This document discusses Ebola hemorrhagic fever and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. It describes the viruses that cause these diseases, their transmission between animals and humans, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Ebola virus was first recognized in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa and there have been sporadic outbreaks since. Marburg virus was first documented in 1967 after it spread to humans from infected monkeys. Both diseases are rare and severe viral hemorrhagic fevers transmitted through contact with infected body fluids.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
This document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, symptoms, and treatment. It notes that Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. While it is not airborne, ignorance has led to unnecessary fears. Ebola viruses normally reside in animals without causing illness, but human contact through bushmeat consumption and habitat encroachment can lead to transmission. Symptoms include fever and bleeding, and while there is no approved vaccine or drug, isolation and hygiene are critical to prevent further spread.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses. EVD was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, body aches, diarrhea and sometimes internal and external bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine yet, treatment focuses on supportive care to help the immune system fight the virus.
The document discusses the current outbreak of Ebolavirus in West Africa. It is the largest outbreak to date, with over 5,000 deaths and 14,000 infections across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. While some view Ebola as a major threat outside of West Africa, this is disputed. There is currently no approved treatment or vaccine. Controls and surveillance are in place in Europe to prevent an outbreak, though the question of one occurring is addressed.
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The current outbreak in west Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveller) to Senegal.
The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have very weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having only recently emerged from long periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
A separate, unrelated Ebola outbreak began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.
Ebola is a severe and often fatal viral disease that first appeared in 1976. It is caused by the Ebola virus and results in viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus likely originates from fruit bats and is transmitted between humans via contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and bleeding both internally and externally. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though several are in development. Prevention relies on isolation of infected individuals and safe burial practices.
Ebola Virus Disease: Key Facts, by Dr Praveen MalikRajesh Barnwal
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe and often fatal disease in humans caused by five different strains of the Ebola virus which infect humans and nonhuman primates. Fruit bats are considered the natural host. Symptoms include abrupt fever, headache, muscle aches and can progress to diarrhea, vomiting, rash and internal and external bleeding. It occurs mainly in several African countries and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials. There is no approved vaccine but supportive care and isolation are important to prevent spread.
The document is a project report on the Ebola virus submitted for a school examination. It includes an introduction that describes the origins and risks of Ebola, noting that it is caused by one of five virus strains found in several African countries with no known cure or vaccine. It then provides sections on the current West Africa outbreak which began in 2013, how Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, the WHO response which includes surveillance and support for affected countries, current statistics on the outbreak from WHO, symptoms and current treatment approaches, and prevention methods such as proper hygiene practices.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
This document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, symptoms, and treatment. It notes that Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. While it is not airborne, ignorance has led to unnecessary fears. Ebola viruses normally reside in animals without causing illness, but human contact through bushmeat consumption and habitat encroachment can lead to transmission. Symptoms include fever and bleeding, and while there is no approved vaccine or drug, isolation and hygiene are critical to prevent further spread.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses. EVD was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, body aches, diarrhea and sometimes internal and external bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine yet, treatment focuses on supportive care to help the immune system fight the virus.
The document discusses the current outbreak of Ebolavirus in West Africa. It is the largest outbreak to date, with over 5,000 deaths and 14,000 infections across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. While some view Ebola as a major threat outside of West Africa, this is disputed. There is currently no approved treatment or vaccine. Controls and surveillance are in place in Europe to prevent an outbreak, though the question of one occurring is addressed.
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The current outbreak in west Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveller) to Senegal.
The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have very weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having only recently emerged from long periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
A separate, unrelated Ebola outbreak began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.
Ebola is a severe and often fatal viral disease that first appeared in 1976. It is caused by the Ebola virus and results in viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus likely originates from fruit bats and is transmitted between humans via contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and bleeding both internally and externally. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though several are in development. Prevention relies on isolation of infected individuals and safe burial practices.
Ebola Virus Disease: Key Facts, by Dr Praveen MalikRajesh Barnwal
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe and often fatal disease in humans caused by five different strains of the Ebola virus which infect humans and nonhuman primates. Fruit bats are considered the natural host. Symptoms include abrupt fever, headache, muscle aches and can progress to diarrhea, vomiting, rash and internal and external bleeding. It occurs mainly in several African countries and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated materials. There is no approved vaccine but supportive care and isolation are important to prevent spread.
The document is a project report on the Ebola virus submitted for a school examination. It includes an introduction that describes the origins and risks of Ebola, noting that it is caused by one of five virus strains found in several African countries with no known cure or vaccine. It then provides sections on the current West Africa outbreak which began in 2013, how Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, the WHO response which includes surveillance and support for affected countries, current statistics on the outbreak from WHO, symptoms and current treatment approaches, and prevention methods such as proper hygiene practices.
Ebola virus disease is caused by infection with one of five Ebolaviruses. It begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses to vomiting, diarrhea and decreased liver/kidney function. Bleeding occurs in 40-50% of cases. The disease spreads through contact with infected wildlife like fruit bats or through human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, with fatality rates between 50-90%. Ongoing research focuses on understanding transmission and developing treatments.
Misconceptions About Ebola Virus DiseaseSarah Jimenez
The document discusses misconceptions about the Ebola virus, including that it is airborne, anyone infected will die, being around an infected person poses a high risk, and it can be transmitted through fruit. It notes some people believed doctors contracted it through the air, while others were trained it's not airborne but still believe air transmission occurred. One person thought mosquitoes could transmit it like malaria. The document examines misunderstandings about how Ebola spreads among various groups in West Africa.
The document summarizes Ebola viral disease (EVD). It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that is transmitted through contact with infected animals or humans. Major outbreaks have occurred in remote villages in Central Africa and in the 2014-2015 outbreak in West Africa that spread to urban areas. Symptoms include fever, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea. While there is no proven treatment, supportive care such as rehydration can improve survival rates. Reducing contact with infected individuals and animals is key to controlling outbreaks.
This document provides information about Ebola virus disease (EVD) including its transmission, symptoms, prevention, and the 2014 West Africa outbreak. It details how a Liberian diplomat, Patrick Sawyer, unknowingly spread the disease to Nigeria by traveling there while infected and in denial about his infection. Sawyer came into contact with 59 people in Nigeria and exhibited disruptive behavior at hospitals in both Nigeria and Liberia before succumbing to the disease, highlighting the risks of disregarding medical advice during an outbreak. The document outlines key facts about EVD transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures to raise awareness about the disease.
This document summarizes information about the Ebola virus, including its characterization, life cycle, transmission, symptoms, outbreaks, treatment and prevention. It describes Ebola virus as a filamentous, enveloped RNA virus that infects monocytes, macrophages and other immune cells. It evades the host immune system and causes hemorrhagic fever through mechanisms such as blocking interferon response. The largest Ebola outbreak occurred in West Africa from 2013-2016. Treatment involves general medical support and isolation, while prevention focuses on avoiding contact with patients, proper PPE and animal surveillance.
The document provides information about the Ebola virus disease (EVD). It began in December 2013 in Guinea and was announced in March 2014. Ebola is transmitted through contact with infected animals' body fluids. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and weakness. Caregivers of Ebola victims are at high risk of infection if they do not wear protective clothing to avoid contact with fluids. Ebola can also spread through contact with contaminated objects.
1. transmission of ebola virus disease an overviewSuresh Rewar
Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Airborne transmission of Ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. The disease infects
humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, and forest antelope. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. As of late October 2014, the World Health Organization reported 13,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.
1. The document is a biology project on the Ebola virus completed by a student. It includes an introduction to Ebola, its classification, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and prevention.
2. The largest sections cover the epidemiology of Ebola, discussing its natural reservoir in fruit bats and outbreaks in West Africa.
3. Treatment of Ebola focuses on treating symptoms and several vaccine candidates are discussed, though none have been approved.
The document provides background information on diseases that have emerged throughout history, including Ebola. It discusses the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa as the largest in history. It then describes a hypothetical scenario where one infected person arrives in Oakville, Canada, and uses a mathematical model to estimate how long it would take for the entire population to become infected in the absence of immunity or treatment.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans caused by Ebola virus. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected wildlife like fruit bats or with bodily fluids of infected humans. Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, muscle pain and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine, treatment focuses on rehydration and supportive care. Fruit bats are considered the natural reservoir of the virus in Africa.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that was first identified in 1976. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue, and muscle pain that can progress to vomiting, diarrhea and internal bleeding. While there is no licensed treatment, supportive care such as rehydration can improve survival. The 2014-2015 outbreak in West Africa was the largest in history, resulting in over 23,000 cases and 9,600 deaths across multiple countries. Controlling the outbreak requires community engagement along with safe practices in healthcare settings and burials.
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
.
.
.
for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
The document provides information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, current outbreak, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and efforts to contain it. It discusses how EVD was first identified in 1976 and is caused by the Ebola virus. The current outbreak in West Africa is the largest to date. The virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids and symptoms include bleeding from openings and organs. There is no proven vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
The document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). It was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the Ebola virus and can spread it to humans through contact with their blood/body fluids. Ebola causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with symptoms like fever, muscle pain and bleeding, often leading to death within 6-16 days. The 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest on record, spreading from Guinea to Liberia and Sierra Leone. There is currently no approved vaccine or
The document discusses the Marburg virus and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. It was first identified in 1967 during outbreaks in laboratories in Marburg, Germany and Belgrade, Serbia. 31 people were infected, including 25 laboratory workers who had contact with tissues from imported monkeys. The virus causes severe symptoms and has a high fatality rate. Currently there is no approved vaccine.
This document discusses filoviruses, which cause viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease. It provides background on the classification and transmission of filoviruses, describing how they are spread through contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms are then explained, which include fever, vomiting, and bleeding. As there is no vaccine or cure, treatment focuses on supportive care. The document concludes by reviewing the history of Ebola virus outbreaks since 1976 and discusses current concerns around controlling the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa.
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Amit Bhagat
This report is about the Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola Hemmorhagic fever) in Liberia, which occurred mainly in most parts of the West Africa starting from Guinea and reaching to heart of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and most other places. EVD is an epidemic disease and also highly infectious. This disease is very severe, rare and deadly, with a fatality rate of approx 90%. There is no such cure or vaccine is present, only some experimental drugs have been using (till date). Thus, many organizations viz WHO, CDC, Red Cross etc are working for prevention and relief of patients to fight against this epidemic disease.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness that causes hemorrhaging. Outbreaks primarily occur in central and west Africa near rainforests, with case fatality rates up to 90%. The natural reservoir of the Ebola virus is unknown but believed to be bats. People become infected through contact with infected wildlife or other humans. No licensed vaccine exists but several experimental vaccines are in development. Treatment focuses on rehydration and symptom management as there is no specific treatment.
Ebola virus disease is caused by infection with one of five Ebolaviruses. It begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses to vomiting, diarrhea and decreased liver/kidney function. Bleeding occurs in 40-50% of cases. The disease spreads through contact with infected wildlife like fruit bats or through human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, with fatality rates between 50-90%. Ongoing research focuses on understanding transmission and developing treatments.
Misconceptions About Ebola Virus DiseaseSarah Jimenez
The document discusses misconceptions about the Ebola virus, including that it is airborne, anyone infected will die, being around an infected person poses a high risk, and it can be transmitted through fruit. It notes some people believed doctors contracted it through the air, while others were trained it's not airborne but still believe air transmission occurred. One person thought mosquitoes could transmit it like malaria. The document examines misunderstandings about how Ebola spreads among various groups in West Africa.
The document summarizes Ebola viral disease (EVD). It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that is transmitted through contact with infected animals or humans. Major outbreaks have occurred in remote villages in Central Africa and in the 2014-2015 outbreak in West Africa that spread to urban areas. Symptoms include fever, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea. While there is no proven treatment, supportive care such as rehydration can improve survival rates. Reducing contact with infected individuals and animals is key to controlling outbreaks.
This document provides information about Ebola virus disease (EVD) including its transmission, symptoms, prevention, and the 2014 West Africa outbreak. It details how a Liberian diplomat, Patrick Sawyer, unknowingly spread the disease to Nigeria by traveling there while infected and in denial about his infection. Sawyer came into contact with 59 people in Nigeria and exhibited disruptive behavior at hospitals in both Nigeria and Liberia before succumbing to the disease, highlighting the risks of disregarding medical advice during an outbreak. The document outlines key facts about EVD transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures to raise awareness about the disease.
This document summarizes information about the Ebola virus, including its characterization, life cycle, transmission, symptoms, outbreaks, treatment and prevention. It describes Ebola virus as a filamentous, enveloped RNA virus that infects monocytes, macrophages and other immune cells. It evades the host immune system and causes hemorrhagic fever through mechanisms such as blocking interferon response. The largest Ebola outbreak occurred in West Africa from 2013-2016. Treatment involves general medical support and isolation, while prevention focuses on avoiding contact with patients, proper PPE and animal surveillance.
The document provides information about the Ebola virus disease (EVD). It began in December 2013 in Guinea and was announced in March 2014. Ebola is transmitted through contact with infected animals' body fluids. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and weakness. Caregivers of Ebola victims are at high risk of infection if they do not wear protective clothing to avoid contact with fluids. Ebola can also spread through contact with contaminated objects.
1. transmission of ebola virus disease an overviewSuresh Rewar
Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Airborne transmission of Ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. The disease infects
humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, and forest antelope. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. As of late October 2014, the World Health Organization reported 13,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.
1. The document is a biology project on the Ebola virus completed by a student. It includes an introduction to Ebola, its classification, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and prevention.
2. The largest sections cover the epidemiology of Ebola, discussing its natural reservoir in fruit bats and outbreaks in West Africa.
3. Treatment of Ebola focuses on treating symptoms and several vaccine candidates are discussed, though none have been approved.
The document provides background information on diseases that have emerged throughout history, including Ebola. It discusses the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa as the largest in history. It then describes a hypothetical scenario where one infected person arrives in Oakville, Canada, and uses a mathematical model to estimate how long it would take for the entire population to become infected in the absence of immunity or treatment.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans caused by Ebola virus. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected wildlife like fruit bats or with bodily fluids of infected humans. Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, muscle pain and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine, treatment focuses on rehydration and supportive care. Fruit bats are considered the natural reservoir of the virus in Africa.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that was first identified in 1976. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue, and muscle pain that can progress to vomiting, diarrhea and internal bleeding. While there is no licensed treatment, supportive care such as rehydration can improve survival. The 2014-2015 outbreak in West Africa was the largest in history, resulting in over 23,000 cases and 9,600 deaths across multiple countries. Controlling the outbreak requires community engagement along with safe practices in healthcare settings and burials.
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
.
.
.
for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
The document provides information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, current outbreak, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and efforts to contain it. It discusses how EVD was first identified in 1976 and is caused by the Ebola virus. The current outbreak in West Africa is the largest to date. The virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids and symptoms include bleeding from openings and organs. There is no proven vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
The document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). It was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the Ebola virus and can spread it to humans through contact with their blood/body fluids. Ebola causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with symptoms like fever, muscle pain and bleeding, often leading to death within 6-16 days. The 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest on record, spreading from Guinea to Liberia and Sierra Leone. There is currently no approved vaccine or
The document discusses the Marburg virus and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. It was first identified in 1967 during outbreaks in laboratories in Marburg, Germany and Belgrade, Serbia. 31 people were infected, including 25 laboratory workers who had contact with tissues from imported monkeys. The virus causes severe symptoms and has a high fatality rate. Currently there is no approved vaccine.
This document discusses filoviruses, which cause viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease. It provides background on the classification and transmission of filoviruses, describing how they are spread through contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms are then explained, which include fever, vomiting, and bleeding. As there is no vaccine or cure, treatment focuses on supportive care. The document concludes by reviewing the history of Ebola virus outbreaks since 1976 and discusses current concerns around controlling the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa.
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Amit Bhagat
This report is about the Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola Hemmorhagic fever) in Liberia, which occurred mainly in most parts of the West Africa starting from Guinea and reaching to heart of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and most other places. EVD is an epidemic disease and also highly infectious. This disease is very severe, rare and deadly, with a fatality rate of approx 90%. There is no such cure or vaccine is present, only some experimental drugs have been using (till date). Thus, many organizations viz WHO, CDC, Red Cross etc are working for prevention and relief of patients to fight against this epidemic disease.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness that causes hemorrhaging. Outbreaks primarily occur in central and west Africa near rainforests, with case fatality rates up to 90%. The natural reservoir of the Ebola virus is unknown but believed to be bats. People become infected through contact with infected wildlife or other humans. No licensed vaccine exists but several experimental vaccines are in development. Treatment focuses on rehydration and symptom management as there is no specific treatment.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
1. Viral Diseases
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal
Husbandry
Somali National University
Mogadishu, Gaheyr Campus
Nov. 03. 2021
EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
2.
3. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a
severe, often-fatal disease in humans and
nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and
chimpanzees) that has appeared
sporadically since its initial recognition in
1976.
4. The disease is caused by infection with Ebola
virus, named after a river in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in
Africa, where it was first recognized.
Confirmed cases of Ebola HF have been
reported in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Gabon, Sudan, the Ivory Coast (Côte
d’Ivoire) ,Uganda, and the Republic of the
Congo
5. Summary of known human Ebola cases
1972 1 non-fatal case (retrospective
diagnosis)
Tandala, Congo (not confirmed)
1976 318 cases, 280 deaths Yambuku, Congo (discovery of the virus)
1976 284 cases, 151 deaths Nzara, Maridi, Tembura and Juba, Sudan
1977 1 fatal case Tandala, Congo
1979 34 cases with 22 deaths Nzara and Yambio, Sudan
1980 1 suspected case Kenya (not confirmed)
1994 44 cases, 28 deaths Minkouka, Gabon
1994 1 non-fatal case Tai Park, Côte d'Ivoire
1995 315 cases, 255 deaths Kikwit, Congo
1996 1 non-fatal case Plibo, Liberia (not confirmed)
1996 37 cases with 21 deaths Mayibout and Makokou, Gabon
1996 60 cases with 45 deaths Booué, Gabon.
One exported case in South Africa with one
fatal secondary case.
2000 425 cases with 224 deaths Gulu, Masindi, Mbarara (Uganda)
2002 43 deaths in Congo, 53 deaths
in Gabon
Gabon - Congo
2002 No reliable numbers available Mbomo, Congo
6. 2003 About 140 cases with about
120 deaths (February-March).
Flare-up in November-
December, with 35 cases (29
deaths).
Mbomo, Congo
2004 25 cases with 6 deaths Mbomo and Mbandza, Congo Brazzaville
2005 About 10 cases Etoumbi, Congo
2007
2008
2008-
9
2009
2011
2012
About 187 cases
About > 90 cases
New epidemic in Congo,
lasting till early 2009.
Number of cases unclear
In March 2009, accidental
needle stick injury in
Hamburg (virologist)
Isolated case (May 2011) in
Uganda
Number of cases unclear
Kampungu, Mweka, Luebo, Congo (Western
Kasai)
Western Uganda
Mweka, Congo
Germany, the first time that vesicular stomatitis
virus-based vaccine is used in a human (post-
exposure)
November 2009, new outbreak in Mweka,
Congo.
July 2012, outbreak in Kibaale, Uganda and
quasi simultaneous in August 2012 outbreak is
Isiro and Viadana, HAut-Uele, Congo
7. In 15 November 2012 and early 2019, a
fresh outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus
was reported in Uganda that has killed at
least two people, and a third person was
also suspected to have died in that area of
the Haemorrhagic fever.
8. Etiology:
Ebola virus is one of two members of the
Filoviridae family.
Filoviridae, is a family of single-stranded
non segmented RNA viruses, comprises
two genera, Marburg virus (MARV), and
Ebola virus (EBOV),
9. Several Ebola subtypes are known to
date:
Ebola Zaire, (ZEBOV)
Ebola Sudan, (SEBOV)
Ebola Ivory Coast , Cote d'Ivoire
ebolavirus, (CIEBOV)
Ebola Reston.
Bundibungyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) .
10. Zaire, Sudan and Bundibungyo species
have been associated with large Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreaks in
Africa with high case fatality ratio (25–
90%) while Côte d’Ivoire and Reston
have not.
Reston species can infect humans but no
serious illness or death in humans have
been reported to date.
11. Infections with these Ebola viruses are
rare, but they occupy a special place on
account of their virulence and the media
attention they receive.
12. The natural reservoir of this virus is unknown.
Monkeys can be infected but, because they
become sick, are unlikely to be the reservoir.
Certain fructivorous and insectivorous bats can be
experimentally infected and certain species are
seropositive in nature.
These animals develop an asymptomatic
infection.
It becomes more and more likely that those large
bats play a role in Ebola epidemiology.
13. on the basis of available evidence and the
nature of similar viruses, researchers
believe that the virus is zoonotic and is
normally maintained in an animal host that
is native to the African continent.
14. Transmission:
Infections with Ebola virus are acute. There is
no carrier state.
Because the natural reservoir of the virus is
unknown, the manner in which the virus first
appears in a human at the start of an outbreak
has not been determined.
However, researchers have hypothesized that
the first patient becomes infected through
contact with an infected animal.
15. After the first case-patient in an outbreak
setting is infected, the virus can be transmitted
in several ways;
People can be exposed to Ebola virus from
direct contact with contaminated blood,
organs, semen or other bodily secretions.
Thus, the virus is often spread through
families and friends because they come in
close contact with such secretions when
caring for infected persons.
16. People can also be exposed to Ebola
virus through contact with objects, such
as needles, that have been contaminated
with infected secretions.
Nosocomial transmission occurs
frequently during Ebola HF outbreaks.
17. Symptoms:
The incubation period for Ebola HF ranges
from 2 to 21 days. The onset of illness is
abrupt and is characterized by fever,
headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat,
and weakness, followed by diarrhea,
vomiting, and stomach pain. A rash, red eyes,
hiccups and internal and external bleeding
may be seen in some patients.
19. Differential Diagnosis:
In early stages, Ebola or Marburg HFs may
resemble influenza, malaria, typhoid fever;
arboviral fevers (various forms of
encephalitis, dengue fever, and other viral
hemorrhagic fevers.
20. Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for Ebola or
Marburg HF. Supportive care includes
maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance,
oxygenation, blood pressure stabilization, blood
and clotting factor replacement.
21. Prevention:
The prevention of Ebola HF in Africa
presents many challenges. Because the
identity and location of the natural
reservoir of Ebola virus are unknown,
there are few established primary
prevention measures.
22. If cases of the disease do appear, current
social and economic conditions often favor
the spread of an epidemic within health-
care facilities.
Therefore, health-care providers must be
able to recognize a case of Ebola HF
should one appear.
23. They must also have the capability to
perform diagnostic tests and be ready to
employ practical viral hemorrhagic fever
isolation precautions, or barrier nursing
techniques.
24. These techniques include the wearing of
protective clothing, such as masks, gloves,
and gowns,; the use of infection-control
measures, including complete equipment
sterilization; and the isolation of Ebola HF
patients from contact with unprotected
persons.
25. The aim of all of these techniques is to avoid
any person’s contact with the blood or
secretions of any patient. If a patient with
Ebola HF dies, it is equally important that
direct contact with the body of the deceased
patient be prevented.
27. Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever is a rare,
acute, infectious, hemorrhagic viral fever
which affects both human and nonhuman
primates (monkeys, gorillas, and
chimpanzees).
The causative agent is the Marburg virus,
a member of the family, Filoviridae (or
"thread" viruses), which also includes the
Ebola virus.
28. The virus was first documented in 1967,
when some people became ill in the
German town of Marburg, after which it
is named, as well as in Yugoslavia.
The outbreak was traced to infected
African monkeys taken from Uganda and
used in developing polio vaccines.
29. Marburg virus is indigenous to Africa.
While the geographic area to which it is
native is unknown, this area appears to
include at least parts of Uganda and
Western Kenya, and perhaps
Zimbabwe.
30. As with Ebola virus, the actual animal host
for Marburg virus is not definitely identified,
but recently (2009) , bats of multiple species
have been identified as possible natural hosts
of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) in Gabon and
Republic of Congo, and also of Marburg
virus (MARV) in Gabon and Democratic
Republic of Congo.
31. However, as with Ebola, humans who become ill
with Marburg hemorrhagic fever may spread the
virus to other people. This may happen in several
ways.
Persons, who have handled infected monkeys
and have come in direct contact with their fluids
or cell cultures, have become infected.
Spread of the virus between humans has
occurred in a setting of close contact, often in a
hospital.
32. Droplets of body fluids, or direct contact
with persons, equipment, or other objects
contaminated with infectious blood or
tissues are all highly suspect as sources of
disease.
33. Signs and Symptoms:
After an incubation period of 5-10 days,
the onset of the disease is sudden and is
marked by fever, chills, headache, and
myalgia.
Around the fifth day after the onset of
symptoms, a maculopapular rash, most
prominent on the trunk (chest, back,
stomach), may occur.
34. Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, a sore throat,
abdominal pain, and diarrhea then may
appear.
Symptoms become increasingly severe and
may include jaundice, inflammation of the
pancreas, severe weight loss, delirium,
shock, liver failure, massive
hemorrhaging, and multi-organ
dysfunction.
35. Because many of the signs and
symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic
fever are similar to those of other
infectious diseases, such as malaria or
typhoid fever, diagnosis of the disease
can be difficult, especially if only a
single case is involved.
36. Patients who are at greatest risk of dying
experience diffuse or extensive
hemorrhage into the skin, mucous
membranes, internal organs, stomach, and
intestines.
37. Swelling of the spleen, lymph nodes,
kidneys, sometimes pancreas, and
especially brain occurs. Patients finally
experience coma and convulsions,
followed by death. Death from shock
usually occurs 6-9 days after clinical
onset of symptoms.
38. Diagnosis:
For patients presenting with Marburg
symptoms, initial possible diagnoses can
include malaria and typhoid fever. As with
Ebola, diagnosis of Marburg virus is
confirmed by IgG ELISA, although IgM
ELISA can be used to distinguish acute
infections from old infections.
39. IFA results can be misleading. Electron
microscopy is useful in diagnosing
Filoviruses infection, but does not help
distinguish Marburg from Ebola.
40. Marburg virus can be clearly diagnosed from
specimens of deceased patients via
immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, or
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) of blood or
tissue specimens.
41. Treatment:
Supportive therapy (there is no specific
treatment for Marburg hemorrhagic
fever. However, the virus itself is sensitive
to lipid solvents, detergents, commercial
hypochlorite disinfectants, and phenolic
disinfectants. The virus can also be
destroyed by ultraviolet and gamma
radiation.