Z Transform And Inverse Z Transform - Signal And SystemsMr. RahüL YøGi
The z-transform is the most general concept for the transformation of discrete-time series.
The Laplace transform is the more general concept for the transformation of continuous time processes.
For example, the Laplace transform allows you to transform a differential equation, and its corresponding initial and boundary value problems, into a space in which the equation can be solved by ordinary algebra.
The switching of spaces to transform calculus problems into algebraic operations on transforms is called operational calculus. The Laplace and z transforms are the most important methods for this purpose.
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
z-Transform is for the analysis and synthesis of discrete-time control systems.The z transform in discrete-time systems play a similar role as the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems
Z Transform And Inverse Z Transform - Signal And SystemsMr. RahüL YøGi
The z-transform is the most general concept for the transformation of discrete-time series.
The Laplace transform is the more general concept for the transformation of continuous time processes.
For example, the Laplace transform allows you to transform a differential equation, and its corresponding initial and boundary value problems, into a space in which the equation can be solved by ordinary algebra.
The switching of spaces to transform calculus problems into algebraic operations on transforms is called operational calculus. The Laplace and z transforms are the most important methods for this purpose.
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
z-Transform is for the analysis and synthesis of discrete-time control systems.The z transform in discrete-time systems play a similar role as the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems
Why Fourier Transform
General Properties & Symmetry relations
Formula and steps
magnitude and phase spectra
Convergence Condition
mean-square convergence
Gibbs phenomenon
Direct Delta
Energy Density Spectrum
What is Fourier Transform
Spatial to Frequency Domain
Fourier Transform
Forward Fourier and Inverse Fourier transforms
Properties of Fourier Transforms
Fourier Transformation in Image processing
Signal and System, CT Signal DT Signal, Signal Processing(amplitude and time ...Waqas Afzal
Signal and System(definitions)
Continuous-Time Signal
Discrete-Time Signal
Signal Processing
Basic Elements of Signal Processing
Classification of Signals
Basic Signal Operations(amplitude and time scaling)
Why Fourier Transform
General Properties & Symmetry relations
Formula and steps
magnitude and phase spectra
Convergence Condition
mean-square convergence
Gibbs phenomenon
Direct Delta
Energy Density Spectrum
What is Fourier Transform
Spatial to Frequency Domain
Fourier Transform
Forward Fourier and Inverse Fourier transforms
Properties of Fourier Transforms
Fourier Transformation in Image processing
Signal and System, CT Signal DT Signal, Signal Processing(amplitude and time ...Waqas Afzal
Signal and System(definitions)
Continuous-Time Signal
Discrete-Time Signal
Signal Processing
Basic Elements of Signal Processing
Classification of Signals
Basic Signal Operations(amplitude and time scaling)
My talk in the MCQMC Conference 2016, Stanford University. The talk is about Multilevel Hybrid Split Step Implicit Tau-Leap
for Stochastic Reaction Networks.
I am Bing Jr. I am a Signal Processing Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Master's in Matlab Deakin University, Australia. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 9 years. I solve assignments related to Signal Processing.
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I am Andy K. I am a Signals and Systems Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Master's in Matlab, from Victoria University, Australia. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 20 years. I solve assignments related to Signals and Systems.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Signals and Systems Assignment.
Seminar Talk: Multilevel Hybrid Split Step Implicit Tau-Leap for Stochastic R...Chiheb Ben Hammouda
In biochemically reactive systems with small copy numbers of one or more reactant molecules, the dynamics are dominated by stochastic effects. To approximate those systems, discrete state-space and stochastic simulation approaches have been shown to be more relevant than continuous state-space and deterministic ones. These stochastic models constitute the theory of Stochastic Reaction Networks (SRNs). In systems characterized by having simultaneously fast and slow timescales, existing discrete space-state stochastic path simulation methods, such as the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) and the explicit tau-leap (explicit-TL) method, can be very slow. In this talk, we propose a novel implicit scheme, split-step implicit tau-leap (SSI-TL), to improve numerical stability and provide efficient simulation algorithms for those systems. Furthermore, to estimate statistical quantities related to SRNs, we propose a novel hybrid Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) estimator in the spirit of the work by Anderson and Higham (SIAM Multiscal Model. Simul. 10(1), 2012). This estimator uses the SSI-TL scheme at levels where the explicit-TL method is not applicable due to numerical stability issues, and then, starting from a certain interface level, it switches to the explicit scheme. We present numerical examples that illustrate the achieved gains of our proposed approach in this context.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
4. Deals with Aperiodic Signals
Input signal changing often at t=0
Stability analysis
Region of Convergence
Time Domain to complex
frequency domain(S-Domain)
4
Laplace Transform
5. Formula for Laplace Transform
5
▰ It is used to transform a time domain to complex frequency domain signal (s-domain)
▰ Two Sided Laplace transform (or) Bilateral Laplace transform
Let 𝑥(𝑡) be a continuous time signal defined for all values of 𝑡.
Let 𝑋(𝑆) be Laplace transform of 𝑥(𝑡).
▰ One sided Laplace transform (or) Unilateral Laplace transform
Let 𝑥(𝑡) be a continuous time signal defined for 𝑡≥0 (ie If 𝑥(𝑡) is causal)
then,
6. ▰ Inverse Laplace transform (S-domain signal 𝑋(𝑆) Time domain signal x(t) )
▰ Transform: x(t) X(s), where t is integrated and s is variable
▰ Conversely X(s) x(t), t is variable and s is integrated
▰ The Laplace transform helps to scan exponential signal and sinusoidal signal
6
Complex variable, S= α + jω
Formula for Laplace Transform
7. Laplace transform for elementary signals
1)
Solution
2)
Solution
7
Impulse signal
L[δ(t)]
Step signal
L[u(t)]
8. Laplace transform for elementary signals
3)
Solution
4)
Solution
8
Constant
Exponential signal
10. Laplace transform for elementary signals
7)
8)
9)
10
Hint
x(t) = cos ω0 t u(t)
x(t) = sin ω0 t u(t)
11. Laplace transform for elementary signals
8)
Solution
Using Euler’s Formula
11
----> (1)
(𝒔 + 𝒊𝒂)
(𝒔 + 𝒊𝒂)
----> (2)
Compare (1) and (2)
Real part Imaginary part
13. Advantages of Laplace Transform
▰ Signal which are not convergent on Fourier
transform, will converge in Laplace transform
13
14. Complex S Plane
▰ The most general form of Laplace
transform is
▰ L[x(t)]= X(s) =
𝑵(𝑺)
𝑫(𝑺)
14
LHS RHS
- ∞ 0 ∞
jω
σ
Complex variable, S= α + jω
The zeros are found by setting the numerator polynomial to Zero
The Poles are found by setting the Denominator polynomial to Zero
15. Region of Convergence
The range variation of complex variable ‘s’ (σ) for which the Laplace transform
converges(Finite) is called region of convergence.
Properties of ROC of Laplace Transform
ROC contains strip lines parallel to jω axis in s-plane.
ROC doesn’t contain any poles
If x(t) is absolutely integral and it is of finite duration, then ROC is entire s-
plane.
If x(t) is a right sided signal(causal) then ROC : Re{s} > σ of X(s) extends
to right of the rightmost pole
If x(t) is a left sided signal then ROC : Re{s} < σ of X(s) extends to left of
the leftmost pole
If x(t) is a two sided sequence then ROC is the combination of two regions.
15
16. Properties of ROC of Laplace Transform
▰ ROC doesn’t contain any poles
▰ If x(t) is absolutely integral and it is of finite duration, then ROC is entire
s-plane.
16
L[e-2t u(t)] 1/(s+2)
1/(-2+2)
Poles, S=-2 = 1/0 = ∞
-a a
x(t)
ROC includes
imaginary axis jω
- ∞ 0 ∞
jω
σ
Impulse signal have ROC is entire S plane
17. ▰ If x(t) is a right sided signal(causal) then
ROC : Re{s} > σ of X(s) extends to right
of the rightmost pole
▰ If x(t) is a left sided signal then ROC :
Re{s} < σ of X(s) extends to left of the
leftmost pole
17
- ∞ 0 ∞
jω
σ
- ∞ 0 ∞
jω
σ
18. ▰ If x(t) is a two sided sequence then ROC is the combination of two
regions.
18
- ∞ 0 ∞
jω
σ
19. Problem using ROC
19
1. Find the Laplace transform and ROC of x(t)=e-at u(t)
Solution
2. Find the Laplace transform and ROC of x(t)=eat u(−t)
Solution
Right sided
signal
Left sided
signal
20. 20
Find the Laplace transform and ROC of x(t)=e−at u(t)+eat u(−t)
Solution
Problem using ROC
Both sided signal
Referring to the diagram, combination region lies from
–a to a. Hence,
21. Shortcut for ROC
▰ Step 1: Compare real part of S complex variable (σ) with real part of
coefficient of power of e
▰ Step 2: Check if the signal is left sided or right sided, then decide < or >
21
Consider L[e-2t u(t)]
Step 1 : σ = -2
Step 2 : σ > -2
ROC is
22. Roc helps to check the impulse response is absolutely
integrable or not
22
Shortcut for ROC
Find Roc of following signals
1. x(t) = e-2t u(-t)
2. x(t) = e3t u(t)
3. x(t) = e(4+3j)t u(-t)
4. x(t) = e-4t u(t)
5. x(t) = e3t u(t) + e-2t u(t)
6. x(t) = e3t u(-t) + e-2t u(-t)
7. x(t) = e-3t u(t) + e2t u(-t)
- ∞ 0 ∞
jω
σ
23. Causality and Stability
▰ For a system to be causal, all poles of its transfer
function must be left half of s-plane.
▰ For causal system: A system is said to be stable
all poles of its transfer function must be left half of
s-plane, (ROC include Imaginary axis jω)
▰ For Anticausal system: A system is said to be
stable all poles of its transfer function must be
RHS of s-plane, (ROC include Imaginary axis jω)
▰ A system is said to be unstable when at least one
pole of its transfer function is shifted to the right
half of s-plane.(ROC doesn’t include Imaginary
axis jω)
23
σ
σ
σ
jω
Poles
24. 24
Problems
Check causality and stability
1. x(t) = e-2t u(-t)
2. x(t) = e3t u(t)
3. x(t) = e(4+3j)t u(-t)
4. x(t) = e-4t u(t)
5. x(t) = e-3t u(t) + e-2t u(t)
For a system to be causal, all poles of its transfer function must be right half of s-plane.
If signal is causal, then ROC Re{s} >a
If signal is Non causal, then ROC Re{s} <a
25. Causality and Stability
25
5. Find the LT and ROC of x(t)=e−3t u(t)+e-2t u(t), Check causality and stability
Solution:
L[x(t)= L[e−3t u(t)+e-2t u(t)]
X(s) =
1
(𝑠+3)
+
1
(𝑠+2)
ROC: Re{s} =σ >-3, Re{s} =σ >-2
ROC: Re{s} =σ >-2
- ∞ -3 -2 0 ∞
jω
σ
Both will converged if Re{s} =σ >-2
Causal and stable
29. Properties of Laplace Transform
▰ Linearity
▰ Time Scaling
▰ Time shifting
▰ Frequency or s-plane shift
▰ Multiplication by tn
▰ Integration
29
▰ Differentiation
▰ Convolution
▰ Initial Value Theorem and
Final value Theorem
36. Frequency Shifting(s- Shifting) or
Modulation in frequency
36
Proof:
Hence Proved
x(t) X(s)
Problem:
Solution:
1. Find the Laplace transform of and
Solution:
37. 2. solve
37
Solution:
= e-6 L[e-3(t-2) u(t-2)]
Given : t0 =2
= e-6 L[e-3t] e-2s
Wkt, L[e-at ] = (1/s+a)
= e-2s e-6(1/s+3)
=
e−(2s+6)
(s+3)
=
e−2(s+3)
(s+3)
x(t) X(s)
= L[e-3(t-2+2) u(t-2)]
L[u(t-2)] =
𝑒−2𝑠
𝑠
Sub : s by s+3
=
𝑒−2(𝑠+3)
(𝑠+3)
Problem : Frequency Shifting+ Time Shifting