The document provides information about various topics in 8th grade science including earth and space science, physical science, and earth science. It covers concepts such as the rotation and revolution of Earth, seasons, eclipses, gravity, tools used to study space, the rock cycle, plate tectonics, forces and motion. Key ideas are presented through definitions, diagrams, and examples. Sample questions are also included to help with studying.
The document summarizes key concepts about the solar system, including:
- The solar system is made up of the sun and eight planets that orbit around it, along with moons, asteroids, and comets.
- The earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and its tilt and orbit around the sun cause the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres.
- Nuclear fusion in the sun's core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing enormous amounts of energy that allow it to shine.
The document discusses key concepts of Earth and space science. It describes how the Earth rotates on its axis creating night and day, and revolves around the sun in its yearly orbit. It classifies the objects in our solar system as inner planets, outer planets, and dwarf planets. It also discusses the rare occurrence of a blue moon, which is when there are two full moons in a single calendar month. A link is provided about blue moons.
The document discusses several topics related to astronomy and space, including:
- The formation of elements like hydrogen in the Big Bang and later fusion in stars that led to heavier elements like carbon.
- How satellites orbit Earth due to centripetal force balancing gravitational attraction, with examples of low polar orbits and geostationary orbits.
- How planets orbit the Sun due to centripetal force balancing gravitational attraction.
- How the Sun will evolve over time from its current stable phase into a red giant and later a white dwarf or neutron star/black hole.
The document discusses various motions and properties of Earth and its orientation in space. It provides details on:
- Earth's daily rotation on its axis and yearly revolution around the sun which causes seasons
- Its tilted axis and elliptical orbit leading to changing sun exposure throughout the year
- Motions like precession that cause the poles to trace a circle over long periods
- Properties like Earth having an oblate spheroid shape and orientation of its axis remaining fixed during orbit.
The document discusses various motions and features of Earth and its relationship with the Moon. It describes Earth's daily rotation, yearly revolution around the Sun, axial precession, and the causes of seasons. It also details the Moon's phases, eclipses, tides, and theories about its formation. Measurements of time including days, years, months and time zones are explained in relation to Earth's and Moon's motions. Key features of Earth such as its slightly oblate spheroid shape and the identification of locations using latitude and longitude are summarized.
Gravity is the force that attracts all matter to each other. It causes planets, stars, and galaxies to form and influences the motion of objects in space. Isaac Newton first proposed that gravity depends on the masses of objects and the distance between them. Later, Einstein's theory of general relativity explained that gravity is caused by the curvature of spacetime due to the uneven distribution of mass. Tests have supported Einstein's theory, such as observations of gravitational lensing and gravitational waves. Gravity plays a key role in the formation and evolution of astronomical objects throughout the universe.
The document summarizes ancient and modern understandings of the universe and Earth. It describes how ancient civilizations believed the Earth was flat and motionless at the center of a domed sky. Greeks later proposed the Earth was spherical and floated in space. The geocentric model placed Earth at the center, while the heliocentric model correctly identified the Sun as the center. Current models recognize the universe extends far beyond the Milky Way galaxy and originated from a massive explosion known as the Big Bang over 14 billion years ago. The document also outlines theories of solar system formation and provides details about objects within our solar system like planets, stars and the effects of Earth's rotation and revolution.
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The document summarizes key concepts about the solar system, including:
- The solar system is made up of the sun and eight planets that orbit around it, along with moons, asteroids, and comets.
- The earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and its tilt and orbit around the sun cause the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres.
- Nuclear fusion in the sun's core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing enormous amounts of energy that allow it to shine.
The document discusses key concepts of Earth and space science. It describes how the Earth rotates on its axis creating night and day, and revolves around the sun in its yearly orbit. It classifies the objects in our solar system as inner planets, outer planets, and dwarf planets. It also discusses the rare occurrence of a blue moon, which is when there are two full moons in a single calendar month. A link is provided about blue moons.
The document discusses several topics related to astronomy and space, including:
- The formation of elements like hydrogen in the Big Bang and later fusion in stars that led to heavier elements like carbon.
- How satellites orbit Earth due to centripetal force balancing gravitational attraction, with examples of low polar orbits and geostationary orbits.
- How planets orbit the Sun due to centripetal force balancing gravitational attraction.
- How the Sun will evolve over time from its current stable phase into a red giant and later a white dwarf or neutron star/black hole.
The document discusses various motions and properties of Earth and its orientation in space. It provides details on:
- Earth's daily rotation on its axis and yearly revolution around the sun which causes seasons
- Its tilted axis and elliptical orbit leading to changing sun exposure throughout the year
- Motions like precession that cause the poles to trace a circle over long periods
- Properties like Earth having an oblate spheroid shape and orientation of its axis remaining fixed during orbit.
The document discusses various motions and features of Earth and its relationship with the Moon. It describes Earth's daily rotation, yearly revolution around the Sun, axial precession, and the causes of seasons. It also details the Moon's phases, eclipses, tides, and theories about its formation. Measurements of time including days, years, months and time zones are explained in relation to Earth's and Moon's motions. Key features of Earth such as its slightly oblate spheroid shape and the identification of locations using latitude and longitude are summarized.
Gravity is the force that attracts all matter to each other. It causes planets, stars, and galaxies to form and influences the motion of objects in space. Isaac Newton first proposed that gravity depends on the masses of objects and the distance between them. Later, Einstein's theory of general relativity explained that gravity is caused by the curvature of spacetime due to the uneven distribution of mass. Tests have supported Einstein's theory, such as observations of gravitational lensing and gravitational waves. Gravity plays a key role in the formation and evolution of astronomical objects throughout the universe.
The document summarizes ancient and modern understandings of the universe and Earth. It describes how ancient civilizations believed the Earth was flat and motionless at the center of a domed sky. Greeks later proposed the Earth was spherical and floated in space. The geocentric model placed Earth at the center, while the heliocentric model correctly identified the Sun as the center. Current models recognize the universe extends far beyond the Milky Way galaxy and originated from a massive explosion known as the Big Bang over 14 billion years ago. The document also outlines theories of solar system formation and provides details about objects within our solar system like planets, stars and the effects of Earth's rotation and revolution.
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The document discusses three main theories about the origin and evolution of the universe: the Big Bang theory, the Steady State theory, and the Oscillating Universe theory. It provides details about each theory and the evidence that supports them, including the work of astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Vesto Slipher, and Fred Hoyle. It also covers the expansion of the universe as observed through redshift and Hubble's law.
This document provides resources for a unit on earthquakes, including:
- A unit guide with notes, activities, links, and podcasts about earthquakes
- Vocabulary terms and objectives for different lessons on topics like seismic waves, locating epicenters, plate tectonics, the earth's interior structure, and convection currents
- Student worksheets, inquiries, and links to videos and readings to help explain earthquake-related concepts like fault movement and plate boundaries
The document provides an overview of astronomy concepts including:
1) Early astronomers like Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo helped develop models of the solar system and universe, moving from a geocentric to heliocentric view.
2) The Big Bang theory and Nebular Hypothesis describe the origin and evolution of the universe from an initial singularity to the formation of galaxies, stars and planets.
3) Key concepts are defined including the structure of the universe, solar system bodies, planetary motion governed by Kepler's and Newton's laws, and factors that cause seasons on Earth.
The Moon and Mercury are both characterized as dead worlds with little to no atmosphere or magnetic field. The Moon has almost no magnetic field while Mercury does have a weak global magnetic field, implying it has a molten iron core. Both bodies are heavily cratered but Mercury has some smooth volcanic plains. The interior of the Moon is only partially differentiated while Mercury's core likely contains iron and iron sulfides. Limited past missions have provided data about the features and conditions on these two bodies, but more exploration is still needed to understand their formation and evolution.
The document discusses theories of gravity and gravitational waves. It summarizes Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which proposes that gravity is caused by massive objects distorting spacetime. LIGO's detection of gravitational waves in 2015 provided direct evidence of this theory. The document also discusses the moon being tidally locked to Earth and how this relates to tidal forces and moon tides on Earth.
The document defines and describes various celestial objects in our solar system including:
- Rotation is spinning on an axis, while revolution is the path planets make around the sun.
- The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars which are rocky and smaller. The outer planets are the large gaseous planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune past the asteroid belt.
- Other objects include asteroids in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, comets that travel in elliptical paths around the sun, and meteors that appear as shooting stars as they burn up in Earth's atmosphere.
Planetesimal ejection describes how leftover debris from the formation of the planets was captured as moons or ended up in the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, or Oort cloud. Asteroids and meteoroids are small rocky or metallic objects found primarily in the inner solar system, with asteroids larger than 100 meters and meteoroids smaller. They orbit near the plane of the solar system in regions like the asteroid belt. When these objects enter the Earth's atmosphere, they appear as meteors and some survive impact as meteorites. Larger impacts are rarer but can cause global effects like the extinction of dinosaurs.
Formations of the solar system final- Sophiewhitmers
Stars form from clouds of dust and gas that collapse under their own gravity. As the cloud collapses, a hot protostar forms at the center. Nearby clouds may break into blobs, explaining why most stars exist in pairs or groups. Planets form from disks of dust and gas that surround young stars. As the disk spins, dust clumps stick together, growing into planetesimals that eventually collide and merge into planets. Moons can form alongside planets from leftover material, be captured asteroids, or form from debris after a large impact. Eventually the sun will run out of hydrogen fuel and expand into a red giant, likely consuming the inner planets before collapsing into a white dwarf.
The document discusses asteroids, comets, and Pluto. It explains that asteroids formed from leftover material from planet formation and are found mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter due to Jupiter's gravitational influence. Comets formed beyond the frost line and have icy compositions; their tails form when they near the Sun and ice sublimates. Most comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Pluto has properties matching Kuiper Belt objects. An impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. While impacts pose a real threat, the likelihood of a major impact within our lifetimes is low. Other planets can affect Earth's impact rates through their gravitational influence on small solar system bodies.
The document discusses the formation of the solar system and planetary systems. It explains that the solar system formed from a collapsing gas cloud about 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud collapsed, a protostar and protoplanetary disk formed at the center. Over time, planets formed from accretion of matter in the disk. The document also discusses the properties of planets in our solar system as well as evidence that other stars have planets orbiting them.
Beyond The Earth and How The Solar System EvolvedLJAshleyDigamon
The document discusses theories about the formation of the solar system. It describes the universal law of gravitation proposed by Isaac Newton which explains how gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun. It also discusses the planetisimal theory proposed in 1778, which states that the solar system formed from materials thrown off after a collision between the sun and another star. Additionally, it summarizes the companion star theory that the sun once had a companion star that exploded, and the nebular hypothesis from 1776 proposing that the solar system originated from a vast swirling nebula that condensed to form the sun and planets.
This document summarizes a chapter about planetary geology. It discusses:
- The interiors of terrestrial planets and how seismic waves reveal Earth's layered structure.
- Geological processes that shape planetary surfaces, like impact cratering, volcanism, tectonics, and erosion.
- How the amount of impact craters on a surface reveals its geological age.
- The unique geology of specific planets, including the Moon's maria, Mercury's shrinkage, and evidence that water flowed on ancient Mars.
- How plate tectonics continually shapes Earth's surface through seafloor spreading, subduction, and mountain building.
The document discusses different definitions and criteria for classifying objects as planets. Originally, planets referred to objects that appeared to move among the fixed stars. Modern definitions consider physical characteristics like mass, pressure and luminosity sources, as well as orbital attributes. There is no consensus on where to draw the line between planets, brown dwarfs and stars. The International Astronomical Union provisionally defined planets as objects below 13 Jupiter masses that orbit stars, while free-floating objects are sub-brown dwarfs. However, the definition is meant to be gradual and evolve as knowledge improves.
The document provides information about Earth, space, the solar system, and satellites. It discusses that the Earth rotates on its axis and orbits the sun, causing day/night and seasons. It also describes the moon's orbit around Earth and phases. Other topics covered include eclipses, planets, gravity, light from the sun, stars, constellations, and light years. The importance of space exploration and uses of satellites are summarized at the end.
When it comes to planetarium shows, “questions and answers” is our absolutely favourite time. But last week one primary school visitors took Q&A to the next level. They came to their Wonderdome Astronomy lesson with questions already prepared and written down! More questions came up during the show, so some of the prepared questions we didn’t have time to go through. There was only one thing we could do!
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The document provides facts about the planets in our solar system. It includes details about each planet's diameter, temperature, number of moons, distance from the sun, length of year, and more. Sections are devoted to each planet - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto - and provide 3 or fewer sentences summarizing key details about each celestial body.
Gravity Gravitation English Presentation
Tugas Fisika
Tugas Bahasa Inggris
oleh :
Kelas 12 IPA 6 SMA Negeri 1 Yogyakarta tahun 2014
Semangat!!!!!!! SUKSES
5CS's Fun SPACE FACTS presentation was created by Grade 5CS students using Microsoft PowerPoint and Slideshare to share interesting space facts researched on Wolfram Alpha. The presentation includes facts about astronaut training using underwater simulations of microgravity, the lack of sound in space, characteristics of different types of stars, and details about NASA and space junk. Bibliographies are provided for sources of both information and images used in the slides.
Gravity in the Solar System about the space and universeKAVITHACHANDRAN14
1) Gravity is a force that attracts all objects to each other, with the strength of attraction depending on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.
2) The Moon has less mass than Earth, so its gravitational pull is weaker. This makes it easier for astronauts to move around on the Moon despite wearing heavy spacesuits.
3) The Sun's gravity keeps the planets in orbit around it, with the strength of its gravitational pull on each planet determined by the planet's mass and its distance from the Sun.
The document provides information about the solar system. It defines the solar system as a group of objects that interact with and orbit the sun. It describes the main objects in the solar system as planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids and comets. It explains that gravity is the force that causes objects to orbit the sun and interact with each other. It also discusses the differences between inner and outer planets, and how rotation and revolution cause seasons on Earth and variations in day length.
The document discusses three main theories about the origin and evolution of the universe: the Big Bang theory, the Steady State theory, and the Oscillating Universe theory. It provides details about each theory and the evidence that supports them, including the work of astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Vesto Slipher, and Fred Hoyle. It also covers the expansion of the universe as observed through redshift and Hubble's law.
This document provides resources for a unit on earthquakes, including:
- A unit guide with notes, activities, links, and podcasts about earthquakes
- Vocabulary terms and objectives for different lessons on topics like seismic waves, locating epicenters, plate tectonics, the earth's interior structure, and convection currents
- Student worksheets, inquiries, and links to videos and readings to help explain earthquake-related concepts like fault movement and plate boundaries
The document provides an overview of astronomy concepts including:
1) Early astronomers like Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo helped develop models of the solar system and universe, moving from a geocentric to heliocentric view.
2) The Big Bang theory and Nebular Hypothesis describe the origin and evolution of the universe from an initial singularity to the formation of galaxies, stars and planets.
3) Key concepts are defined including the structure of the universe, solar system bodies, planetary motion governed by Kepler's and Newton's laws, and factors that cause seasons on Earth.
The Moon and Mercury are both characterized as dead worlds with little to no atmosphere or magnetic field. The Moon has almost no magnetic field while Mercury does have a weak global magnetic field, implying it has a molten iron core. Both bodies are heavily cratered but Mercury has some smooth volcanic plains. The interior of the Moon is only partially differentiated while Mercury's core likely contains iron and iron sulfides. Limited past missions have provided data about the features and conditions on these two bodies, but more exploration is still needed to understand their formation and evolution.
The document discusses theories of gravity and gravitational waves. It summarizes Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which proposes that gravity is caused by massive objects distorting spacetime. LIGO's detection of gravitational waves in 2015 provided direct evidence of this theory. The document also discusses the moon being tidally locked to Earth and how this relates to tidal forces and moon tides on Earth.
The document defines and describes various celestial objects in our solar system including:
- Rotation is spinning on an axis, while revolution is the path planets make around the sun.
- The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars which are rocky and smaller. The outer planets are the large gaseous planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune past the asteroid belt.
- Other objects include asteroids in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, comets that travel in elliptical paths around the sun, and meteors that appear as shooting stars as they burn up in Earth's atmosphere.
Planetesimal ejection describes how leftover debris from the formation of the planets was captured as moons or ended up in the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, or Oort cloud. Asteroids and meteoroids are small rocky or metallic objects found primarily in the inner solar system, with asteroids larger than 100 meters and meteoroids smaller. They orbit near the plane of the solar system in regions like the asteroid belt. When these objects enter the Earth's atmosphere, they appear as meteors and some survive impact as meteorites. Larger impacts are rarer but can cause global effects like the extinction of dinosaurs.
Formations of the solar system final- Sophiewhitmers
Stars form from clouds of dust and gas that collapse under their own gravity. As the cloud collapses, a hot protostar forms at the center. Nearby clouds may break into blobs, explaining why most stars exist in pairs or groups. Planets form from disks of dust and gas that surround young stars. As the disk spins, dust clumps stick together, growing into planetesimals that eventually collide and merge into planets. Moons can form alongside planets from leftover material, be captured asteroids, or form from debris after a large impact. Eventually the sun will run out of hydrogen fuel and expand into a red giant, likely consuming the inner planets before collapsing into a white dwarf.
The document discusses asteroids, comets, and Pluto. It explains that asteroids formed from leftover material from planet formation and are found mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter due to Jupiter's gravitational influence. Comets formed beyond the frost line and have icy compositions; their tails form when they near the Sun and ice sublimates. Most comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Pluto has properties matching Kuiper Belt objects. An impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. While impacts pose a real threat, the likelihood of a major impact within our lifetimes is low. Other planets can affect Earth's impact rates through their gravitational influence on small solar system bodies.
The document discusses the formation of the solar system and planetary systems. It explains that the solar system formed from a collapsing gas cloud about 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud collapsed, a protostar and protoplanetary disk formed at the center. Over time, planets formed from accretion of matter in the disk. The document also discusses the properties of planets in our solar system as well as evidence that other stars have planets orbiting them.
Beyond The Earth and How The Solar System EvolvedLJAshleyDigamon
The document discusses theories about the formation of the solar system. It describes the universal law of gravitation proposed by Isaac Newton which explains how gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun. It also discusses the planetisimal theory proposed in 1778, which states that the solar system formed from materials thrown off after a collision between the sun and another star. Additionally, it summarizes the companion star theory that the sun once had a companion star that exploded, and the nebular hypothesis from 1776 proposing that the solar system originated from a vast swirling nebula that condensed to form the sun and planets.
This document summarizes a chapter about planetary geology. It discusses:
- The interiors of terrestrial planets and how seismic waves reveal Earth's layered structure.
- Geological processes that shape planetary surfaces, like impact cratering, volcanism, tectonics, and erosion.
- How the amount of impact craters on a surface reveals its geological age.
- The unique geology of specific planets, including the Moon's maria, Mercury's shrinkage, and evidence that water flowed on ancient Mars.
- How plate tectonics continually shapes Earth's surface through seafloor spreading, subduction, and mountain building.
The document discusses different definitions and criteria for classifying objects as planets. Originally, planets referred to objects that appeared to move among the fixed stars. Modern definitions consider physical characteristics like mass, pressure and luminosity sources, as well as orbital attributes. There is no consensus on where to draw the line between planets, brown dwarfs and stars. The International Astronomical Union provisionally defined planets as objects below 13 Jupiter masses that orbit stars, while free-floating objects are sub-brown dwarfs. However, the definition is meant to be gradual and evolve as knowledge improves.
The document provides information about Earth, space, the solar system, and satellites. It discusses that the Earth rotates on its axis and orbits the sun, causing day/night and seasons. It also describes the moon's orbit around Earth and phases. Other topics covered include eclipses, planets, gravity, light from the sun, stars, constellations, and light years. The importance of space exploration and uses of satellites are summarized at the end.
When it comes to planetarium shows, “questions and answers” is our absolutely favourite time. But last week one primary school visitors took Q&A to the next level. They came to their Wonderdome Astronomy lesson with questions already prepared and written down! More questions came up during the show, so some of the prepared questions we didn’t have time to go through. There was only one thing we could do!
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The document provides facts about the planets in our solar system. It includes details about each planet's diameter, temperature, number of moons, distance from the sun, length of year, and more. Sections are devoted to each planet - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto - and provide 3 or fewer sentences summarizing key details about each celestial body.
Gravity Gravitation English Presentation
Tugas Fisika
Tugas Bahasa Inggris
oleh :
Kelas 12 IPA 6 SMA Negeri 1 Yogyakarta tahun 2014
Semangat!!!!!!! SUKSES
5CS's Fun SPACE FACTS presentation was created by Grade 5CS students using Microsoft PowerPoint and Slideshare to share interesting space facts researched on Wolfram Alpha. The presentation includes facts about astronaut training using underwater simulations of microgravity, the lack of sound in space, characteristics of different types of stars, and details about NASA and space junk. Bibliographies are provided for sources of both information and images used in the slides.
Gravity in the Solar System about the space and universeKAVITHACHANDRAN14
1) Gravity is a force that attracts all objects to each other, with the strength of attraction depending on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.
2) The Moon has less mass than Earth, so its gravitational pull is weaker. This makes it easier for astronauts to move around on the Moon despite wearing heavy spacesuits.
3) The Sun's gravity keeps the planets in orbit around it, with the strength of its gravitational pull on each planet determined by the planet's mass and its distance from the Sun.
The document provides information about the solar system. It defines the solar system as a group of objects that interact with and orbit the sun. It describes the main objects in the solar system as planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids and comets. It explains that gravity is the force that causes objects to orbit the sun and interact with each other. It also discusses the differences between inner and outer planets, and how rotation and revolution cause seasons on Earth and variations in day length.
Age of Earth. Earth and Space Science GEDteacheramycae
The document discusses the age and structure of the Earth and solar system. It describes the Earth as having three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. It explains that scientists use landforms, fossils, and radiometric dating to determine the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years old. The solar system is centered around the sun, which planets like Earth orbit around. Other objects in the solar system include moons, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets. Eclipses and tides on Earth are caused by its interaction with the moon and sun.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in astronomy to be covered in Unit 2. It discusses scaling in the universe from solar systems to galaxies to the observable universe. It describes the Milky Way galaxy and theories of the formation and age of the universe based on evidence from the Big Bang like cosmic background radiation and redshift. It also summarizes formation of the solar system, properties of planets and other celestial objects, fusion in stars, phases of the moon, tides, and types of eclipses.
The document is a solar system essay that discusses:
1) How our solar system formed from a giant gas cloud that collapsed under gravity 5 billion years ago, forming the sun and planets.
2) It describes the nine major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
3) It also mentions smaller bodies like asteroids and comets that orbit the sun.
The universe contains billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars. A galaxy is a group of stars held together by gravity, and there are three main types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Stars are formed from the collapse of large clouds of dust and gas under the force of gravity. Our solar system contains eight planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. Copernicus first proposed that planets orbit the Sun, while Kepler developed the three laws of planetary motion describing their elliptical orbits and periods.
The document provides an overview of eclipses, which occur when one astronomical body passes in front of another, temporarily obscuring it from view. It notes that solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, while lunar eclipses occur when the moon passes into the Earth's shadow. Eclipses only happen during eclipse seasons when the moon's orbit aligns with the Earth's orbit around the sun. The type of solar eclipse depends on the relative sizes of the sun and moon as seen from Earth.
This document discusses comets, meteors, asteroids, and the moon. It provides details on their composition, sizes, orbits, and the potential effects of large impacts. A large comet impact would likely only injure humans, while the largest meteor ever could endanger humanity. The largest known asteroid impact 65 million years ago caused the extinction of dinosaurs. A second moon would result in bigger tides and more frequent solar eclipses.
This document provides information about comets, meteors, asteroids, and the moon. It defines each celestial object and describes their composition and origins. It notes that a large comet impact would likely only injure humans, while a large meteor could endanger humanity or damage Earth's orbit. The largest known asteroid impact 65 million years ago likely caused the extinction of dinosaurs. It also describes the moon's phases and how eclipses occur.
This document discusses meteor showers, asteroids, and comets. It notes that meteor showers occur yearly as Earth passes through debris from comets. It describes gaps in the distribution of asteroids called Kirkwood gaps, which are caused by resonances with Jupiter. It discusses evidence that asteroid families originated from collisions of larger parent bodies. The document also summarizes spacecraft visits to asteroids and comets, the different tails of comets, and forces like radiation pressure that affect small particles in the Solar System.
1. Astronomy is the study of the origin, evolution, composition, distance and motion of objects in the universe.
2. Early astronomy was used for navigation, timekeeping, and predicting seasons important for agriculture.
3. The solar system includes eight planets, thousands of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids orbiting the sun.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun located in the Milky Way galaxy, which is part of the Local Group of galaxies within the Virgo Supercluster. As a terrestrial planet, Earth orbits the Sun within the habitable zone and has an atmosphere, seasons, and tidal patterns influenced by its position in relation to the Sun and Moon. Earth science encompasses the study of our planet and its systems, as well as its connections to the surrounding space environment and universe.
Our solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains thousands of other galaxies. It contains the sun and eight planets that orbit the sun, including Earth. The four inner planets closest to the sun are terrestrial, while the four outer planets are gas giants. Other objects in our solar system include comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and dwarf planets. Gravity and inertia work together to keep planets and other objects in stable orbits around the sun and other celestial bodies.
The universe contains billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars. A galaxy is a group of stars held together by gravity, and the main types are spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Stars are formed from the collapse of large clouds of dust and gas, releasing heat and light through nuclear fusion. Our solar system contains 8 planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. Copernicus first proposed the heliocentric model that planets orbit the Sun, with Kepler developing the laws of planetary motion. Newton later explained that gravity and inertia cause planets to follow elliptical orbits around the Sun.
In our solar system, the differences between planets and other objects mostly occur because of their formation at the birth of our solar system. Although it is very difficult to tell, most scientists believe that our solar system formed from a small chunk of an interstellar gas cloud. If true, the composition of the gas cloud would have caused the composition of our sun as well as that of other objects in our solar system. Once the sun formed, that influenced the formation of the planets. Since it was much warmer closer to the sun, only denser, metallic elements were able to condense. This warmer region is now home to the terrestrial planets, which include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
The solar system began as a giant gas cloud approximately 5 billion years ago, which then collided with another object traveling from the center of the galaxy. This collision caused a fusion reaction and created a focal point that attracted the lightest elements, primarily hydrogen, forming our Sun. Over time, the remaining gas and dust circling the new Sun condensed under gravity to form the planets, moons, asteroids and other objects that now make up our solar system.
Our Solar System is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains billions of stars. The Solar System contains 8 planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. The 4 inner planets are terrestrial and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are gas giants. Other objects in our Solar System include comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they near the Sun. Asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller pieces of asteroids and become meteors if they enter Earth's atmosphere. Gravity and inertia work together to keep objects like the planets and Moon in orbit around other larger bodies.
Our Solar System is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains billions of stars. The Solar System contains 8 planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. The 4 inner planets are terrestrial and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are gas giants. Other objects in our Solar System include comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they near the Sun. Asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller pieces of asteroids and comets that can burn up in Earth's atmosphere and are called meteors, or land on Earth as meteorites. Gravity and inertia work together to keep objects like the planets and Moon in orbit around other
Our Solar System is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains billions of stars. The Solar System contains 8 planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. The 4 inner planets are terrestrial and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are gas giants. Other objects in our Solar System include comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they near the Sun. Asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller pieces of asteroids and become meteors if they enter Earth's atmosphere. Gravity and inertia work together to keep objects like the planets and Moon in orbit around other larger bodies.
Our Solar System is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains billions of stars. The Solar System contains 8 planets that orbit the Sun, including Earth. The 4 inner planets are terrestrial and rocky, while the 4 outer planets are gas giants. Other objects in our Solar System include comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they near the Sun. Asteroids orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller pieces of asteroids and become meteors if they enter Earth's atmosphere or meteorites if they reach the ground. Gravity and inertia work together to keep objects like the planets and Moon in orbit around other larger bodies.
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9
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293 11 30_20078th grade science study guide 1
1. 8th Grade Science Study Guide
Earth & Space
Science
The Earth rotates on its axis. It takes 24 hours for the Earth
to make one complete rotation (360 ◦ ). This makes one
whole day.
The Earth revolves around the sun. When the Earth makes
one complete trip around the sun it has been one complete
year.
Seasons on Earth happen because the Earth tilts on its axis
as it revolves around the sun. This tilt causes different parts
of the Earth to be exposed to the sun’s most direct rays.
1
2. The sun’s direct rays are the warmest and hit the Earth near
the equator.
2
3. Solar eclipse- occurs when the moon either partially or completely
blocks the sun from the Earth’s view.
From Earth, as a solar eclipse begins, it looks like the sun has a bite
taken out of it.
Sun
Moon advancing in front of sun casting shadow
on Earth.
Lunar eclipse- occurs when the Earth blocks our view of the moon.
A lunar eclipse can only occur during a full moon.
3
4. Why does the Earth and other planets in our solar system revolve
around the sun? Gravitational force is the reason.
↓
Newton proposed the Law of Universal Gravitation that says
between any two objects there is attraction (gravity) that is
proportional to the masses of the objects and the distances between
them.
This means that the more massive an object is, it has a stronger
pull of gravity on the objects that are less massive than itself. Our
sun is more massive than the planets so they all revolve around the
sun.
Our planet Earth is more massive than our moon so this is why the
moon revolves around our Earth. Although objects that are less
massive revolve around more massive objects, these less massive
objects still give a pull on the more massive planet. This is why we
have tidal waves. The moon has a strong enough gravity to pull
water from oceans towards it, creating disturbances in the water.
4
5. Some tools to study space are:
Telescopes- with optical telescopes, astronomers see closer the
objects in outer space such as moons, planets, galaxies.
Spaceship- allows astronauts to travel to close planets, our moon &
into outer space to collect data, samples and experience first hand the
conditions in space.
Satellites- Are used to transmit signals from outer space such as
pictures, topographic maps. Just like cell phone satellites allow our
signals to travel from place to place.
Probes- are sent by scientists to collect data on far away planets that
humans can never get to. Probes send data back by signals & some
even retrieve samples from planets.
Sample question- choose 2 tools astronomers use & list
two pros & cons of each.
Telescopes
Pros: ▪ Can see closer the object you are looking at.
▪ Cheaper & safer than sending a spacecraft to
outerspace.
Cons: ▪ telescopes can only help you see closer, they
cannot take samples or conduct experiments.
▪ It has to be a clear night & little or no light
pollution to use telescopes properly.
5
6. Spacecraft
Pros: ▪ Can allow astronauts to conduct experiments
in outer space and take samples of the moon.
▪ Can allow humans to explore & experience
being in space.
Cons: ▪ It’s very expensive to run a space program.
▪ There are always risks when sending humans
into space – it’s dangerous.
Our solar system- the Sun, our Earth and the 8 others
belong to the Milky Way Galaxy. Some scientists are
curious to know if there are other solar systems out their
which support life like ours does.
There are 3 different kinds of galaxies. Galaxies are characterized by
their shape.
1). Spiral
→
2). Eliptical →
3). Irregular →
6
8. Asteroids, Meteors & Comets
Asteroids- are very large rocky objects that revolve around the sun in
a common place called the Asteroid Belt. The Asteroid Belt lies
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains millions of
asteroids. They range in size from a pebble to having a diameter of
almost 600miles.
Comets- are made up of ice, dust and rocks. This is why they are
called “dirty snowballs”. Most travel in elliptical orbits around the
sun due to the sun’s great gravitational pull on them. Comets sometimes enter our solar system from far off in space and if they get close
enough to the sun they form a tail which is vapor from the ice
melting.
.
Meteoroids- are small chunks of rock that range in size from a grain
of sand to a softball. They break off from comets and asteroids and
can enter Earth’s atmosphere. When meteoroids enter our atmosphere
they are called meteors or shooting stars. We see them glowing
because they are traveling at great speeds and friction occurs between
them and our atmosphere. This creates great heat causing them to
glow. If a meteor hits the Earth’s surface it is called a meteorite.
When objects such as meteors, comets and asteroids come close
enough to a planet, that planet’s gravity can pull that object
towards it.
8
9. Since planets and objects in space are so far away from each other,
scientists created the unit of light years which is the distance light
travels in one year (9.5 trillion kilometers). Kilometers or miles are
just too small.
It’s like trying to measure a trip you & your family are taking
out of state in inches. The units are too small.
Earth Science
Cross-Section of Earth
convection
currents
core
crust
mantle-molten liquid
rock.
The crust of the Earth, make up the plates that float on the liquid
magma of the mantle. The heat of the Earth creates convection
currents (shown w/ arrows) that slowly move magma in the mantle
layer. This movement causes crustal plates to shift which is called
plate tectonics.
9
11. Volcanoes also occur when plates go over a hot spot in the
mantle.
An oceanic trench occurs where a dense thin oceanic plate
goes underneath a thick less dense continental plate.
The Rock Cycle
When magma leaves the mantle of the Earth, it creates
igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are cooled lava.
Weathering such as water, wind, rain, freezing and melting
causes these rocks to breakdown or erode.
11
12. The pieces that are taken away get laid down (deposited) on
the ground or on the bottom of rivers. In time, there are many
layers much like the layers of a cake. This is called
deposition. These particles and pieces of rock are called
sediments and they can get cemented together by pressure
over time to become sedimentary rocks.
Both Igneous & Sedimentary rocks can change or
“morph” into a new type of rock by extreme heat & pressure
when they are close to the Earth’s mantle. This new type of
rock is called a Metamorphic rock.
Rocks continuously go through these different changes.
This is called the Rock Cycle.
http://www.naturescience.org/Rxcycle.htm
12
13. When sedimentary layers are laid down, the youngest
layer is always on top. These rock layers can fold & fault
causing the younger layers to be put below older layers.
We can see how rock layers can fold & fault causing the
younger layers to be put under older layers as shown
below.
A fold
A fault
13
14. Physical
Science
Reference point & motion
Object in motion
Reference point
Objects are in motion when they change their position over time. In
order to see an object in motion (moving), we must see it in relation to
an object that is standing still such as this building. This object that
stands still is called the reference point.
Balanced & Unbalanced Forces
A balanced force is when the forces acting on an object
(opposing forces) are equal causing that object to stand still.
ex. If you hold up a ball with your hand, and the ball is
standing still, the force of gravity and the weight of the
ball equals the force you are applying to keep it still.
14
15. Another example- If two sides of a tug-o-war are equal in
force, the rope will not move. This is a balanced force.
=
Unbalanced- means that these two opposing forces are
not equal.
If the force of gravity is greater than the force you
apply to the ball then it will cause the ball to push your
hand down.
The side of the rope that has a greater force will
cause the side with the weaker force to get pulled toward
them. This is an unbalanced force.
Energy can be transferred through waves. Waves are a
flow of energy such as light, sound, radio and water
waves.
When sound travels through the air, it is actually
traveling along air molecules. These molecules bump into
the next set of air molecules similar to dominoes that
transfer energy to the near by domino piece.
15
16. Similarly, when you drop a pebble into a pond, it causes
the water molecules next to the pebble to vibrate or bump
nearby water molecules. This causes a spread of ripples
throughout the pond. Here, energy spreads from the
original source.
Forces & Motion
A force is a push or pull on something.
If a skater goes down off a ramp, what forces are acting
on the board?
Friction happens when objects rub against each other such as
wheels and the ramp.
Gravity happens to any object on Earth. Gravity pushes down
on a person & the board.
The ramp has a force since it is holding up the person and
board.
Potential energy- Is stored energy. When the skater is at
the top of the ramp, he/she has potential energy because
16
17. as soon as they reach the edge they are going down!
Kinetic Energy- Is energy in motion. The skater going
down as in the picture is experiencing kinetic energy. The
potential energy from being on top of the ramp got converted
into this kinetic energy.
Moh’s hardness scale- categorizes the hardness of minerals. Hardness
is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. These minerals are
numbered 1thru 10. 1 being the softest mineral on Earth & 10 being
the hardest meaning nothing else can scratch a #10.
Moh’s scale
Softest→ Talc 1
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5
Feldspar 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10 ← Hardest
If a mineral has a higher # than another mineral, then the higher # will
scratch the lower one.
ex. Quartz will scratch Feldspar 7›6 and a diamond can scratch
anything. This does not mean a diamond is the strongest substance
because a hammer can smash a diamond. Being the hardest mineral
on Earth means it can scratch any other material. REMEMBER:
Higher #’s scratch lower #’s.
17
18. Environmental science issues:
Fossil layers of the Earth are our source of fossil fuels. These
organisms turned into carbon which we use as fuel. They include
gasoline, oil and coal. Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable
resources because we can never replace or renew them. They took
millions of years to form!
Renewable resources however can be replaced and renewed.
Sunlight, water power,wind, wood, crops are all renewable resources.
Sunlight never runs out.
Crops & wood can be constantly grown.
The downside to fossil fuels is one: They will run out one day soon.
& two: They cause GLOBAL WARMING!!!!!!
18
19. When we protect our resources (items we use from the Earth) &
nature, this is called conservation.
How can we conserve resources?
♦ recycle
♦ car pool
♦ riding a bicycle instead of driving.
♦ use public transportation.
♦ turn off water and electricity when were not using them.
For the OAT, we will have to be able to trace the paths of energy
through a system.
ex. What energy transformations occur for a tree getting energy from
the sun?
→
Solar energy
(or light energy)
converts to chemical energy
(during photosynthesis).
19
20. ex. What kind of energy transformations occur inside an mp3 player
as someone is listening to their music?
→
chemical energy
stored in battery
→
gets converted
to electrical energy
that powers the player
which becomes
sound energy
Life Science
Photosynthesis & Respiration
Photosynthesis- occurs when plants convert light energy into
chemical energy. This requires them to take in Carbon dioxide (CO2)
and release oxygen into the air.
CO2
Oxygen
Humans are opposite, we respirate.
Respiration- Animals & humans take in oxygen & breath out carbon
dioxide (CO2).
oxygen
CO2
20
21. Cells: The smallest structural & functional unit of an organism. They
carry out life processes. New cells come from existing cells.
Inside a cell are smaller structure that carry out processes for the cell.
They are called organelles.
Here is a list of organelles & their functions, found in plants &
animals. Students should be familiar with these.
Organelle
Function
Nucleus
Control center of cell & contains DNA.
Ribosome
Makes proteins.
Lysosomes
Digests food particles, wastes & foreign
invaders.
Mitochondria
Produces energy. (Powerhouse).
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Transports materials throughout cell.
Golgi Complex
(apparatus or body)
Processes & packages proteins for shipment
out of cell.
Vacuole
Stores water, food & water.
Cytoplasm
A fluid that fills a cell & surrounds the
organelles in a eukaryote.
21
22. Sometimes different organisms can interact together in a unique way
where at least one organism benefits from living with the other. This
is called symbiosis.
There are 3 types of symbiosis.
1. Mutualism- when both organisms benefit from each other.
ex. A bee & a flower. The bee pollinates the flower ensuring the
flowers survival in the next generation and the flower provides the
bee with nector- the bee’s food.
2. Commensalism- When only one organism benefits from the
relationship and the other is not harmed or helped.
ex. A bird & its nest up in a tree benefits the bird giving it protection
and the tree is not helped or harmed by the bird living there.
22
23. 1. Parasitism- When one organism benefits and the other is harmed.
The parasite harms the host.
ex. A flea on a dog benefits because it is sucking blood which is its
food. The dog (the host) is being harmed because his blood is taken
away.
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction- involves producing offspring from two
parents. Here, DNA from each parent combines together to create
DNA of the offspring. This creates variety.
23
24. By chance, nature will favor certain genetic
traits (characteristics) over others.
For example- Millions of years ago, some giraffes were born
with short necks & others were born with longer necks. When low
grass & scrubs (food for giraffes) became scarce the giraffes with the
longer necks were able to reach the leaves in the higher trees to
survive.
The short necks could not reach the food so they did not survive. The
long necks survived so their genes for long necks were passed down
to their offspring. Nature happened to favor the long neck variation,
while eliminating the gene for short necks. This long neck giraffe
developed gradually over many generations of giraffe families.
Conditions in nature favor certain genes over others. In this examplebody type.
Just as this animal adapted to a change, another change could
come about and not favor long necks, for example if all the tall trees
were eaten or killed and the long necks couldn’t bring their long
necks that low to the ground. Remember that changes can occur
anytime, either favoring an animals particular characteristics or
causing that animal to become extinct.
Asexual reproduction- involves reproduction from only one parent.
Here, the DNA of the offspring is identical to the parent.
Many organisms reproduce this way including bacteria, fungi some
plants & animals.
24
25. Science & Technology
What we know about science has come
from people from all over the world. Scientists from the past,
such as Egyptians, Chinese, & Romans made discoveries and
later scientists build on this older knowledge. We can say that
today’s scientists are standing on the shoulders of previous
people’s work.
Technology are tools created by scientists that allow us to do
things we couldn’t do on our own. We cannot see the surface
of the moon without a telescope, or see through skin and
muscle to see our bones.
Scientists are working today on new discoveries and
technologies.
In the years to come, scientists will create things we only
dreamed of. Maybe you’ve got an idea? Study in school,
keep your dreams alive and you’ll have all the tools you need
to be a scientist of the future!
25
26. Some places of the world have more opportunities than
others to use technological advances. For example, in
Cleveland, one could get the best surgery to get their heart
replaced. If you lived in an undeveloped area of the world
such as a rainforest, you would most likely not go to the
hospital.
Politics also determines how technology gets used. We
have the technology to make cars that do not create pollution
that today’s cars make. Unfortunately, some people care
more about money than the health of the planet and its
people.
If you were the president of a country, could you design
a way to produce energy that does not pollute the air? What if
your country did not have much money or materials? If your
country’s scientists came together and gave you ideas, would
you be able to decide if these solutions would work or not?
These are serious questions about science that affect
everyone.
26
27. Scientific Inquiry
This area of science deals with how we ask questions or
“inquire” about things.
Say you wanted to find out what kids in your school
like the most: skateboarding or rollerblading? When you
went to math class you asked 5 people that sat near you and 3
said they like skateboarding better.
Does this give you an accurate answer of what your
school likes best? No, because 5 people are not enough to
give you an accurate inventory of your whole school. If you
asked every student in each of your classes that would be
more accurate. Scientific investigations need a large sample
to be tested.
If you tested to see if fertilizer helps a tomato plant grow you
would treat more than just one tomato plant with fertilizer
because there could be something wrong with a plant to
influence the outcomeyou might think it was the fertilizer when it was something
about the plant you couldn’t see. Also some plants might get
eaten by insects so you want enough samples.
How do we know the fertilizer works? We need to use a
control. A control is an untreated sample that we use to
compare the treated sample to. In this case a tomato plant
with all the same conditions (same sunlight & water) except
no fertilizers.
27
28. Be able to read and interpret graphs.
H o b b ie s a t M ilk o v it c h M id d le S c h o o l
s u r v e y o f e n t ir e s c h o o l
W a tc h tv
16%
V id e o
gam es
28%
V id e o g a m e s
O u td o o r
A c ti v i ti e s
56%
O u td o o r A c ti v i ti e s
W a tc h tv
Looking at the graph above, which hobby is the favorite to most
students at Milkovich?
Do we have the right tools & safety equipment for the job?
Know scientific instruments, their purposes and how to inquire
about science with them.
28
29. Ex. Be able to figure out the volume of an object using a graduated
cylinder.
The volume of an object is the amount of space it takes up. A
bowling ball takes the same amount of space as a beach ball that is
the same size as the bowling ball. The only difference is the bowling
ball has a greater density.
Density= the amount of matter taking up that space.
The marble displaced the water from 30ml to 40ml so the marble’s
volume is 10ml.
Some experiments involve dangerous chemicals and hazards.
If you are working on an experiment like this, your teacher
will make sure you understand proper procedures in the event
of an accident. What do you do if you spill an acid on your
skin or in your eyes? Be sure to know how to respond in
these situations.
29
30. Math skills
Show off your math skills on the science OAT.
Below are math test scores (in %) of 9 students.
75
76
79
80
87
87
87
91
98
Find mean score- or average score. To do this you add all scores
together and divide by how many scores there are (9).
mean
75+76+79+80+87+87+87+91+98= 760/9=84.4
Find median score- or middle score. We find median by choosing
the score that is exactly in the middle of the numbers when they
are in order from lowest to highest. 87 has 4 scores to the left
(lower) and 4 to the right (higher).
75 76
79
80
87
87
87
91
If you have a list of numbers that is even such as these 685
87
89
91
93
98
97
Divide the #’s evenly as shown above. The median is between 89
& 91 so you add these two middle numbers together and divide by
2 to find the # exactly between 89 & 91.
89+91=180
median
180/2=90
Finding mode – This is the # that appears most frequently.
75
76
79
80
87
87 appears 3 times. This is the
87
87
91
98
mode
30
31. Scientific Ways of Knowing
Inference- is an attempt to explain or speculate about your
observations. This is something you think might happen, is
happening given what you observe. It may or may not be true.
Observation- something you can detect using any of your 5
senses. This is a fact→ You saw the ghost, you heard a noise. You
smelled the perfume. Facts!
We do this gathering of information every day. If you see a car going
out of control, which is an observation, a fact, you can make an
inference that it might hit you so you’re going to run out of the way.
We don’t know for sure all the time if things will happen a certain
way, but given the facts (what you observe) we can make intelligent
inferences.
ex. You see a picture of a white puffy object in the sky. This is a fact.
Your inference could be that it’s a cloud because it may or may not
be. It may be smoke from a fire or from a volcano.
Science follows ethical guidelines. This means scientists must do
experiments that do not hurt humans or have the potential to cause
more harm than good. This is why it is illegal to clone humans.
31
32. One must also be unbiased when looking at data. This means not
trying to favor a particular outcome over another for personal
reasons.
ex. Your friend has a picture in an art contest. You are asked to be
a judge of the pictures but you don’t know which one is hers. If
you did know which one was hers, then you would be biased
towards her art work. This means you might pick hers because she
is your friend and that wouldn’t be fair to the rest of the
contestants.
Keep up the good work & remember to have fun!
32
33. OAT 8TH GRADE SCIENCE VOCABULARY
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES
SOLAR SYSTEM- The planetary system consisting of our sun and the nine planets that
revolve around it.
SEASONS- Created by the tilt of the earth when the northern and southern hemispheres
are either tilted away, towards or equally angled from the sun’s most direct rays.
ROTATION- A planetary body such as the earth spinning on it’s axis like a globe as you
spin it.
REVOLUTION- This is when a planet, like earth, makes one complete trip around the
sun (360 degrees).
LIGHT YEAR- The distance light travels in one year. It equals 5.879x 10^12 miles or
5,879,000,000,000 miles!
TIDES- The alternate rising and falling of the surface of the ocean and water bodies
(such as gulfs and bays) connected with the ocean that occurs usually twice a day, and is
caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon occurring unequally on
different parts of the Earth.
GRAVITATION- A force manifested by acceleration toward each other of two free
material particles or bodies , or of radiant-energy quanta.
ORBIT- A path described by one body in its revolution about another ( as by the Earth
about the sun or by an electron about an atomic nucleus).
COMET- A celestial body that consists of a fuzzy head usually surrounding a bright
nucleus, that has a usually highly eccentric orbit, and that often, when in the part of its
orbit near the sun , develops a long tail which points away from the sun.
ASTEROID- A small rocky body orbiting the sun.
METEOR- Any of the small particles of matter in the solar system that are directly
observable only by their incandescence from fictional heating on entry into the
atmosphere.
METEOROID- One of a large number of celestial bodies of various size that appear as
meteors when they enter Earth’s atmosphere.
GALAXY- Any of the very large groups of stars and associated matter that are found
throughout the universe.
TOOLS USED TO STUDY UNIVERSE- Telescopes, probes, satellites, and spacecraft.
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34. EARTH SYSTEMS
VOLCANO- A vent in the crust of the Earth or another planet from which usually molten
rock,ash and steam are ejected.
WEATHERING- To subject to the action of the elements.
UPLIFT- To cause ( a portion of Earth’s surface ) to rise above adjacent areas.
FAULTING- To fracture so as to produce a geologic fault.
FOLDING- Causing rock strata to undergo bending or curvature.
TRANSFORM- To change in composition or structure.
CONVERGENT- To come together or tend to come together at a point.
DIVERGENT- To separate or spread apart.
TECTONIC PLATES- The earth’s top layer (crust) that shifts and moves on top of the
liquid mantle.
EARTHQUAKE- A series of sudden elastic waves that are generated where tectonic
plates shift past each other with great friction.
EROSION- Weathering of earth’s surface by forces of nature such as wind and water.
This is when soil or rock material (sediments) are taken away from an area. Can also be
caused by human activity.
DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT- The sediments that were eroded from an area are
transported somewhere such as a riverbed, or shoreline.
LIFE SCIENCES
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION- Involving or reproducing by reproductive processes( as
cell division , spore formation, fission or budding) that do not involve the union of germ
cells or egg and sperm.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- the joining of genetic material from the male and female
gametes (sperm and egg) in hopes of producing an offspring.
FOSSIL- Remnant, impression or trace of an organism of past geologic ages that has
been preserved in the Earth’s crust.
EXTINCT- A species of organisms that no longer exists.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
MOTION- An act, process or instance of changing position through time.
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35. SPEED- The distance traveled divided by the time interval during which the motion
occurred.
WAVE- A periodic disturbance in a solid, liquid, or gas as energy is transmitted through
a medium.
SOUND WAVES- Mechanical radiant energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure
waves in a material medium ( such as air) and is the objective cause of hearing.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY- Human innovation in action that involves the generation of knowledge
and processes to develop systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities.
RESOURCE- Industrial materials and capacities ( as mineral deposits and waterpower)
supplied by nature (earth science) and substances used by an organism for survival
(biology).
DESIGN- To create, fashion, execute or construct according to plan.
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
HYPOTHESIS- A formula derived by inference from scientific data that explains a
principle operating in nature.
THEORY- A supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something, especially
one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
MEAN- The sum of a set of numbers divided by the number of elements in the set.
MEDIAN- The middle number or item in a set of numbers or objects arranged from least
to greatest, or the mean of the two middle numbers when the set has two middle numbers.
MODE-The number or object that appears most frequently in a set of numbers of objects.
SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF KNOWING
OBSERVATION-To watch carefully,especially with attention to details or behavior for
the purpose of arriving at a judgment.
PREDICTION – The act of making a forecast.
INFERENCE- To use certain facts provided as input to reach a conclusion.
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