Ecology is the study of ecosystems, which consist of biological communities interacting with their physical environments. An ecosystem includes all the living things in a given area, like plants and animals, along with non-living factors, connected through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems provide services like food, water filtration, climate regulation, and cultural benefits. Ecosystems can be small, like a pond, or large, like a forest. They are classified as natural or artificial/human-made and include biomes defined by factors such as plant life and climate. Biomes include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments.

1. Concept of Ecology & Ecosystem

2. Ecology
 Ecology is the integrated study of biotic and
abiotic components of ecosystems and their
interactions within an ecosystem framework.
This science examines how ecosystems work
and relates this to their components such as
chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.
Ecosystem ecology examines physical and
biological structure and examines how these
ecosystem characteristics interact.

3. •Ecosystem
--Biological Community: A set of species that
occupies a particular locality and interact with
each other.
--Ecosystem: A biological community together
with its associated physical environment.
--Unique set of resources that is used by a
particular species in a community.

4.  Ecosystems are functional units
consisting of living things in a given
area, non-living chemical and physical
factors of their environment, linked
together through nutrient cycle and
energy flow.

5. •Example of Ecosystems
-ecosystems can be small and large, for example,
from a small pond to a large forest resource
system

6. •The term ecosystem refers to ecological system
that deals with a set of biological community
interacting together in an abiotic environment.
•The physical (abiotic) environment can be defined
as an ecosystem.
•Ecosystems are an essential part for the species
for their existence.

7. Classification of Ecosystem
-1. Natural (terrestrial & aquatic ecosystems)
-Lentic, the ecosystem of a lake, pond or swamp.
Lotic, the ecosystem of a river, stream or spring.
2. Artificial (human made ecosystems)

8. Classification of
Ecosystem

10. •Ecosystem functions
-to maintain supportive environment & services to
the biological community including humans
-to create & maintain favourable food chain and
resource supply
-to ensure ecosystem stability
-to maintain resilience

11. Ecosystem Services
•The existence of all ecosystems on earth is essential to
all species including humans (particularly for the
existence of the civilization)
-regulating (climate, floods, nutrient balance, water
filtration)
-provisioning (food, medicine, minerals)
cultural (science, spiritual, ceremonial, recreation,
aesthetic)
-supporting (nutrient cycling, photosynthesis, soil
formation).

12. Biomes (Ecological Terms)
 Biomes are a classification of globally
similar areas, including ecosystems,
such as ecological communities of
plants and animals, soil organisms and
climatic conditions

13.  Biomes are in part defined based on
factors such as plant structures (such
as trees, shrubs and grasses), leaf
types (such as broadleaf and needle
leaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland,
savanna) and climate.

14.  Unlike ecozones, biomes are not
defined by genetic, taxonomic or
historical similarities. Biomes are often
identified with particular patterns of
ecological succession and climax
vegetat

15. Biomes World

17. Classification of biomes
 A fundamental classification of biomes
is:
1. Terrestrial (land) biomes.
2. Freshwater biomes.
3. Marine biomes.

18. Terrestrial Biomes

19. Fresh water biomes

20. Human ecosystem
 Human ecosystems are complex
cybernetic systems that are increasingly
being used by ecological anthropologists and
other scholars to examine the ecological
aspects of human communities in a way that
integrates multiple factors as economics,
socio-political organization, psychological
factors, and physical factors related to the
environment.

21. Human ecosystem