This document discusses cyclical models of curriculum development. Cyclical models view elements of curriculum as interrelated and incorporate aspects of both rational and dynamic models. They provide a logical and sequential approach. One example is D.K. Wheeler's model, which suggests five interrelated phases in the curriculum process. Another example is the cyclical approach of Audrey and Howard Nicholls, which briefly but succinctly covers curriculum elements. Strengths of cyclical models include their logical structure, use of situational analysis, and flexibility. A potential weakness is the time required for effective situational analysis.

1. Cyclical models of
curriculum development
Presented to
DR.AHMAD SHER AWAN
Presented by
MAMOONA SHAHZAD
MP/2012-27

2. Curriculum development
¨ Curriculum development encompasses how
a ‘curriculum is planned, implemented and
evaluated, as well as processes and
procedures are involved.

3. Curriculum models
¨Curriculum models help
designers to
systematically map out
the rationale for the use
of particular teaching,
learning and assessment
approaches.

4. Cyclical models
¨Cyclical models lie along with the
continuum between the extremes of rational
and dynamic models, incorporating
elements of both to provide a different
approach to devising curricula.
¨Basically, these models are extension of
rational models in that they are essentially
logical and sequential in approach.

5. Cyclical models
¨Cyclical models view elements of
curriculum as inter-related and
interdependent.
¨In the 1970s, a new element was introduced
into the curriculum process of cyclical
models called Situational Analysis.

6. D.K WHEELER
¨A former member of the University of
Western Australia, Wheeler developed and
extended the ideas forwarded by Tyler and
particularly Taba.
¨ He suggested five inter-related phases in
the curriculum process which logically
would produce an effective curriculum.

7. D.K Wheeler’s Model

8. ¨Audrey and Howard Nicholls, his book
Developing a Curriculum: A Practical
Guide (1978) , devised a straight forward
cyclical approach that covered the elements
of curriculum briefly but succinctly.

9. ¨They argued that “changes should be
planned and introduced on a rational and
valid basis according to a logical process.
(Nicholls & Nicholls, 1978:17).

11. Strengths of cyclical models
¨logical sequential
structure
¨situational analysis as
a starting point
¨model is flexible
¨less rigid, more
relevant

12. Weaknesses of cyclical
models
¨ logical and sequential nature
¨ A fundamental problem in utilizing such
models is the amount of time required to
undertake an effective situational analysis.

13. The End,Thank You
so much for your
participation!