Ecosystem as defined as interaction between the organisms and environment. Or living community of plants and animals in are together with non living components of environment such as soil, water and air consists the ecosystem. The word eco system coined by A.G Tensely in 1935. This ecosystem has variety of life such as flora and fauna.  Ecosystem as largest functional unit of ecology which comprises with biotic communities mutually related with their nonliving or a biotic environment.

2. ECOSYSTEM
The word eco system coined by A.G Tensely in
1935. This ecosystem has variety of life such as
flora and fauna.

3. Ecosystem as defined as interaction between the organisms and
environment. Or living community of plants and animals in are
together with non living components of environment such as soil,
water and air consists the ecosystem.

4. Ecosystem as largest functional unit of ecology which comprises
with biotic communities mutually related with their nonliving or a
biotic environment.

5. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
Based on
NATURE
Based on
size
Based on
Duration
Manmade/
artificial
Natural
Terrestrial ecosystem:
Forest, grass land desert etc.
Aquatic ecosystem:
Marine: seas, oceans etc
Fresh water: ponds, rivers
lakes, stream etc.
Aquariums, crop fields,
Flower beds etc.
temporary
permanent
Rain fields, ponds laboratory
cultural of microbes tec.
Forest and lakes etc.
Large/macro
Small/micro Flowers pots, logs, bushes etc.
Oceans deserts.

6. Natural
1.Terrestrial ecosystems (grasslands, forests, desert
ecosystems)
2.Aquatic ecosystem
a. Lentic (Stagnant water) like lake, ponds etc.
b. Lotic (Flowing water) like river, ocean, sea,
etc.
Artificial
1.A crop land, garden, aquarium, park, kitchen
garden.

7. A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist: tundra, taiga, temperate
deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland and desert. A
community of organisms and their environment that occurs on the
land masses of continents and islands.
•Low availability of
water.
•Greater temperature
fluctuations.
•Availability of light is
greater.
•The atmosphere is more
transparent in nature.
•Availability of grass.

8. An ecosystem consists of two main components
A biotic or Non-living components.
1. Inorganic substances
2. Organic compounds
3. Climatic factors
Biotic or Living components.
1. Autotrophs or Producers
2. Heterotrophs or Consumers
3. Decomposers or Saprotrophs
COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTM

12. Food chain/food wed
Grazing food chain Detritus food chain
Starts from green plants
Depends on solar energy Less depends on solar
energy
Starts from dead
decaying matter.
Grazing food chain support
detritus food chain by making
diff kinds of organic
compounds
detritus food chain support
grazing food chain by making
diff kinds of inorganic
compounds

14. In ecology, desert ecology is the sum of the interactions between
both biotic and a biotic processes in arid regions, and it includes
the interactions of plant, animal, and bacterial populations in a
desert habitat, ecosystem, and community.

17. Tundra ecosystems are treeless regions found in the Arctic and on
the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy and
rainfall is scant.
Short seasons for growth and reproduction.
During summer season , the present layer tundra soil thaws, allow
plants and organism to survive.

19. An ecosystem in a body of water. Largest ecosystem Covered
2/3 rd of earth surface with water. Large biodiversity.
Very important for marine health & terrestrial environment.
PLANTS: algae, floating vascular palnts.
ANIMALS: fishes, sharks, frogs, star fishes, other animals.
Corals, Other substances Gases

21. Aquatic ecosystem
Fresh water
Less slat content
Cover 0.80% of earth surface.
3% Of net primary
production
Fishes
Lentic : slow moving water.
Lotic : fast moving water.
Wetland : area were the soil is
statured.
Slat water
Lot of salty and other
components 85% of
dissolved material in sea
water are sodium &
chloride.
32% of world’s net
production.
Brown algae, chorals,
sharks, echinoderms.

28. 1. The Producers, the green plants, fix radiant energy and with the
help of minerals take from their edaphic (soil where they grow)
or aerial environment and build up complex organic matter.
These are their food. So, with the help of solar energy they
convert the chemical energy of the food to kinetic energy and
finally heat energy.
2. The animals eat up plants and other animals as food. So, the
energy is transferred through food to animals.
3. When plants and animals die, then decomposers(like certain
bacteria and fungi) act on their dead bodies and decompose
them into simple materials like carbon dioxide, water and
minerals which go back to air, water bodies and soil from where
they were taken.
FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM

29. The carbon dioxide from air, water and minerals
from water bodies and soil are again taken up by
green plants along with solar energy to make their
food. This process is repeated again and again.
This leads to continuous functioning of the
ecosystem.
PROCESS OF FUNCTIONING OF THE
ECOSYSTEM

30. ENERGY FLOW THROUGH THE
ECOSYSTEM
The transfer of energy and matter takes place in the process of
predator and prey relationship in a food chain.
The original source of energy is the energy from the sun.
Out of the enormous amount of energy continuously radiated
by the sun, most of it is reflected or refracted back (by
atmosphere, earth surface and object like plants).
Only a very small fraction, about one per cent, of the solar
energy received by the plant is used through the process of
photosynthesis.

31. IMPORTANT OF ECOSYSTEM
•We know that no living organism can live in isolation. We cannot
survive without producers in nature.
•All living beings depend on other living beings in the biological
community. Not only they are dependent on one another, but also
each of them exist in a certain proportion.
•This creates a complete balance in nature amongst living organisms.
This is evident from the study of food chains which operate between
living organisms.

32. ECOLOGICAL BALANCE IN NATURE
•The balance between the living beings and also with the non- living
environment is called the Ecological Balance or simply a Balance in
Nature.
•Unfortunately, however human activities have upset the ecological
balance in nature, so it is more essential that balance in nature
should be established soon because it is essential for our own
existence.

33. Diversion of forest lands for other purposes have to be prevented.
Reckless cutting of forests need to be checked. Steps have to be
taken to stop shifting practice of cultivation. Forest fire is another
cause of forest depletion which needs to be controlled effectively. A
forestation has to be taken up effectively.
CONSERVATION OF PLANTS

34. •It is believed that if forest destruction is not checked then there
is a fear that many birds and animals may become extinct.
•There must be a control over ruthless hunting. Suitable laws are
to be made against it.
•National parks, biosphere reserves and zoological parks are to
be set up to safe guard the lives of wild animals and birds.
CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE

35. Forests are important components of our environment. Rapid
destruction of this important resource is a cause of concern.
 Afforestation, preventing reckless cutting of trees and making
everyone aware of the need to conserve it will help forest conservation.
Nature enjoys ecological balance only if the relative number of species
is not disturbed. So, conservation of wildlife is important for the future.
National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves are
established to protect and conserve wildlife.
Such measures would ensure that the wildlife does not become extinct.
Conservation of aquatic life would be ensured by removal of industries
near water bodies.

36. Awareness about ecosystem conservation
can be done by posters, competitions about
ecosystem conservation, arranging T.V.
programmes and websites related to
ecosystems.

37. The atmosphere, the earth, the water and the water
cycle - those things are good gifts. The ecosystems,
the ecosphere, those are good gifts. We have to
regard them as gifts because we couldn't make
them. We have to regard them as good gifts
because we couldn't live without them.
Wendell Berry