This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, effects, and earthquake engineering. It begins by defining an earthquake and describing the different types of seismic waves. It then discusses various effects of earthquakes like ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis. The document outlines factors that influence earthquake damage and provides examples of earthquake resistant designs and traditional knowledge from various countries. It concludes with innovations in earthquake engineering and methods to retrofit existing structures.
A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called earthquake or seismic forces.
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called earthquake or seismic forces.
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
What is earthquakes? What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
Seismographs record earthquake events. Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often? What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes? How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured? Can Earthquakes be Predicted? Can Earthquakes be Controlled?
This report contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.
Contents:
1. Concept of Earthquake
2. Hazards Associated to Earthquake
- Ground Shaking
- Ground Rapture
- Tsunami
- Earthquake induced landslide
3. What do to BEFORE, DURING, AFTER Earthquake
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This is work done by an international group of data scientists together with UN OCHA officers using public data for humanitarian disaster relief. The subject of the study was the Nepal earthquake disaster of 2015.
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
What is earthquakes? What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
Seismographs record earthquake events. Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often? What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes? How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured? Can Earthquakes be Predicted? Can Earthquakes be Controlled?
This report contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.
Contents:
1. Concept of Earthquake
2. Hazards Associated to Earthquake
- Ground Shaking
- Ground Rapture
- Tsunami
- Earthquake induced landslide
3. What do to BEFORE, DURING, AFTER Earthquake
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This is work done by an international group of data scientists together with UN OCHA officers using public data for humanitarian disaster relief. The subject of the study was the Nepal earthquake disaster of 2015.
Why Compressed Earth Blocks - by Dwell EarthAdam De Jong
Compressed Earth Blocks, often referred to as (CEB) or Earth Blocks, are a pretty amazing building material. Here is a quick look at how amazing this natural building method really is.
Since the beginning of time people have been using the earth for building. Jericho, the earliest city recorded in history, was built of earth. Throughout history earth construction can be seen worldwide. The Egyptians, Mayan, Inca, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and other European civilizations have long histories of earthen construction.
Compressed Earth Blocks make a healthier home which has the lowest embodied energy and CO2 footprint of any building material while also creating a building that is 80% more energy efficient to operate.
Compressed Earth Blocks are:
- Economical Natural Building Solution
- Fire Proof
- Bullet Proof
- Bug Proof
- Sound Proof
- Mold Proof
- Non- Toxic
- Disaster Resistant
Earth Block buildings also regulate humidity and temperature because the walls are breathable.
Learn more at www.dwellearth.com
What can we help you build?
An informed community stake holder makes good decisions based on the books of knowledge on global earthquake realities. The Process of Becoming an Informed Community Stakeholder is Like Learning How to Fly a Plane Using A Flight Simulator so: SIMULATE GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE SITUATIONS UNTIL THEY BECOME YOUR REALITY. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of WorkVolker Hirsch
TEDx Manchester talk on artificial intelligence (AI) and how the ascent of AI and robotics impacts our future work environments.
The video of the talk is now also available here: https://youtu.be/dRw4d2Si8LA
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Earthquake engineering : Causes, Analysis and Mitigation.
1. ASSOCIATION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS NIRMAAN 2014
EARTHQUAKES : CAUSES , ANALYSIS
RESISTANT DESIGNS AND INNOVATION
AMAN SAXENA AMIR SUHAIL
II CE,HBTI-K II CE,HBTI-K
2. LAYERS
• WHAT IS EARTH QUAKE?
• ITS CAUSES
• EFFECTS
• EARTH QUAKE ENGINEERING
• RESISTANT DESIGN
3. What is an
earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden
release of energy due to shifts
in the earth’s plates that has
been stored in the rocks
beneath the earth’s surface
which causes a trembling or
shaking of the ground. The
energy that is released from the
ruptured rock travels in waves
which are known as seismic
waves.
There are two types of seismic
waves; body waves which
travel through the interior of
Earth and surface waves which
travel on Earth's surface. The
two body waves are primary
waves (p-waves) and
secondary waves (s-waves).
4. The compressional (push-pull)
wave will vibrate parallel to the
direction that the wave is
traveling up to speeds of 4 to 8
km per second (2.49 to 4.35
miles per second). The S-wave
vibrates perpendicular to the
direction of travel and can travel
up to speeds of 2 to 5 km per
second ( 1.24 to 3.11 miles per
second).
Love waves and Raleigh
waves are known as Surface
waves. Surface waves are the
slowest of the seismic waves,
but because they travel near the
surface of Earth and contain a
range of oscillating frequencies
they often cause the most
damage
6. • Ground Shaking: Shakes structures constructed on
ground causing them to collapse
• Liquefaction: Conversion of formally stable
cohesionless soils to a fluid mass, causing damage
to the structures
• Landslides: Triggered by the vibrations
• Retaining structure failure: Damage of anchored
wall, sheet pile, other retaining walls and sea walls
• Fire: Indirect result of earthquakes triggered by
broken gas and power lines
• Tsunamis: large waves created by the
instantaneous displacement of the sea floor during
submarine faulting
7. Ground Shaking
Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.
High frequency body waves shake low buildings more.
Low frequency surface waves shake high buildings more.
Intensity of shaking also depends on type of subsurface material.
Unconsolidated materials amplify shaking more than rocks do.
Buildings respond differently to shaking depending on
construction styles, materials
Wood -- more flexible, holds up well.
Earthen materials, unreinforced concrete -- very vulnerable to
shaking.
8. What is liquefaction?
This residential and commerial building sank more
than three feet into the partially liquefied soil.
9. Liquefaction is a type of ground failure in which water saturated sediment turns
from a solid to a liquid as a result of shaking, often caused by an earthquake or
even a volcanic eruption. In order for the liquefaction to occur the sand grains must
be fine grain sand that are not closely packed together nor must it be held but some
sort of cohesion. The intense shaking causes the strength of the soil to become
weak and the sand and water begin to flow.
10. Nishinomia Bridge 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan
Flow failures of structures - caused by loss of strength of underlying soil
Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction
15. Cracked Highway, Alaska, 1964
Lateral spreading in the soil beneath embankment causes the
embankment to be pulled apart, producing the large crack
down the center of the road.
16. Lateral Deformation and Spreading
Down slope movement of soil, when loose
sandy (liquefiable) soil is present, at slopes as
gentle as 0.50
In situations where strengths (near or post
liquefaction) are less than the driving static
shear stresses, deformations can be large, and
global instability often results
17. Mexico City Earthquake, 1985
8.1 Magnitude
Poorly constructed buildings caused thousands of deaths
19. Kobe Earthquake Japan 1995 Structures in Kobe built since 1981 had
been designed to strict seismic codes. Most of these buildings withstood the
earthquake. In particular, newly built ductile-frame high rise buildings were
generally undamaged.
21. A major cause of damage
was liquefaction of the
recent alluvial deposits that
under laid large portions of
the city. The result was
excessive settlements and
bearing capacity failures
for countless buildings,
most of which were
supported on shallow
foundations. This new
building was not yet
occupied at the time of the
earthquake. Again, the
bearing failure of its mat
foundation was related to
its relatively large height-
to-width ratio.
Adapazari, Turkey, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake
22. Damage due to Earthquakes
Earthquakes have varied effects, including
changes in geologic features, damage to man-
made structures and impact on human and animal
life.
Earthquake Damage depends on many
factors:
The size of the Earthquake
The distance from the focus of the
earthquake
The properties of the materials at the site
The nature of the structures in the area
23. Damage to the Intercontinental Hotel during Mexico City's 1985 earthquake was
severe even though the building was relatively new
25. Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms
and vertically displaces the overlying water.
The water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium
position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts
under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium.
Tsunami travels at a speed that is related to the water depth - hence,
as the water depth decreases, the tsunami slows.
The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave
speed and wave height, remains nearly constant.
Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into
shallower water, its height grows. Because of this effect, a tsunami,
imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in
height near the coast and can flood a vast area.
Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis
26. Tsunami Movement: ~600 mph in deep water
~250 mph in medium depth water
~35 mph in shallow water
Tsunami
27. The tsunami of 3m height at Shikotan, Kuril Islands, 1994
carried this vessel 70 m on-shore. The waves have eroded the
soil and deposited debris.
29. Earthquakes
sometimes cause fire
due to broken gas
lines, contributing to
the loss of life and
economy.
The destruction of lifelines
and utilities make impossible
for firefighters to reach fires
started and make the
situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
Earthquake Destruction: Fire
30. What is Earthquake Engineering?
Earthquake engineers are
concerned with creating
earthquakes resistant designs and
construction techniques to build of
all kinds
of bridges, roads and buildings.
Earthquake engineers are faced with
many uncertainties and must be
smart in their decisions in
developing safe solutions to
challenging problems. They rely
on state-of-the-art technology,
materials science, laboratory
testing and field monitoring.
31. Shock Table Test Facility for Evaluating
Earthquake Resistant Features in Buildings
Table
(payload 5000kg)
Fund. Freq. 90Hz
Masonry Building
Models
Pendulum
(1.8m length & 600kg mass
Max. swing 400)
Rebound beam
Research & Development
Indigenous design and fabrication of
test facility
Novel earthquake resistant features
for masonry buildings
Simulating failure patterns same as
those observed in buildings after an
earthquake
Data acquisition
system
Table acceleration response for a swing
angle of 300
Corner
containment
reinforcement
with triangular
link
containment
reinforcement
with link
Peak table acceleration 1.1g
32. Behavior of building models after 13 shocks
Model 1
(ERF as per
IS 4326:1993)
Model 2
(ERF as per
IS 4326:1993
plus additional
R C band at
Sill level and
Containment
reinforcement
One fourth scale models
Model 1
Response at top of cross wall
Model 2
Response at top of cross wall
Response after 5 shocks
33. Building Design
After the earthquake in Mexico City, Mexican officials adopted a new design that can protect the buildings from
earthquakes. This design was developed by some engineers at the University of California at Berkeley.
Looking at the diagram below you can see that the braces form an X which are anchored in concrete blocks at
the base and on the roof of the building.
In diagram A we have conventional steel bracing. Under the stress of the earthquake one of the braces collapses
under the stress. If all the braces begging to snap then the structural integrity of the building fails.
Now in diagram B, the engineers at Berkely used a hydraulic jack to pull or stretch the rods. Once the rods are
prestressed they can now be anchored to the base and to the roof of the building. The braces now have some
room to contract thereby strengthening the structural integrity of the building.
35. 1.Excavation, fill placement, groundwater
table lowering
2.Densification through vibration or
compaction
3.Drainage through dissipation of excess
pore water pressure
4.Resistant through inclusions
5. Stiffening through cement or chemical
addition
Types of Ground Improvement by Function
36. Other methods
• Displacement piles: densification by
displacement of pile volume, usually
precast concrete or timber piles
→Compaction grouting: densification by
displacement of grout volume
37. Earthquake resistant design of geotechnical structures
Geotechnical structures like,
Retaining wall/Sheet pile
Slope
Shallow foundations
Deep foundations
Must be designed to withstand the earthquake
loading
39. Engineers chose a hybrid girder design that combined the rigidity, noise
absorption, and low cost of concrete with the precision manufacturing offered
by steel. The system’s reinforced-concrete support piers are designed to
withstand the seismic forces of earthquakes measuring up to 7.5 on the
Richter scale.
High-Speed Magnetic Levitation Rail Line Shanghai, China 2004
40. Nepal Develops Earthquake Resistant Architecture
A plan for safer houses in rural areas
Nepal has a history of being devastated by major
earthquakes every 75 to 100 years, with the first
recorded as early as 1255 AD. In 1934 Nepal
experienced a deadly earthquake that resulted in the
death of 8,500 people and destruction of 20 percent
of valley structures, at a time when the population
was far less than at present. Seismologists are
predicting the occurrence of a large earthquake of
this kind in the near future, which is likely to be most
intense in the urban core.
http://www.archidev.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=273
41. Ninety percent of Nepalese houses are made of stone and
unfired bricks. The Structural Engineers in Nepal are
retrofitting current structures for about $25/home. By
creating a one-meter square grid of punched holes in the
stone wall covered with a 10
cm mesh of bamboo on the inside
and outside the homes become
earthquake resistant. This net is
Secured to the wall by means of
12-gauge Gabion wire, (a form of
riprap contained in a wire cage that
is very useful in erosion control.),
which is inserted through the
holes and fastened strongly. It is covered with a stucco
of mud, which is used in rural areas in order to ensure
longer life for the bamboo mesh.
42. The Lefkas (Greece) earthquake resistant
technique Two-story houses are built with a ground
floor of rough boulder masonry and three lines of wooden
posts (one along each long wall, and one in the middle of
the room) support the first floor. This one is erected in
wood-frame construction (Dajji).
Foundations are laid on a three-layer round-poles mat,
which could behave as a spring if a gap was left around.
The main benefit is outspread of the foundation surface.
"Dajji" is traditional in Cashmere (India). It is
very efficient and affordable. A wooden frame is
built without bracing. The empty rectangular or
square "panels" are filled with a mesh of wood and
stone cemented with mud. These panels work as
bracing, but allow slight movement, and give
elasticity to the whole structure. Thus, the house is
able to move and to absorb the earthquake’s
movement.
Another advantage of this technique is to be
(comparatively) lightweight, and thus being less
stressed by earthquakes.
http://www.archidev.org/article.php3?id_article=1027