study reveals that dye shade percentage effects on the linear density negatively. Before 2.5% shade the yarn loss is greater and after 3.5% shade linear density also decreases. 2.5% to 3.5% shade percentage can be taken as the range where loss of linear density is much less than the other percentages. The lowest loss percentage was found for 3% shade for every dyestuff among which Remazol Red RR was the least. Key Words: Combed yarn, Loss percentage, Shade, Linear density.
Influence of Gas Yarn Singeing On Viscose Spun Yarn Characteristicsiosrjce
This document discusses a study on the influence of gas yarn singeing on the characteristics of viscose spun yarn. Viscose yarn has more hairiness which causes issues in downstream processes like dyeing and fabric production. In the study, viscose spun yarns of counts Ne 20/1, Ne 30/1 and Ne 40/1 were singed using optimized gas yarn singeing machine parameters. The study found that singeing significantly reduced yarn hairiness by 85-86% but increased unevenness. It also reduced thick places, neps and overall imperfections by up to 32.8% while slightly improving tenacity but reducing elongation. Thus, gas yarn singeing was found to effectively reduce
This document discusses yarn properties that are important for knitting, including count, twist, evenness, and imperfections. It compares combed and carded yarns, noting that combed yarn is of higher quality with fewer imperfections. Combed yarn produces knit fabrics with less pilling, shrinkage, and higher grammage. While more expensive to produce, combed yarn results in fabrics with better properties for knitting. The document also discusses yarn count, count variation, unevenness percentage, and classifications of yarn fineness.
This document discusses yarn properties that affect knitted fabric quality. It explains that yarn count, twist, evenness, imperfections, and strength are important characteristics to consider for knitting. It also compares carded and combed yarns, noting that combed yarns produce fabrics with higher quality attributes like strength, less pilling and shrinkage, and uniformity compared to carded yarns of the same count. The document provides classifications for yarn counts and says other yarn parameters will be discussed in future editions.
The contents are written in a way that the student understands the basics tests that are done to evaluate the textile fibers. In specific the properties namely length, strength, maturity and elongation.
This document discusses hairiness in yarns and various methods for measuring it. Hairiness refers to protruding fibers, loops, and wild fibers on yarn surfaces. While it adds texture, hairiness can cause issues in downstream processing and the quality of finished fabrics. The document describes several photoelectric devices that use light beams and photocells to quickly and objectively measure hairiness over different fiber lengths, providing advantages over older microscopic methods.
The document discusses linear density, which is a measurement of yarn thickness or fineness. It is not possible to directly measure yarn diameter due to its soft and compressible nature. Instead, linear density systems weigh a known length of yarn to determine fineness. The two main systems are direct, which fixes length and varies weight, and indirect, which fixes weight and varies length. Several linear density designation systems are described, including tex, denier, English count, and their respective calculation methods. Factors like moisture content and different fiber properties are accounted for in linear density measurements.
This document discusses innovations in needle punching technology for medical textiles. It begins by describing how medical textiles are used for hygiene and healthcare. It then discusses the classification and constituent elements of medical textiles, including polymers, fibers, yarns, fabrics, and final textile medical products. The document focuses on the needle punching process, including fiber opening and blending, nonwoven carding, cross-lapping, needle looming, winding, and cutting. It describes innovations like cyclopunching that allow for higher density needling. The document concludes by discussing the potential of these technologies in markets like the US and opportunities in medical textile products.
This document summarizes a presentation on the stiffness of fabrics and test methods. It defines stiffness as the rigidity of a material to bend. Stiffness is an important fabric property that determines how well it holds its shape without support. Three common instruments for measuring stiffness are described: the Shirley stiffness tester, drape meter, and heart loop test. The Shirley stiffness tester specifically is explained as a fabric testing device that uses samples cut in warp and weft directions to measure the angle of bend and calculate average stiffness values. In conclusion, higher bending lengths correspond to greater fabric stiffness.
The slide show is designed with the objective of bringing limelight into the types of man made filament production. The textured yarns market is ever increasing which has also been explained in the simple way.
Flexural rigidity is a measure of the stiffness of textile fibers and fabrics. It depends on properties of the fibers like the modulus and diameter as well as the structure and properties of the yarns and fabrics. For knitted fabrics, flexural rigidity increases with increasing amounts of stiffer fibers like polybutylene terephthalate. It affects properties like handle, drape, creasing and wear performance. Flexural rigidity is important for applications requiring stiffness like industrial fabrics. It can be experimentally measured using a cantilever bending technique. The flexural rigidity of fabrics depends on parameters like yarn diameter and count, weave structure, and the flexural rigidity of the constituent yarns.
The document discusses textile spinning and quality control processes. It describes the key steps in textile spinning which include: yarn production from staple fibers using drawing and twisting; filament yarn production by forcing fiber-forming substances through spinnerets. The main processes are: blowroom preparation, carding, drawing, roving and ring spinning. Quality is ensured through testing of raw materials and processes. Fiber properties like length, strength and uniformity are evaluated. Machines are also tested to minimize count variations and improve yarn evenness and strength in the final product.
Different drawing methods pankaj kumar dasPankaj Das
Drawing is a process used to align polymer molecules in spun fibers, increasing crystallinity and enhancing physical properties like strength. It involves stretching fiber between rollers at different speeds. Higher draw ratios lead to greater molecular orientation and strength. Drawing can be done separately after spinning or integrated with spinning in one-step stack-draw or spin-draw processes to control fiber morphology and properties more efficiently. Separate spinning and drawing is a two-step process producing fully drawn yarn, while stack-draw yields partially oriented yarn and spin-draw fully drawn yarn.
The yarn realization is the most important factor to assess the technical performance and profitability of spinning mills. Yarn realization means conversion of raw material in percentage terms into finished yarn. This articles described What are the key factors affecting yarn realization and how to manage it.
A weekend getaway or a serious vacation; whatever it maybe, an adventure seeking soul would come to Maui for sure. For the best deals on Maui treasure hunting and adventure tours, visit mauivacationsaver.com.
Needle punching is a mechanical process that uses barbed needles to reposition fibers from a horizontal to a vertical orientation in fiber webs. The needle penetration penetrates the web, interlocking the fibers and increasing fiber orientation and fabric strength. Key parameters that affect the needle punching process include fiber and web properties, needle penetration depth, punch density, needle arrangement, and the direction of needling passes. Needle punching is used to manufacture nonwoven fabrics for applications like shoe felts, blankets, automotive insulation, carpet backing, and composites.
FAST is a fabric testing system developed by CSIRO in Australia. It consists of four instruments (FAST 1-3) and one test (FAST 4) to predict how fabrics will perform when made into garments. The instruments measure properties like thickness, bending, extension, and stability. Results are plotted to create a "fabric fingerprint" showing suitability for intended use. Unlike other systems, FAST is cheaper, simpler, and better for industrial use.
The document discusses different mechanical bonding processes used to make nonwoven fabrics, focusing on needle punching and hydroentanglement. It provides details on:
1) The needle punching process which uses barbed needles to mechanically interlock fibers. Key components of the needle loom and felting needles are described.
2) The hydroentanglement process which uses high pressure water jets to entangle fibers. Details are given on the precursor web formation, entanglement unit, water system, and dewatering/drying steps.
3) Common applications of needlepunched and hydroentangled nonwovens which include wipes, protective clothing, artificial leather, surgical fabrics, filtration media and automotive uses.
Study of relationship between seam slippage& strengthAbdur Rahim Khan
1. The document outlines a research project on analyzing factors that influence seam slippage in woven garments.
2. The project will examine the effect of fabric properties like GSM, cover factor, and thickness on seam slippage strength. Fabric samples with different values for these properties will be stitched and tested.
3. Mathematical relationships and graphs will be used to determine the dependency and correlation between seam slippage strength and the structural parameters of the woven fabrics. Test results and data analysis will be included in the project report.
IRJET- Pile Height and Terry Fabric - A StudyIRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of pile height on various properties of terry fabrics, finding that increasing pile height significantly increases fabric thickness, GSM, tensile strength, and moisture absorption, while decreasing air permeability and water absorbency time. Three terry fabrics were produced with pile heights of 3.5 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.6 mm using cotton yarn, and their properties were analyzed and compared. In general, properties correlated positively with increased pile height due to the greater amount of yarn and loop surface area available.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
Variation in linear density of combed yarn due to dyeing with reactive dye in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Though yarn dyeing is a significant part of wet processing, it still has some major obstacles. It loses its weight as well as strength due to wet treatment. A study on the changes of linear density in combed yarn due to different shade percentages of reactive dye has been conducted and the results are statistically analyzed. Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Blue RR were used for this experiment. The study reveals that dye shade percentage effects on the linear density negatively. Before 2.5% shade the yarn loss is greater and after 3.5% shade linear density also decreases. 2.5% to 3.5% shade percentage can be taken as the range where loss of linear density is much less than the other percentages. The lowest loss percentage was found for 3% shade for every dyestuff among which Remazol Red RR was the least. Key Words: Combed yarn, Loss percentage, Shade, Linear density.
Influence of Gas Yarn Singeing On Viscose Spun Yarn Characteristicsiosrjce
This document discusses a study on the influence of gas yarn singeing on the characteristics of viscose spun yarn. Viscose yarn has more hairiness which causes issues in downstream processes like dyeing and fabric production. In the study, viscose spun yarns of counts Ne 20/1, Ne 30/1 and Ne 40/1 were singed using optimized gas yarn singeing machine parameters. The study found that singeing significantly reduced yarn hairiness by 85-86% but increased unevenness. It also reduced thick places, neps and overall imperfections by up to 32.8% while slightly improving tenacity but reducing elongation. Thus, gas yarn singeing was found to effectively reduce
This document discusses yarn properties that are important for knitting, including count, twist, evenness, and imperfections. It compares combed and carded yarns, noting that combed yarn is of higher quality with fewer imperfections. Combed yarn produces knit fabrics with less pilling, shrinkage, and higher grammage. While more expensive to produce, combed yarn results in fabrics with better properties for knitting. The document also discusses yarn count, count variation, unevenness percentage, and classifications of yarn fineness.
This document discusses yarn properties that affect knitted fabric quality. It explains that yarn count, twist, evenness, imperfections, and strength are important characteristics to consider for knitting. It also compares carded and combed yarns, noting that combed yarns produce fabrics with higher quality attributes like strength, less pilling and shrinkage, and uniformity compared to carded yarns of the same count. The document provides classifications for yarn counts and says other yarn parameters will be discussed in future editions.
The contents are written in a way that the student understands the basics tests that are done to evaluate the textile fibers. In specific the properties namely length, strength, maturity and elongation.
This document discusses hairiness in yarns and various methods for measuring it. Hairiness refers to protruding fibers, loops, and wild fibers on yarn surfaces. While it adds texture, hairiness can cause issues in downstream processing and the quality of finished fabrics. The document describes several photoelectric devices that use light beams and photocells to quickly and objectively measure hairiness over different fiber lengths, providing advantages over older microscopic methods.
The document discusses linear density, which is a measurement of yarn thickness or fineness. It is not possible to directly measure yarn diameter due to its soft and compressible nature. Instead, linear density systems weigh a known length of yarn to determine fineness. The two main systems are direct, which fixes length and varies weight, and indirect, which fixes weight and varies length. Several linear density designation systems are described, including tex, denier, English count, and their respective calculation methods. Factors like moisture content and different fiber properties are accounted for in linear density measurements.
This document discusses innovations in needle punching technology for medical textiles. It begins by describing how medical textiles are used for hygiene and healthcare. It then discusses the classification and constituent elements of medical textiles, including polymers, fibers, yarns, fabrics, and final textile medical products. The document focuses on the needle punching process, including fiber opening and blending, nonwoven carding, cross-lapping, needle looming, winding, and cutting. It describes innovations like cyclopunching that allow for higher density needling. The document concludes by discussing the potential of these technologies in markets like the US and opportunities in medical textile products.
This document summarizes a presentation on the stiffness of fabrics and test methods. It defines stiffness as the rigidity of a material to bend. Stiffness is an important fabric property that determines how well it holds its shape without support. Three common instruments for measuring stiffness are described: the Shirley stiffness tester, drape meter, and heart loop test. The Shirley stiffness tester specifically is explained as a fabric testing device that uses samples cut in warp and weft directions to measure the angle of bend and calculate average stiffness values. In conclusion, higher bending lengths correspond to greater fabric stiffness.
The slide show is designed with the objective of bringing limelight into the types of man made filament production. The textured yarns market is ever increasing which has also been explained in the simple way.
Flexural rigidity is a measure of the stiffness of textile fibers and fabrics. It depends on properties of the fibers like the modulus and diameter as well as the structure and properties of the yarns and fabrics. For knitted fabrics, flexural rigidity increases with increasing amounts of stiffer fibers like polybutylene terephthalate. It affects properties like handle, drape, creasing and wear performance. Flexural rigidity is important for applications requiring stiffness like industrial fabrics. It can be experimentally measured using a cantilever bending technique. The flexural rigidity of fabrics depends on parameters like yarn diameter and count, weave structure, and the flexural rigidity of the constituent yarns.
The document discusses textile spinning and quality control processes. It describes the key steps in textile spinning which include: yarn production from staple fibers using drawing and twisting; filament yarn production by forcing fiber-forming substances through spinnerets. The main processes are: blowroom preparation, carding, drawing, roving and ring spinning. Quality is ensured through testing of raw materials and processes. Fiber properties like length, strength and uniformity are evaluated. Machines are also tested to minimize count variations and improve yarn evenness and strength in the final product.
Different drawing methods pankaj kumar dasPankaj Das
Drawing is a process used to align polymer molecules in spun fibers, increasing crystallinity and enhancing physical properties like strength. It involves stretching fiber between rollers at different speeds. Higher draw ratios lead to greater molecular orientation and strength. Drawing can be done separately after spinning or integrated with spinning in one-step stack-draw or spin-draw processes to control fiber morphology and properties more efficiently. Separate spinning and drawing is a two-step process producing fully drawn yarn, while stack-draw yields partially oriented yarn and spin-draw fully drawn yarn.
The yarn realization is the most important factor to assess the technical performance and profitability of spinning mills. Yarn realization means conversion of raw material in percentage terms into finished yarn. This articles described What are the key factors affecting yarn realization and how to manage it.
A weekend getaway or a serious vacation; whatever it maybe, an adventure seeking soul would come to Maui for sure. For the best deals on Maui treasure hunting and adventure tours, visit mauivacationsaver.com.
Universidad técnica particular de loja ()John Hidalgo
Sobre como nos ayuda las redes sociales corporativas en el ámbito empresarial.
Los pasos para realizar una red social corporativa.
Sus beneficios de las redes sociales corporativas
Este documento presenta un plan de taller de robótica educativa para ciclos III-V de primaria. El taller se divide en tres partes: inicio, desarrollo y cierre. En la parte de desarrollo, los estudiantes establecen normas de convivencia, aprenden sobre las piezas del kit de robótica, y trabajan en equipos para construir proyectos. El documento incluye anexos con fichas de inventario del kit y ejemplos de actividades como clasificar piezas y crear gráficos estadísticos.
O documento discute a teoria da aprendizagem significativa de David Ausubel, que defende que a aprendizagem ocorre de forma mais efetiva quando se ancora nos conhecimentos prévios do aluno. O texto também aborda como as práticas pedagógicas podem favorecer ou não a aprendizagem significativa e o protagonismo do aluno no processo de construção do conhecimento. Por fim, analisa a função social da aprendizagem significativa no desenvolvimento integral e aut
Este documento describe varios parámetros para evaluar la salud y el desarrollo de las postlarvas de camarón, incluyendo la dispersión de tamaños, el contenido intestinal, el color y condición del hepatopáncreas, la presencia de epibiontes y melanización, y el desarrollo de las branquias. Se recomienda medir la longitud de al menos 50 postlarvas para determinar la dispersión de tamaños, y examinar el intestino, hepatopáncreas, exoesqueleto y branquias para evaluar la nutrición,
Tándem: colaboración con asesorías y despachosH360
Tándem nace como una fórmula de colaboración entre Rems Global Consulting y asesorías y despachos de abogados para dar una respuesta global a las necesidades de los clientes, incrementando los ingresos de su despacho sin necesidad de acometer inversiones en estructurales.
Este documento presenta la agenda de un taller de dos días sobre la implementación de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDCs) en Perú. El taller incluirá sesiones sobre el contexto de las NDCs, la preparación en la región, herramientas para la implementación, y desafíos y pasos a seguir para crear una hoja de ruta para la implementación de las NDCs a nivel nacional.
El documento describe el proceso de levantamiento altimetrico para obtener perfiles de terreno a lo largo de una obra de ingenieria. Explica que se toman medidas de puntos del terreno usando un nivel para luego graficar los perfiles longitudinales y transversales, lo que permite calcular volumenes de excavacion y construccion. Tambien presenta objetivos como adquirir experiencia en el uso de instrumentos topograficos y reconocer como realizar perfiles longitudinales.
O documento lista especificações técnicas de 20 almofadas quadradas estampadas com temas de profissões. Cada almofada é feita de material Tactel, preenchida com fibra de silicone e possui estampa de 30x30cm, ideal para brindes, lembranças e presentes.
Effect of stitch length on physical and mechanical properties of single jerse...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn
(ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, stitch length / loop length, structural geometry, fiber composition of yarn etc. This study
focused on the various stitch length effect of grey single jersey. With an increase in stitch length, the dimensional properties like CPI,
WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased for all the structures; while comfort properties like air permeability & water
absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased stitch length at grey stage. Other properties
such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased stitch length. Though all the tests for fabric
properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is
mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done
according to desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of
fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
Comparison of some of Denim Fabric Properties produced with different Weftijsrd.com
The aim of this study was to asses and compares the some of denim fabric properties using three different weft yarns. Threads per inch and weft type are some of the most important parameters that affect both weaving performance and fabric property. Experimental studies were conducted by weaving fabrics with same warp yarn i.e. 9'OE Rotor yarn. Three different weft yarns are (1) Excel (2) Cotton (3) Polyester. These all are same count. Denim fabrics was woven in three different twill weave (1) 2/1 (2) 3/1 (3) 2/2. It was found the weave type and weft type affects fabric properties. The weave and weft yarn has great impact on the some of comfort related properties also i.e. air permeability, tensile strength, tear strength, and seam slippage, bursting strength.
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Abstract
The following paper focuses on change in spirality due to stitch length and count variation .This work was carried out with 12 samples of single jersey knit fabrics which were scoured and bleached with NaOH and H2O2 (35% strength), dyed with reactive dye (Remazol Yellow RR reactive class) and were finished as standard procedure . After finishing the samples were tested for spirality and compared between different stitch length and count. The result obtained in this research indicated that spirality increases strongly due to increase of stitch length when count of yarn is fixed and on fixed stitch length spirality increases with the increment of count.
Keywords: Spirality, Count, Stitch length.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
Crimson Publishers - Certain Properties of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Ma...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Certain Properties of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Made from Silk and Wool Fibers by Rajkumar Govindaraju* and Srinivasan Jagannathan in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
This document discusses spirality in weft knitted fabrics. It begins by defining spirality as occurring when the wale is not perpendicular to the course, forming an angle. It then discusses various causes of spirality, including yarn properties like count, twist, and spinning method. Fabric properties like structure, tightness, and relaxation can also influence spirality. The document outlines the project's methodology, which included measuring wales per inch, courses per inch, spirality angle, stitch length, and yarn count for various fabric samples. Data from these measurements on 9 samples is presented in tables. In summary, the document provides background information on spirality and outlines the methodology used to analyze it for different knitted fabric samples
Effects of tightness factor on spirality and seams displacement of tubular sj...rasel59
This document discusses dimensional stability issues in tubular single jersey knitted fabrics, specifically spirality and seams displacement. Spirality occurs when the courses and wales are not perpendicular at 90 degrees, causing loops to twist. During relaxation processes like washing, this can lead to seams displacement where the side seams of garments rotate from their initial positions. The document reviews past research on factors influencing spirality, finding it increases with a higher number of active feeders during knitting and more twist inserted in yarns, as yarns tend to return to their twisted spiral formation during relaxation. The aim of this project is to investigate how varying tightness by changing the quality pulley affects spirality angle and se
1. The study investigated the spinning limits and yarn properties of cotton, viscose, and polyester fibers spun on a Dref-3 friction spinning machine across different yarn counts.
2. The spinning limit, defined as the finest yarn count that can be spun with acceptable quality and breakage rate, was found to depend on fiber type and ranged from 33-311 tex for the fibers studied.
3. As yarn count decreased, yarn properties like unevenness and imperfections generally increased for all fiber types due to poorer fiber separation and increased irregularities introduced during drafting. Twists also increased with finer counts.
4. Tensile properties responded differently for different fibers - they remained fairly constant
Investigation on the Changes of Areal Density of Knit Fabric with Stitch Leng...iosrjce
Stitch length and GSM (gram per square meter) are the two major parameters for making a knit
fabric. The relationship between stitch length (S.L) and GSM is inversely proportional if the other parameter
remain constant. Again the presence of tuck loop in knit fabric structure make the fabric heavier than the plain
single jersey fabric having all knit loop because of the accumulation of yarn in the tucking place. In this study,
an experimental work was offered to understand the influence of different stitch length on the GSM of knit fabric
with respect to the change of tuck loop percentage in the knit fabric structure. Here three fabric (single jersey,
single lacoste and polo pique) having different tuck loops percentage with five different stitch lengths were
selected where the other parameters were constant. With the increment of tuck loop percentage and descending
of stitch length, a measurable increase in areal density was observed, where the GSM increment percentage was
maximum at 2.70 mm stitch length for every tuck loop percentage. After that the gradual reduction of stitch
length resulted in the lower rate of GSM increment.
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim Quality by A K Choudhary in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
For an end consumer of denim garments, the most important factors are performance and comfort after few aesthetic factors such as appearance and fashion appeal. For stretchable denim fabric, the fit related comfort lies in ability of the fabric to be stretched and recover when a repeated load is applied due to body movements without any permanent set called bagging. In this study, the interactive effect of twist multiplier of weft yarn, denier elastane fibre and fabric areal density on performance of denim fabric was investigated. The denier of elastane fibre used with weft yarn of three different twist multiplier- 4.9, 5.2 and 5.5, is changed as 40D, 55D and 70D. The areal density of fabric is changed through change in picks per inch as 50, 55 and 60. Performance was analysed on the basis of results of breaking strength, breaking elongation and cyclic loading stretch properties. The test results revealed that the tensile strength and breaking elongation properties of denim fabric, for both before and after cyclic loading are in the same trend, but after cyclic loading due to fatigue behaviour, tensile strength and breaking elongation was reduced. The breaking elongation increased as lycra content increases in the fabric and with increase in lycra content percentage, tensile strength was decreased slightly.
Journal of Engineered Fibers and FabricsPARESHPD1977
This document compares the physical properties of yarns produced using conventional ring spinning, mechanical compact spinning, and pneumatic compact spinning systems. In the first part, carded cotton and combed cotton yarns of different linear densities and twist levels were produced using conventional ring and mechanical compact spinning. Analysis showed compact yarns had less hairiness, higher strength, and higher elongation than conventional yarns. In the second part, combed cotton yarns were produced using conventional ring, mechanical compact, and pneumatic compact spinning and analyzed. Yarns produced with pneumatic compact spinning had the highest strength and lowest hairiness.
Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
70%) and yarns were prepared on hand spinning system.Knitted fabric samples were constructed on 10-12
gauge, flat bed hand knitting machine. Fabric handle was objectively assessed by SiroFAST.
Effect of gauge variation of circular knitting machine on physical and mechan...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
This paper deals with the results of an investigation of various gauges of circular knitting machines with a view to producing same single jersey fabric with different parameters. All parameters including machine diameter, stitch length, yarn count, yarn lot, yarn tension etc. but gauges are used for this work is different. Even dyeing has been done at the same time on the same machine by stitching one with other, finishing parameters and processes are also same and done at same time as well to minimize the effects of other variable which can be responsible for changing the physical and mechanical properties like finished width of the fabric, finished GSM (Grams per Square Meter), shrinkage, spirality, bursting strength etc. This is done for finding only the effects which actually affects the fabric properties. Finally the findings or results are as expected with some variations with the results that are thought theoretically.
This document discusses a study on the utility and functional characteristics of garments made from woven fabrics blended with bamboo and polyester yarns. Samples of woven fabrics were produced with different blend ratios of bamboo to polyester, weave types (plain, twill), and pick densities. The fabrics were tested for properties such as tensile strength, tearing strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling propensity. The results showed that twill woven fabrics with 2/30s bamboo in the warp direction and a blend of 30% bamboo and 70% polyester exhibited higher tensile strength, tearing strength, abrasion resistance, and lower pilling propensity compared to other fabric samples.
Flexural rigidity is a measure of a textile's bending stiffness. It is defined mathematically and depends on factors like the fiber's shape, shear modulus, linear density, and density. Flexural rigidity affects a textile's handle, drape, creasing, bending, and wear properties. For knitted fabrics, flexural rigidity is higher in the wale-wise direction due to the interlocking of wales. Flexural rigidity can be experimentally measured using a cantilever method, and is related to fabric properties like yarn diameter, number of yarns, and fabric modulus. A textile's flexural rigidity depends both on the stiffness of its constituent yarns and its
The document summarizes a study that investigated the dimensional characteristics of seam puckering and the influence of various causes on puckering. An objective image processing-based assessment method was developed to quantify puckering dimensions and overcome subjective evaluations. Experiments varied needle tension, stitch density, and fabric properties to analyze their effects on puckering severity. Puckering images were processed to estimate parameters for a luminosity model characterizing dimensional puckering properties. Results showed puckering severity increased with higher tension and correlated with fabric weight and bending rigidity properties.
This document describes a research study on the pilling resistance and extensibility of single jersey jacquard knitted fabrics made from different stitch lengths and yarn types. Samples will be produced using 100% polyester, 60/40 cotton/polyester blend, and 20/80 cotton/polyester blend yarns at different stitch lengths. The samples will be tested for properties like pilling resistance, extensibility, air permeability, abrasion resistance, and thickness. The results will help identify which yarn type and stitch length combination provides the best balance of pilling resistance and extensibility.
Effect of wale wise increasing of tuck and miss loops on bursting strength of...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document analyzes how increasing tuck and miss loops in single jersey knit fabrics affects their bursting strength.
2. It finds that bursting strength decreases with more tuck (pique, lacoste) and miss (cross miss) loops compared to plain single jersey. Tuck loops reduce strength more than miss loops.
3. Among tuck loop fabrics, lacoste has higher strength than pique. Among miss loops, locknit is stronger than cross miss. Finished fabrics have lower strength than grey fabrics for all designs.
Effect of wale wise increasing of tuck and miss loops on bursting strength of...eSAT Journals
Abstract Strength is a very important criterion for any material especially for fabric. To increase the durability and dimensional stability- strength plays a vital role. Of all types of weft knit fabrics single jersey fabric is very popular. This paper focused on the bursting strength of various derivatives of single jersey knit fabric in both grey and finished state. Derivatives of single jersey knit fabrics are found by using tuck and miss loops in corporate with knit loops in wales direction. Higher presence of tuck and miss loops in wales direction affect the bursting strength. From the total analysis it was observed that bursting strength decreases with the increasing of tuck ( single pique, double pique, single lacoste, double lacoste) and miss loops ( Single cross miss, double cross miss) than all knit loop containing fabric (plain single jersey). It is also observed that the bursting strength decrement of tuck loop containing fabric is higher than miss loop containing fabric as well as the lacoste & locknit fabrics have higher bursting strength than the pique & cross miss fabric. Keywords: Single jersey fabric, Tuck loop, miss loop, bursting strength, derivatives of single jersey fabrics
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics
1. Shilpi Akter. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 1, ( Part -2) January 2017, pp.05-10
www.ijera.com 5 | P a g e
An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton
Woven Fabrics
Shilpi Akter
Asst. Professor and Head, Department of Fabric Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles.
ABSTRACT
In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample
fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft
counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of
fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending
length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts
lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and
wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure.
Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
Keywords: Physical properties, weave structures, Woven fabric, weft count.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cotton is the most important raw material
for woven fabrics. Cotton fibers differ remarkably
from other cellulose fibers in morphological traits and
it has some advantages like good durability,
chemically stable, undamaged in the continuous
exposure of weak acids and alkalis. It has high water-
absorbing capacity and in a humid atmosphere, it can
absorb 27% of water without getting damp [1].
Weaving is the action of producing fabrics
by the interlacing of warp and weft threads. Many
varieties can be produced by weaving and these
fabrics are generally more durable, can be easily cut
into different shapes and they are excellent for
producing styles in garments. However, fabrics
having more thread density (number of wrap and weft
yarns present) keep the shape well. Low count fabrics
are less durable and may snag or stretch. The fibre
properties and the type of spinning influence the yarn
properties, while the fabric properties are also
influenced by the warp and weft density of the woven
fabrics, and weave structure [2-4].
Bending and drape properties of woven
fabrics depend on weft density, weft yarn count and
warp tension. In the case of the fabrics woven with
thicker weft yarns, the overall fabric rigidity
increased as warp tension increased. Bending rigidity
values of warp direction for sateen fabrics were
higher than the values of plain fabrics and it was
lower for sateen fabrics than the values of plain
fabrics [5-6].
Abrasion and pilling resistance are the
frictional properties of woven fabrics. Pilling is a
great problem with clothes, not only impairs its
appearance, but also reduces its service life. The
entangled balls are from fibers sloughing off onto the
fabric surface. In a tight weave the fibers will be less
likely to slough off resulting in less pilling. Plain
weave fabrics will be the least likely to pill, followed
by twill and satin [7].
The ability of a fabric to resist wrinkling is
determined by the amount of mobility the fibers and
yarns have within the construction. Yarns and fibers
within a plain weave construction have little freedom
to move about limiting their ability to recover after
deformation. A plain weave will have the least
resistance to wrinkle recovery. Twill weave have the
second highest recovery followed by a satin weave
[8].
In this research work, some of the important
physical properties of fabric were investigated. They
are fabric stiffness, crease recovery, abrasion
resistance, pilling resistance and wrinkle recovery
properties. The properties of woven fabrics are
influenced by the weaving conditions, e.g. speed of
weaving, warp insertion rate, weft beat-up force, etc.
The properties of raw fabrics also depend on the
construction and technical parameters. To have
different functional properties of an end product, raw
fabrics also need to be post-treated [9].
II. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1 Fabric (Sample)
For this research work, sixteen different
cotton woven fabric samples were produced with
various weft count and weave structures in the
weaving shed of BUTEX. The details of the fabric
samples were listed in table1. Weft yarns were 20’ˢ/1
Ne, 30’ˢ/1 Ne, 40’ˢ/1 Ne and 50’ˢ/1 Ne count yarns.
Warp yarns were 20’ˢ/1 Ne. All woven fabric samples
were produced on Picanol Air Jet weaving machine
with the following particulars:
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Shilpi Akter. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 1, ( Part -2) January 2017, pp.05-10
www.ijera.com 6 | P a g e
Warp yarn count : 20’ˢ/1 Ne (open end)
Weft yarn count : 20’ˢ/1 Ne, 30’ˢ/1 Ne,
40’ˢ/1 Ne and 50’ˢ/1 Ne
(open end)
Warp density : 80/inch
Weft density : 60/inch
Fabric width : 180 cm.
Number of Harness
Frames : 8
Weave structure : 1/1 plain, 2/2 Twill,
3/1 Twill, 4-end Satin
Machine speed : 587 ppm
Table 1. Details of the woven fabric samples.
Sample
No
Weave
Structures
Weft
Count(Ne)
1 1/1 Plain 20’ˢ/1
2 1/1 Plain 30’ˢ/1
3 1/1 Plain 40’ˢ/1
4 1/1 Plain 50’ˢ/1
5 2/2 S Twill 20’ˢ/1
6 2/2 S Twill 30’ˢ/1
7 2/2 S Twill 40’ˢ/1
8 2/2 S Twill 50’ˢ/1
9 3/1 S Twill 20’ˢ/1
10 3/1 S Twill 30’ˢ/1
11 3/1 S Twill 40’ˢ/1
12 3/1 S Twill 50’ˢ/1
13 4-end Satin 20’ˢ/1
14 4-end Satin 30’ˢ/1
15 4-end Satin 40’ˢ/1
16 4-end Satin 50’ˢ/1
Figure 1. Weave structures of woven fabrics.
2.2 Laboratory Work
Weave structures of the woven fabrics in
this study were shown in fig. 1. All the samples were
tested in the grey state of the fabric. Though the
variations in all fabric samples were conducted in
weft directions, all fabric properties were evaluated in
both warp and weft directions to investigate any
variations along the warp directions due to various
weave structures. Before testing, all woven fabrics
were conditioned for 24 hours in a standard
atmosphere, i.e., 20 o
C±2 temperature and 65% ±2
Relative humidity. Ten individual readings were
taken and averaged for each fabric property. The
standard test methods followed for testing woven
fabric properties are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Standard test methods of the properties
measured.
Fabric property Standard Test Method
Fabric stiffness ASTMD 1388-9612002
Crease recovery EN 22323/ ISO 2313
Abrasion resistance BS 5690
Pilling ISO 12945-2-2000
Wrinkle recovery AATCC 128
2.3 Machine and Instruments Used
2.3.1 Air Jet Weaving Machine
Computerized operated Air Jet weaving machine was
manufactured by Picanol Delta X, Belgium. The
fabric samples were produced in this loom.
Figure 2. Air Jet Weaving Machine.
2.2.2 Shirley Stiffness Tester
In this work, fabric stiffness was tested by the Shirley
Stiffness Tester, brand: SDL Atlas, origin UK.
Figure 3. Shirley Stiffness Tester.
3. Shilpi Akter. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 1, ( Part -2) January 2017, pp.05-10
www.ijera.com 7 | P a g e
2.2.3 Wrinkle Recovery Tester
Wrinkle Recovery Tester is used to assess the wrinkle
mark on the fabric. Assessment is done visually
compared with set of photography. Model of the
machine 155, Brand James H. Heal, Origin U.K.
Figure 4. Wrinkle Recovery Tester.
Figure 5. Martindale Abrasion Tester.
2.2.4 Martindale Abrasion Tester for Pilling and
Abrasion
Pilling is a fabric surface fault characterized
by little pills of entangled fiber clinging to the cloth
surface and providing the garments an unsightly
appearance. The pills are formed during wearing and
washing by the entanglement of fibers which protrude
from the fabric surface. The abrasion resistance of
the woven fabric samples was evaluated by the
percentage of fabric weight loss. The machine used
was manufactured by MAC, India. The Martindale
Abrasion tester was used for pilling test.
2.2.5 The Crease Recovery Tester
Name of the machine is Crease Recovery Angle
Tester. Model 150, Brand James H. Heal and Origin
U K.
Figure 6. Crease Recovery Tester.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Fabric Stiffness (Bending length)
Stiffness is one of the most widely used
parameter to measure bending rigidity, fabric
handling and drape. Fabric stiffness and handling is
an important factor for the end product. Fabric
stiffness is related to its properties such as fiber
material, yarn count, yarn sett and fabric structure. In
this work, the effects of weft count and weave
structure of cotton woven fabrics on fabric stiffness
were investigated. The results of fabric stiffness were
depicted in fig. 7 and 8.
From the fig. 7 and 8, it is found that,
bending length of plain is higher than twill and satin
weave. The average decrease rate of bending length
from 1/1 plain to 2/2 twill, 2/2 twill to 3/1 twill and
3/1 twill to 4-end satin are 2.4 %, 8.5 % and 6.1 %
respectively.
Figure 7. Trend line, relationship equations and
variation of fabric stiffness at different weft yarn
count and weave structure (warp- way).
It is found that with the increase of weft yarn
count the bending length for all types of fabric
structures are decreased. The average decrease rate of
bending length from 1/1 plain to 2/2 twill, 2/2 twill to
3/1 twill and 3/1 twill to 4-end satin are 23.95 %, 7.61
% and 11 % respectively.
Figure 8. Trend line, relationship equations and
variation of fabric stiffness at different weft yarn
count and weave structure (weft-way).
y = -0.005x + 4.428
y = -0.0048x + 4.288
y = -0.0051x + 3.946
y = -0.0043x + 3.688
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0 20 40 60
Bendinglength(cm)
Weft Yarn Count (Ne)
Plain
2/2 Twill
3/1 Twill
4-end Satin
y = -0.0079x + 4.419
y = -0.0388x + 4.508
y = -0.0354x + 4.149
y = -0.026x + 3.245
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
10 30 50 70
BendingLength(cm)
Weft Yarn Count (Ne)
Plain
Twill 2/2
Twill 3/1
x 4-end
Satin
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Statistical analysis showed that the stiffness
of woven fabrics has been affected significantly at
0.05 average significance level by both weave
structure and weft count. Weft count has a profound
influence on fabric stiffness and decreasing trend was
observed. It is assuring that as the weft count
increases, the fabric stiffness is decreased. This is
because the increase in weft count decreases the
fabric tightness, which interns decreases fabric
stiffness. Increasing weft count from 20’ˢ/1 to 50’ˢ/1
Ne leads to a decreasing of fabric stiffness for Plain,
2/2 Twill, 3/1 Twill and Satin respectively. From the
fig. 7 and 8, it is also found that the stiffness of
woven fabrics of plain weave is higher than the other
forms of structures. The higher stiffness of plain
weave can be assigned to the higher tightness of
fabrics.
3.2 Fabric Crease Recovery
The crease recovery is one of the elementary
properties of fabrics which affect product
performance. Crease recovery is the ability of the
fabric to return to its original shape after removing
the folding deformations. The crease recovery of
fabrics is determined by measuring the crease
recovery angle. As the crease recovery angle
increases the fabric crease recovery increases.
It is found from the fig. 9 and 10, that there
are fewer differences of crease recovery angles due to
the different weave structure. It is also found that, due
to the increase of the weft yearn count, the crease
recovery angle also increases for all types of weave
structures. From fig. 9, satin weave shows higher
recovery angle than twill and plain weaves and from
fig. 10, twill weave exhibits higher crease recovery
angle than plain and satin.
Figure 9. Trend line, relationship equations and
variation of crease recovery angles at different weft
yarn count and weave structure (warp-way).
Figure 10. Trend line, relationship equations and
variation of crease recovery angles at different weft
yarn count and weave structure (weft-way).
From the fig., it is found that both variables,
i.e. weave structure and weft count have a significant
effect on fabric crease recovery. An increased trend is
observed in both directions. In the warp and weft-
way, crease angle is increased for plain, twill and
satin structure respectively. It is also shown that twill
fabric exhibited higher crease recovery followed by
satin and plain weaves respectively.
3.3 Fabric Wrinkle Recovery
The wrinkle recovery is another important
property of woven fabric. Wrinkle is an unwanted
short and irregular crease in a fabric. The difference
between a wrinkle and a crease is creases are
generally sharper and longer than wrinkles. Wrinkle
resistance is recovery from creasing of a textile
material during use. In this experiment, the grading
was done visually with the help of standard grade
sheet photography. From the above fig., it is found
that there is no remarkable change of wrinkle
recovery with the increase of weft yarn count and it is
better for twill and satin over plain weave.
Figure 11. Variation of wrinkle recovery of different
samples.
In this study, it is found that, for the
variation in the weft count and weave structure; there
are no significant differences for wrinkle recovery.
y = 0.2933x + 24.067
y = 0.2534x + 27.966
y = 0.2668x + 30.162
y = 0.2431x + 33.574
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 20 40 60
CreaseRecovery(degree)
Weft yarn count (Ne)
Plain
2/2 Twill
3/1 Twill
4-end
Satin
y = 0.9068x + 26.097
y = 0.9731x + 29.274
y = 0.4034x + 75.631
y = 0.2931x + 64.074
20
40
60
80
100
10 30 50 70
CreaseRecovery(degree)
Weft Yarn Count (Ne)
1/1 Plain
2/2 Twill
3/1 Twill
4-end Satin
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
20 30 40 50
WrinkleRecovery(rating)
Weft Yarn Count (Ne)
1/1
Plain
2/2
Twill
3/1
Twill
4-end
Satin
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All the grading were 3.8 and 4.8, which means the
wrinkle recovery is moderate good.
3.4 Fabric Abrasion resistance
In this study, the abrasion resistance of the
woven fabric samples was evaluated by the
percentage of fabric weight loss. As the weight loss
decreases, the abrasion resistance of the woven
fabrics increases. The weight loss of the woven fabric
sample according to weave structure type and weft
yarn count was plotted in figure 12. The statistical
analysis showed the huge influence of the weft count
and weave type on the weight loss of woven fabrics.
It is found from the Figure 12 that with the increase
of weft yarn count the weight loss percentage of all
types of fabric structure decreases. This is because
due to the increase of weft count. Weight loss
percentage is higher for satin weave than twill and
plain. The plain weave is having better abrasion
resistance than twill and satin weave.
Figure 12. Variation of fabric weight loss % at
different levels of weft count and weave structure
for 2000 cycle.
Figure 13. Trend line and relationship equations
between weft yarn count and weight loss %.
3.5 Fabric Pilling Resistance
Table 3. Pilling resistance rating of different samples for 2000 cycles.
Samples Pilling Rating Comments Fabric Quality
Plain 4 Slight Pilling Very Good
2/2 Twill 3-4 Moderate Pilling Good
3/1 Twill 3-4 Moderate Pilling Good
4-end Satin 3-4 Moderate Pilling Good
The pilling property is a very important
factor in the performance of some textile materials. In
this study, the fabric samples were rubbed for 2000
cycles and the amount of pills formed on the surface
of the fabrics were assessed visually compared with
supplied standard photography. It is found that plain
structure exhibits a less number of pilling other than
twill and satin structure. In this case, no significant
differences were found for weft count variation. From
the table 3, it can be said that pilling resistance is
superior for plain than other weave structures.
Figure 14. Variation of pilling resistance of different
samples for 2000 cycles.
From the fig. 14, it can be said that pilling resistance
is gradually decreases from plain to twill and satin
structure.
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
20 30 40 50
WeightLoss%
Weft Yarn Count (Ne)
1/1
Plain
2/2
Twill
3/1
Twill
4-end
Satin
y = -0.0364x + 4.894
y = -0.0567x + 7.007
y = -0.0352x + 7.142
y = -0.0653x + 7.953
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
10 30 50 70
WeightLoss%
Weft Yarn Count (Ne)
1/1
Plain
2/2
Twill
3/1
Twill
4-end
Satin
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Plain Twill 2/2Twill 3/1Satin 3/1
PillingRating
Rating
Weave Structure
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3.6 Correlation Analysis of Different Properties
for Selected Woven Fabrics
3.6.1 Correlation analysis between crease recovery
angle and bending length in the warp and weft-
way direction.
In order to find the correlation between the crease
recovery angle and bending length, the R square of
each relation was considered to see whether the
relation obtained was positive or negative.
Figure 15. Crease recovery angle versus bending
length for various weave structure (warp-way).
From the above fig. 15 and 16, it can be said that
crease recovery angle and bending length in both
direction having a strong inverse relationship. Among
4 samples, twill having a strongest opposite
relationship followed by plain and 4-end satin. As the
crease recovery angle increases in a woven fabric, the
bending length will decrease. Crease recovery angle
and bending length are inversely proportionate to
each other.
Figure 16. Crease recovery angle versus bending
length for various weave structure in the weft-
direction.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this research work, all samples were
tested in the gray state of the fabrics. Therefore, there
might be some influence of sizing materials on the
different fabric properties. Various physical
properties of cotton woven fabrics of different weave
structures were investigated. The correlation between
various properties of woven fabrics with different
weft count and weave structure were investigated.
The results of the research can be summarized as
follows:
The increase in weft count leads to a
decrease in fabric stiffness. Plain fabric showed
higher fabric stiffness than twill and satin weave.
As the weft count increases, the crease
recovery angle also increases. Twill fabric exhibited
higher crease recovery other than satin and plain
respectively.
It was found that as the weight loss decreases with the
increases of weft count, the abrasion resistance of the
woven fabric increases.
The pilling and wrinkle recovery were slightly
affected by the increase of weft count and weave
structure. Plain weave shows better performance
means better grading followed by twill and satin.
Crease recovery angle and bending length are
inversely proportionate to each other.
REFERENCES
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/cotton-fabric/cotton-fabric-properties-
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[4]. Edited by Prof. Dr. P. D. Dubrovsk, (2010).
Woven Fabric Engineering (Sciyo Janeza
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[6]. Lawal, A.S., Bawa, I., Nkeonye, Analysis of
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25
30
35
40
45
50
3.20 3.60 4.00 4.40
CreaseRecoveryAngle
(degree)
Bending length (cm)
Plain
2/2
Twill
3/1
Twill
4-end
Satin
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Creaserecoveryangle
(degree)
Bending length (cm)
1/1
Plain
2/2
Twill
3/1
Twill
4-end
Satin