The document provides details about the Rural Horticulture Work Experience Programme (RHWEP) conducted in the village of Mohad, Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh, India. It includes objectives of studying the socio-economic conditions of farmers, land use patterns, cropping systems, and costs and returns of rice cultivation. A summary of the village demographics, infrastructure, agricultural practices, and host farmer's landholding and finances is also presented to familiarize students with local production systems. The survey aims to enhance understanding of farmers' livelihoods and identify ways to improve their socio-economic conditions.
Rawe report 2018 - 19 Institute Of Agricultural Sciences, SOA UNIVERSITY, Anu...AnupSahoo8
Here is two type of documents.First one is for industrial visit programs in the year 2019 RAWE. And the second one is for village report or RAWE report on my group village Andharua,Bhubaneswar.At the end thank you so much my group mates for your co-operations .GROUP-13(ANDHARUA)
Report on Rural Agricultural Work Experience.
7 th semester work in Institute of Agricultural Work Experience.
A semester whole work in village condition & attachment with farmers.
Irrigated Village & Raifed Village near to Bhubaneswar
Rawe report 2018 - 19 Institute Of Agricultural Sciences, SOA UNIVERSITY, Anu...AnupSahoo8
Here is two type of documents.First one is for industrial visit programs in the year 2019 RAWE. And the second one is for village report or RAWE report on my group village Andharua,Bhubaneswar.At the end thank you so much my group mates for your co-operations .GROUP-13(ANDHARUA)
Report on Rural Agricultural Work Experience.
7 th semester work in Institute of Agricultural Work Experience.
A semester whole work in village condition & attachment with farmers.
Irrigated Village & Raifed Village near to Bhubaneswar
This is the Review Presentation that was made subsequent to the successful completion of 28 days of Village Attachment @ Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni by our batch of 4th year B.Sc Forestry Students from the Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (India) as part of our Forestry Work Experience Programme.
P.S. (The Report as it might seem, maybe having mistakes and blunders at places more than one, but all the same, consider it as the true reflection of the efforts we students put in during the said period. Please be kind enough to take time out to go through the Presentation and pass on the feedback, so that next time around we might improve...)
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
I B.Sc. agriculture 7th semester a rural agricultural work experience program is organised. In this program students learn basic agriculture practices with farmers and KVK specialist.
This ppt is present in the college during practical viva.
ppt for RAWE program
Kumar Sanu RAWE Agro Industrial Attachment Report(Dr RPCAU).A agro industries profile of Bhagalpur district.There is immense potential in the agro based industries of Bhagalpur district.This district is also known as silk city of India.The Tassar silk of Bhagalpur is exported to many states as well as abroad but there are various limitations that limit the production of silk in Bhagalpur .But after all the obstacles there is immense scope of agro industries of this district.
20.Improving agricultural productivity, A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Vis...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
20.improving agricultural productivity, A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan
RAWE (RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE) PROGRAMME ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND AGR...TANMAY MODAK
he Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) provides exposure to agricultural students to the natural setting of the village situations, work with the farm families, identify their problems and make use of various extension tools for transferring the latest agricultural technologies.The Rural Agricultural Work Experience Program (RAWE) was introduced in the UG curriculum as per the recommendation of the Randhawa Committee during the year 1995-96. The Department of Agricultural Extension organizes the RAWE along with the active participation of all the other major departments of the College. The RAWE program consists of 16 modules, namely, Orientation, Field training in Krishi Bhavans, Research stations, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Non-Governmental Organizations. RAWE helps the students primarily to understand the rural situations, status of agricultural technologies adopted by farmers, prioritize the farmer’s problems and to develop skills & attitude of working with farm families for overall development in rural area. It is also aimed at providing hands-on training in agro clinic and watershed based planning.
Objectives of RAWE Programme
1. To equip the agricultural graduates with clear vision about the rural community
2. To provide students an opportunity to become familiar with reference to agricultural development
3. To develop professional competency and self-confidence among the agricultural graduates to handle the present and emerging demands of agricultural sector
4. To acquaint students with the various developmental agencies , their approaches and strategies and major programmes of agricultural development
5. To develop skills in students for solving problems related to agriculture and to prepare development projects/ programmes.
As a part of the RAWE programme, the final year undergraduate students have lived in villages along with farmers with the sole objective of studying socio-economic, political and cultural structure of the village. The students get familiarized with the actual village situation, organize various extension activities based on the local requests, requirements and essentials and prepare development plans for the local panchayaths.
This is the Review Presentation that was made subsequent to the successful completion of 28 days of Village Attachment @ Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni by our batch of 4th year B.Sc Forestry Students from the Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (India) as part of our Forestry Work Experience Programme.
P.S. (The Report as it might seem, maybe having mistakes and blunders at places more than one, but all the same, consider it as the true reflection of the efforts we students put in during the said period. Please be kind enough to take time out to go through the Presentation and pass on the feedback, so that next time around we might improve...)
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
I B.Sc. agriculture 7th semester a rural agricultural work experience program is organised. In this program students learn basic agriculture practices with farmers and KVK specialist.
This ppt is present in the college during practical viva.
ppt for RAWE program
Kumar Sanu RAWE Agro Industrial Attachment Report(Dr RPCAU).A agro industries profile of Bhagalpur district.There is immense potential in the agro based industries of Bhagalpur district.This district is also known as silk city of India.The Tassar silk of Bhagalpur is exported to many states as well as abroad but there are various limitations that limit the production of silk in Bhagalpur .But after all the obstacles there is immense scope of agro industries of this district.
20.Improving agricultural productivity, A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Vis...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
20.improving agricultural productivity, A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan
RAWE (RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE) PROGRAMME ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND AGR...TANMAY MODAK
he Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) provides exposure to agricultural students to the natural setting of the village situations, work with the farm families, identify their problems and make use of various extension tools for transferring the latest agricultural technologies.The Rural Agricultural Work Experience Program (RAWE) was introduced in the UG curriculum as per the recommendation of the Randhawa Committee during the year 1995-96. The Department of Agricultural Extension organizes the RAWE along with the active participation of all the other major departments of the College. The RAWE program consists of 16 modules, namely, Orientation, Field training in Krishi Bhavans, Research stations, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Non-Governmental Organizations. RAWE helps the students primarily to understand the rural situations, status of agricultural technologies adopted by farmers, prioritize the farmer’s problems and to develop skills & attitude of working with farm families for overall development in rural area. It is also aimed at providing hands-on training in agro clinic and watershed based planning.
Objectives of RAWE Programme
1. To equip the agricultural graduates with clear vision about the rural community
2. To provide students an opportunity to become familiar with reference to agricultural development
3. To develop professional competency and self-confidence among the agricultural graduates to handle the present and emerging demands of agricultural sector
4. To acquaint students with the various developmental agencies , their approaches and strategies and major programmes of agricultural development
5. To develop skills in students for solving problems related to agriculture and to prepare development projects/ programmes.
As a part of the RAWE programme, the final year undergraduate students have lived in villages along with farmers with the sole objective of studying socio-economic, political and cultural structure of the village. The students get familiarized with the actual village situation, organize various extension activities based on the local requests, requirements and essentials and prepare development plans for the local panchayaths.
A Unified Approach for Institutionalizing Resilient Agriculture under DrylandsICRISAT
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Temporal Analysis Of Cropping Practices In Village Savali Of Sangli District ...ijifr
Agricultural crops meet the demands of food supply. The cropping practices
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and further national level. Village is the first administrative unit in
planning and decision making process. The national cropping scenario is
generated by merging all villages together. Due to various reasons, there
might be temporal transformations in cropping practices of a village. Hence
regular appraisal of agricultural conditions of a village is essential.
Therefore through this paper an attempt is made to comprehend the
cropping practices / agricultural landuse of village Savali in Miraj tahsil of
Sangli district. This study is mainly based on primary data. The collected
data is systematically arranged and analysis, discussion is made on derived
results.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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1. RHWEP 2016-17
RURAL HORTICULTURE WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME
(RHWEP 2015-16)
HEC - 411
Guided By Submitted By
Dr. Sushila Sinha vipin kumar
(Rural Economics) B.Sc. (Horti.) 4th
Year, 1st
sem.
Pt. KISHORI LAL SHUKLA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND
RESEARCH STATION (I.G.K.V.V.) RAJNANDGAON (C.G.)
1
2. RHWEP 2016-17
RURAL ECONOMICS
Introduction
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy it contributes nearly 13.5% (2012)
gross domestic product (GDP) and about 75% of the population is depended on agriculture for
this livelihood thus agriculture is a pillars for economic inability according to advance estimates
related by the ministry of statistic and programmed implementation the growth rate under
agriculture is estimates at 7% during 2015. The size of holdings per capita in India is 1.55 ha. &
agriculture provides 58.2% an employment to the active Indian population. In India 60%
population accounts under the marginal farmers having less than 1 ha. of land holdings.
In this course (RAWE) under Agriculture Economics we study about the socio-economic
condition of the farmers in the adopted village & to increase the socio-economic condition of the
farmers it’s essential to know about their existing condition particularly- Land holding, cropping
pattern, and occupation and problems threaten to their production sectors.
Objectives-
• To study about the basic geographical condition of the village.
• To study about the land utilization and cropping pattern of the village.
• To study about the basic information regarding the selected farmer viz. family member,
literacy status, land owned occupation etc.
• To study about the cropping pattern adopt by the farmer and irrigation facilities available
to the selected farmer.
• To study about the cost of cultivation of rice crop and return from the crop.
• To study about the living standard of the farmer by analyzing the expenditure on different
commodity.
Importance:-
The importance of this program is to enhance the socio economic condition of the
farmers, it is required to analyses the existing condition of the farmer, particularly crop
cultivation, live stock production, land utilization pattern, irrigation sources, cropping pattern,
cropping intensity, cost and return and expenditure.
2
3. RHWEP 2016-17
SELECTION OF THE VILLAGE
Chhattisgarh
(27 District)
Rajnandgaon
Mohad
Farmers (315)
Small farmer Marginal farmer Large farmer
(103) (196) (16)
In Chhattisgarh state, Rajnandgaon district was purposely selected. Block Rajnandgaon was
selected for the RAWE program 2014-15, village Mohad was selected purposely for this
program 2014-15 out of 671 farmers, 10 farmers were selected to analyses the agro-economical,
farm holding, consumption of this village and sampled farm.
TOOLS OF ANALYSIS:
Simple arithmetic mean, average, percent statistical tools were use to analyses the data.
3
4. RHWEP 2016-17
Rural Economics Schedule
TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF VILLAGE
Student name:…………………...................................................................................................
ID. NO.………………………......................................................................................................
Name of College…………………………………………………………………………………
Name of Village:………………………………………………………………………………..
Name of Block :…………………...………….Distance from Village………………........ Km
Name of Distric……………………………….Distance from Village………………...... …..Km
Name of Sarpanch: Shri/Smt………..……………………………………………………............
Name of MLA:Shri/Smt..…………………….…………………………………………..............
Name of RAEO: Shri/Smt/Ku…………………...……………………………………….............
.A. Transport, Education and Health Services.
(i) Bus Stand………………….......….Distance fromVillage….........................……………Km
(ii) Railway Station………….......……Distance from Village………………......................Km
(iii) Post Office…………………….......……………………………………………............
(iv) Condition of Road…………………........………………………………………...............
(v) School: Primary/Middle/Higher Secondary………......………………………................
(vi) College…………………………Distance from Village…….......…………
(vii) Primary Health Center……………………………………………......………….............
(viii) Private Dispensary…………………………………………………….......……...................
(ix) Aaganbadis/Baalbadis……………………………………………………......….......................
B. Population (Village Demography)
(a) Classification of Families
Sr. no. Occupation No. of families
1. Agriculturist
2. Landless farmer/ agri. Labours
3. Village artisans
4. Industry /factory worker
5. Self employed ( business)
6. Teachers
7. Private sector employed
8. Other govt. sector
9. Total
(a) Population
4
5. RHWEP 2016-17
sex category literate illetrate Total no. % age to Total
Population
Male (1)Adult (above
35 yrs)
(2) youth (18-35
yrs)
(3) children
Female (1)Adult (above
35 yrs)
(2) youth (18-35
yrs)
(3) children
Total (male +
female)
(b)Level of literacy:
Sr. No. Types of literacy number Total (%)
Male Female
1. illiteratre
2. Studied upto 5
3. Studied upto 8
class
4. Studied upto 10
class
5. Studied upto 11
class
6. 12th
pass
7. graduates
5
6. RHWEP 2016-17
8. Post graduates
Total
(c) Drinking water facilities: Well, Hand Pamp.
(d) Marketing facilities:
S .No. Type Available
within village
Nearest place
to the village
Distance in
km
1 Weekly Haat No Singdai 02km
2 Regulated Market No Rajnandgaon 08km
3 Daily need/Kirana Yes Mohad 0km
4 Vegetable & fruit
stall
No Mohara 03km
(7) Veterinary Aid available for livestock:
Sr.No. Particular Available in
Village At nearby
Village/Town
Distance
from Village
in km
1 Veterinary dispensary No Rajnandgaon 8km
2 Artificial insemination
centre
No Rajnandgaon 8km
3 Dairy cooperative society No Rajnandgaon 8km
(8) Land utilization pattern:-
6
7. RHWEP 2016-17
S .No. Particular Area in acre
1. Total geographical area
2. Grazing and pasture land
3. Land put to non- agriculture use
4. Total cultivated area
5. Area under rainfed agriculture
6. Area under irrigation
7. Net sown area
8. Area sown more than once
9. Area under Forest
(9) Structural Distribution of Land holding:
S .No. Farm size(ha) No.of
holding
% age to
total
Area (ha) % age to
total
1. Upto 1.00 94 29.84 179.04 28.74
2. 1.01-2.00 156 49.52 297.12 21.16
3. 2.01-4.00 40 12.70 76.20 11.54
4. 4.01-6.00 16 5.08 30.48 38.56
Total 315 100.00 582.84 100.00
(H). Cropping Scheme Vllage Mohad
7
8. RHWEP 2016-17
(I) Adoption of Modern Agricultural Technology (Important crop)
8
Kharif season Rabi season Zaid season
S.
N
O. Crop
Area (acre)
Crop
Area ( acre)
Crop
Area (hac.)
Rai
nfed
Irriga
td
Tota
l
Rain
fed
Irriga
ted
Tota
l
Irriga
ted
Total
1 Bottle
guard
10 10 Cabbage 20 20 Cucu
mber
15 15
2 okra - 8 8 Ivy
Gourd
28 28 Okra 12 12
3 cowpea - 15 15 Tomato 18 18 Bottle
gourd
10 10
4 cucumb
er
- 10 10 cowpea 12 12
5 Bean - 16 16 Sem 15 15
6 Okra - 20 20 Cucurbit
acse
20 20
7 Brinjal 15 15
Total 94 94 113 113 37 37
9. RHWEP 2016-17
Name of
Technology
Crop Total
area(acre)
Area covered in ha.
Traditional Modern
Area Percentage Area Percentage
Line sowing Bitter
guard
20 2 10 18 90
Drip All
vegetables
113 38 33.62 75 66.38
Stacking Bitter
guard
12 6 50 6 50
Mandap Ivy gourd 10 0 0 10 100
Power
sprayer
Ivy gourd 10 8 80 2 20
Cold
storage
All
vegetable
113 110 97.34 3 2.76
(J) Availability of Agricultural Labour’s:
Sr. No. Type of labour Adequate Wages paid(Rs/day)
1. Male 135 150
2. Female 125 100
3. Bullock pairs 60 400
(K) Agro-Based Industries in the village or nearby area:
Sr. No. Agro-Based industry No. of families
engaged
Number
In the village Nearby area
1. Rice mill 2 Rajnandgaon 8km
2. Daal/mill 12 Haldi 4km
3. Floor mill 3 mohad 0km
9
10. RHWEP 2016-17
4. Oil mill 1
(L) Other Village Institution :
Sr. No. Institute Yes/No
1. Gram Panchyat
2. Mandi
3. Cooperative Society
4. Kisan Club
5. Youth Club
6. Mahila Club
7. Bhajan Mandali
(P). Transportation means available in the village
Sr. No. Type Number
1. Cycles
2. Motorcycles
3. Cartload
4. Cars/ jeeps
(M) House Facilities
S.No. Items No. of House
01. Total number of Houses 471
02. Electrified House 471
03. Pucca Houses 146
04. Kachha Houses 325
10
11. RHWEP 2016-17
(N) Recreational facilities available in the village :
S.No. Items Number
01. Television (B/W) 12
02. Television (Colour) 350
03. Radio 52
04. Bhajan Mandali 03
05. Nacha parti 01
(P). Farm Machinery and Equipment available in the village :
Sr. No. Machinery/Equipment Number
1. Tractors
2. MB Plough 25
3. Drip Irrigation
4. Sprayer 1-2 per farmers
5. Cultivater
6. Rotavator
7. Power tiller 6
8. Grader 1(non functional)
9. Thresher
10. Cold storage 2(non functional)
(Q) Facilities for repair of machinery like Tractor/Electric motor etc:
Sr. No. Type if machinery Repairs in
village
Facilities
available at
nearby village
Distance from
the village
11
12. RHWEP 2016-17
1. Tractor No Rajnandgaon 8km
2. Electric motor No Rajnandgaon 8km
3. Oil engine No. Rajnandgaon 8km
4. Implements No. Rajnandgaon 8km
(R) Avaibility of Agro-Input:
Sr. No. Agro-inputs Available Distance
In village At nearest
village
1. Implements No Rajnandgaon 8km
2. Seed No Rajnandgaon 8km
3. Fertilizer No Rajnandgaon 8km
4. Insecticides/Fungicides No Rajnandgaon 8km
5. Herbicides No Rajnandgaon 8km
Rural Economics Schedule
TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY/FARM HOLDING
12
13. RHWEP 2016-17
OF HOST FARMERS
Techno-economic or farm holding survey refers to the collection of data, information related to
farmactivities through structured questionnaire with the help of a schedule or through below
mentionedproforma containing set of questions related to farm activities. The collection of data
is to be done throughpersonal interviews of the farm owners using the survey schedule or farm
records. The proforma containsdetails of holding or acreage, crop livestock and other
enterprises,farm implements, machinery, irrigationsources, labour use, capital use including
loans, cost of cultivation details, yield and income sources, etc.
This survey is conducted to familiarize the student with the socio-economic condition of the
farmers and farm production activities. Each student will prepare a brief report on various
aspects of survey. The details are as follow.
Name of Student :……………………………………...ID No…….............................................
Name of College :………………………………………………………………………………..
Name of Village………………………Block………………….District………………………..
1.Name of the head of the Family………………………………………………….....................
Sex: Male/Female……………Age (Years)……………..Education………………....................
Address: Village………………..Post…………………
Ward…………….................................................
Block…………………District………………Mobile No…………………...............................
02. Information of the family members including attached labours
Sr.No. Name Sex Relation Age Education Occupation
01. Barmat bai female Mother 85 Illiteracy Agriculture
02. Dhanvanti Female Wife 52 - Illiteracy Agriculture
03. Ghanshyam Male Son 25 8th
Agriculture
04. Pinki Female Daughter in
low
23 B.A.1st
House Wife
Assets and Liabilities
Land:
Sr.No. Khasra No. Irrigated
land(ha.)
Rainfed
land(ha.)
Soil Type Present
value(Rs.)
Land
revenue/
Tex
01. 3.25 - Kachar and
kanahar
1Crores 3(Rs./ar)
13
14. RHWEP 2016-17
(B) Source of Irrigation:
Sr.
No.
Source Number Area irrigated (ha.)
Kharif Rabi Always
1 Tube Well 1 3.25 3.25 3.25
(C) Building:
Sr. No. Category Type of
Construction
Size Present value (Rs.)
1 Residential house Pucca 580 sq feet 50,00,000.00
2 Farm house Pucca 225 sq feet 3,00,000.00
3 Cattle shed - - -
Total 53,00,000
(D) Livestock status of the farmer:
Sr. No. Category Breed No. of animal Present value
(Rs.)
1 Draft animal Nil Nil Nil
2 Cows Indigenous 2 2500
3 Buffaloes Nil Nil Nil
(E) Implements and Machinery:
Category Items Number Present Value(Rs.)
(A )Equipments
14
15. RHWEP 2016-17
Sprayer 03 4500.00
(B) Machinery Electric Motor 01 20000.00
Rotavator 01 80000.00
Total 104500.00
(F) Household article:
Sr. No. Article Number Present value(Rs.)
1 Bicycle 2 3,000.00
2 Motorcycle 02 1,30,000.00
3 Television (C) 01 10000.00
4 Refrigerator 01 10000.00
5 Fan 03 7000.00
6 Cooler 02 8000.00
7 Steel Almirah 02 12000.00
8 Sofa set 01 10000.00
1,90,000.00
(G) Annual gross Income (Previous year)
Sr. No. Source Amount(Rs.)
1. Crop 10,00,000.00
2. Other(Gift) 5000.00
Total 10,05,000.00
(H) Annual family consumption expenditure (previous year)
Sr. NO. Head Amount
1 Food 35,000.00
15
16. RHWEP 2016-17
2 Clothing 7,000.00
3 Health 5,000.00
4 Travels 2,000.00
5 Gift
8,000.00
6 Foot wares 5,000.00
Total 62,000.00
(I) Information about borrowings including old loans (Previous year)
Sr.No. Source Amount
borrowed
Purpose/date Rate of
interest
Repayment
during the
year
Outstan
ding
(Rs.)
01 SBI 70000.00 Farming 4% May-Dec.
(J) Marketing channels used for selling the produce (last one year)
Sr.
No.
Marketing channels Produce sold Quantity
sold(quintal)
1. Mandi Vegetables 200
Rural Economics: Schedule
Estimation of cost of cultivation and
Farm Income measure of Major Crops
16
17. RHWEP 2016-17
The students have to calculate the cost of cultivation of major crops-one major crop of the
host farmers per the procedure given below.
Name of the students: Ku. Neetu Sahu, ID No. 111111017,
Name of village: Mohad, Rajnandgaon
Name of the Host farmer: Shri. Kartik Ram Sahu,
Name of the crop: Cucumber , Variety: Rohan,
A. Cost of cultivation of major crop (Name): Cucumber,
S.No. Cost items Per acre %ge share
in total cost
i.e. cost C3
Total
Value
(Rs/ha
)
Quantit
y
Value
(Rs)
A Cost A1
1 Value of hired human
labour
210 21,000 20.6 52,50
0
2 Value of bullock labour - - - -
3 Value of
machinery(tractor)
3 hr 2,200 2.16 5,500
4 Value of seeds 200gm 3,400 3.3 8,500
5 Value of
insecticide/pesticides
25 lit 30,000 29.46 75,00
0
6 Value of manures 1 trolley 800 .78 2,000
7 Value of fertilizers
Urea
DAP
300kg
1500kg
1,800
3,900 22.2 56,50
17
18. RHWEP 2016-17
Potash
Others(16824)
400kg
150kg
6400
10,500
0
8 Irrigation charges 120 times 3000 2.94 7,500
9 Depreciation
( Machinery and farm
building)
1000 0.98 2,500
10 Land revenue, cesses
and taxes
1 acre 3 Rs/Yr 0.002 .005
11 Miscellaneous expenses
( electricity, fuel, etc)
3 month 300 0.2 750
12 Interest on working
capital
- - - -
A. Total of cost A1
84,300
13 Rent paid for leased in
land
- - - -
B. Cost A2 (B+13)
84,300
14 Interest on value owned
capital assets (excluding
land)
- - - -
C. Cost B1 (C+14)
- - - -
15 Rental value of owned
land
1 acre 3,500 3.43 8,750
D. Cost B2 (D+15)
84,300
18
19. RHWEP 2016-17
16 Value of family labour 130+10 14,000 13.75 35,00
0
E. Cost C
1,01,80
0
2,54,5
00
F. Yield/acre
360 qui. 2,52,00
0
6,30,0
00
B. Farm business income measures:
1. Family labour income = G.I. – Cost B
= Rs. 2, 52,000 - Rs.84, 300
=Rs. 1, 67,700
2. Farm business income = G1 – Cost A1/A2
= Rs. 2, 52,000 - Rs. 84,300
=Rs.1, 67,700
3. Net income = Gross income - Cost C
= Rs. 2, 52,000 - Rs. 1, 01,800
=Rs. 1, 50,200
19
20. RHWEP 2016-17
4. Farm investment income = Net income – rental value of own land + interest on
fixed capital
=1, 50,200 -3500+0
=1, 46,000
= Rs. 113596
5. Input : Output ratio = Output ÷ Input
= Rs.2, 52,000 ÷ Rs. 1, 01,800
= 2.47
Marketing Problems
• Transportation – Lack of proper transportation facilities.
• Storage – In agriculture marketing area no proper storage facilities available if the product is not
sell.
• Marketing channel- Long marketing channel create problem agriculture marketing.
• Mediators:- Farmers unable to sell their product direct in market, so mediators use for
marketing of product and this factor create not get good price of their product.
• Market information:- Farmers have not Know about market information to get proper price in
proper time.
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Input :output ratio is 1:2.47
21. RHWEP 2016-17
• Market structure:- Marketing structure is very long.
• Tax & duties:- Farmers not Know about proper tax of his product in market.
• Percable nature of Agricultural crop:- Agricultural products early wasted so that farmer have
not risk bearing ability.
• Lack of proper communication channel:- Lake of Knowledge.
• Time factor:- The farmer grow their crop in same time & marketing in same time, so that they
have not get higher price of his product.
Famers Problems
During the analytic study about the farming and farming conditions, problems of farming we
have come to conductions and the problems are as follows:-
• Lack of awareness and literacy:- For the adoption of improved farming and improved farming
technology it is necessary that the farmers should be literate and aware the farmers does not take
the full advantage of various policies of the government.
• Labour problems:- Due to nearer city the farmers are migrated they does not take interest in
farming .As the marginal farmers does not require labours but the medium and large farmers are
forced to do traditional farming due to lack of labour.
• Market problem:- The small farmers have market for vegetables as the city is nearer but there
is no market for paddy. Hence, the farmers are trapped by the mediators and .They does not get
price for their produce.
• Small land holding due to dividends and the fields of farmers are located apart:- Due to
small size of field it is difficult to the use large machines and techniques on the small size of
field.
• Lack of Knowledge about plant protection from diseases and insect attack:- Due to not
Know about new insecticides, Knowledge and new technology to control the Insects & Diseases.
21
22. RHWEP 2016-17
• Lack of transportation facilities:- Due to poorly of farmers not provide good transport
facilities.
• Lack of drainage facilities in the fields:- Farmers are not Know about for proper drainage
system.
• Lack of risk bearing ability in the farmers:- Mostly farmers are poor so that they have no risk
bearing ability.
• Lack of interest of new generation in farming:- New generations are attract in service field, so
that they have not interested in Agricultural field.
• Poor Economic condition of the farmers:- Farmers have not get proper price of their product
so that their economic condition is poor.
Lack of proper soil and water consecration:- Due to not Know about new technology &
Knowledge
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