Bio-fertilizers have several advantages over chemical fertilizers:
1) They are renewable sources of nutrients that sustain soil health and improve soil structure without adverse effects.
2) They stimulate plant growth by secreting hormones and substances that solubilize nutrients.
3) They are eco-friendly and non-polluting, providing a cost-effective fertilization method.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
This Presentation Deals With What Is A Biofertilizer, What Is A Bioformulation, Vital Qualities Of Bioformulation And Carrier Agents, Types Of Bioformulations ( Soild, Liquid And Polymer Entrapped Bioformulations), Pros And Cons And References Respectively.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
What are the Organic Fertilizers Used in AgricultureShivaniPadole
Natural fertilizers derived from animals and plants are known as organic fertilizers. Carbonic compounds, which are necessary for plant growth, are added to the soil as a result. Organic fertilizers alter the physical and chemical properties of the soil, encourage microorganism reproduction, and raise the amount of organic matter in the soil. It is viewed as one of the primary supplements for green food. These pesticides can be induced genetically in plants through genetic engineering or can be found naturally in microorganisms. Soil contamination and pollution from a variety of chemicals, like fluoroacetamide, can be avoided by using Biopesticides. Additionally, they are less likely to irritate animal and human skin.
This Presentation Deals With What Is A Biofertilizer, What Is A Bioformulation, Vital Qualities Of Bioformulation And Carrier Agents, Types Of Bioformulations ( Soild, Liquid And Polymer Entrapped Bioformulations), Pros And Cons And References Respectively.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
What are the Organic Fertilizers Used in AgricultureShivaniPadole
Natural fertilizers derived from animals and plants are known as organic fertilizers. Carbonic compounds, which are necessary for plant growth, are added to the soil as a result. Organic fertilizers alter the physical and chemical properties of the soil, encourage microorganism reproduction, and raise the amount of organic matter in the soil. It is viewed as one of the primary supplements for green food. These pesticides can be induced genetically in plants through genetic engineering or can be found naturally in microorganisms. Soil contamination and pollution from a variety of chemicals, like fluoroacetamide, can be avoided by using Biopesticides. Additionally, they are less likely to irritate animal and human skin.
Cost effective ways to maintain soil fertility and nutrient cycling in the farmDorothy_Sanderson
The impact of conventional fruit and crop farming on the soil has been documented extensively over the years. People are now well aware that intensive agricultural activities, such as irrigation, chemical and biocide spraying and the use of heavy machinery, deplete the nutrients in the soil and prevent them from coming back.
Impact of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizers on Agricultureiqraakbar8
It often result in degradation of natural resources, releasing contaminants into soil, air, and water which directly impact human health. Inorganic fertilizers are subjected to easy breakdown in soil compared to organic manures and, therefore, easily contaminate soil, water, and air.
A short presentation highlighting the various benefits that compost have. Apart from the benefits it also shows how much compost can be important to ecology as a habitat to micro-organisms (i.e. decomposers) and its ability to have higher yields since it is regarded as a natural fertilizer.
Please also note that compost is completely produced from organic waste, thus when producing compost we are being environmental-friendly by reducing waste in our landfills.
Why Soil Conditioner Is Important For Healthy GardeningShivaniPadole
Soil conditioners, also called soil amendments, assist improve soil structure by increasing aeration, water holding capacity, and nutrients. They assist chop up compacted clay soils that lack enough space for air and water, which square measure vital for microorganisms to thrive and for plant roots to grow. They additionally cycle nutrients otherwise sure up within the soil. Soil conditioners embody a spread of merchandise made of many alternative materials, each organic and inorganic. Organic (carbon-based) soil conditioners like Bloom can be made of animal manure, fertilizer from yard waste or food waste, cover crop remnant, biosolids, sawdust, ground pine bark, peat moss, or other materials. Common ingredients in inorganic soil conditioners on the other hand square measure usually mineral-based mostly, like enlarged clay or sedimentary rock and even sand.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Millions of years ago the earth's soils were full of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. Nitrogen built up from various sources – from the air turned into nitrates by lightning strikes, in the soil from nitrogen fixing bacteria and native nitrogen bound in soils organic structure. Potassium and phosphorus are major components of many earth rocks and have therefore existed in the soil profile from the weathering of these rocks for millions of years. These elements occur in many forms such as potassium silicate and potassium phosphate. While soils today have tens of thousands of kilograms of these elements, most of it (95% or more) is unavailable to the plant because it is in insoluble forms. The same can be said for calcium and magnesium, two secondary plant elements; most soils have large reserves of these elements, however most is unavailable to plants. This is the reason why the use of commercial fertilizers has become widespread in today's agricultural marketplace. So, is it possible, in today's agricultural marketplace with demand for higher yields and quality to move away from pesticides and chloride-based fertilizers so to stop harming the microbial populations and get the full benefit of their ability to solubilize unavailable nutrients in the soil? Yes, it is possible. In addition, there are ways to enhance these soil workers, the microbes, to work harder and mineralize more nutrients so that conventional fertilizers can be reduced or possibly even eliminated. The product that can achieve this is – Symbex®
What is organic farming and what are the process for organic farming in the context of Nepal. In previous presentation there are some fonts problems so we correct in this ppt. In this presentation we mention our company short introduction. In this presentation we use some nepali plants name. If any organization and person willing to do partnership with us please send your proposal to pioneeragroconcern@yahoo.com
Similar to Advantages of bio fertilizers over chemical fertilizers (20)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. What is bio fertilizers?
What is chemical fertilizers?
What is fertilizers?
2
3. FERTILIZERS
A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility
BIO FERTILIZERS
Is a large population of a specific or a group of beneficial microorganisms
for enhancing the productivity of soil. Either by fixing atmospheric nitrogen
or by solubilizing soil phosphorus or by stimulating plant growth through
synthesis of growth promoting substance
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Any inorganic material of wholly or partially synthetic origin that is added
to the soil to sustain plant growth.
3
5. Waterway Pollution
The use of chemical fertilizers on crops can
have adverse effects on waterways caused
by chemical run off of the excess fertilizer.
The over-abundance of nutrients in the
water reduces the amount of oxygen. The
existing organisms living in the water use
up the oxygen that is left. The result is
oxygen depletion causing the fish to die.
5
6. Chemical Burn
Chemical fertilizers are high in nutrient
content such as nitrogen. Over-
application of chemical fertilizer to
plants may cause the leaves to turn
yellow or brown, damaging the plant
and reducing crop yield. This condition
is known as chemical leaf scorch. Leaf
scorch can cause the leaves of the plant
to wither and may cause the plant to
die.
6
7. Increased Air Pollution
Excess nitrogen used in crop
fertilization can contribute to the
release of greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide into
the atmosphere. This effect is caused
by using a greater amount of
chemical fertilizer than the plants can
readily absorb.
7
8. Soil Acidification
The over-use of chemical fertilizers can
lead to soil acidification because of a
decrease in organic matter in the soil.
Nitrogen applied to fields in large
amounts over time damages topsoil,
resulting in reduced crop yields. Sandy
soils are much more prone to soil
acidification than are clay soils. Clay
soils have an ability to buffer the effects
of excess chemical fertilization.
8
9. Mineral Depletion
There is an increasing concern that
continuous use of chemical fertilizers
on soil depletes the soil of essential
nutrients. As a result, the food produced
in these soils have less vitamin and
mineral content. According to data
produced by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture Nutrient Data Laboratory,
foods grown in soils that were
chemically fertilized were found to
have less magnesium, potassium and
calcium content.
9
11. • Renewable source of nutrients
• Sustain soil health
• Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil
• No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility.
• Stimulates plant growth by secreting growth hormones.
• Secrete fungistatic and antibiotic like substances
• Solubilize and mobilize nutrients
• Eco-friendly
• Non-pollutants
• Cost effective method
BRIEFLY……
11
