journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Design of material handling system belt conveyor system for crushed coal for ...Aditya Deshpande
This was a project under subject in graduation in Mechanical Engineering -DOMS- Material Handling System
Conveyor belts have been used for decades to transport bulk and unit loads. They have proved their worth everywhere because belt conveyor installations can be adapted to meet nearly all local conditions.
This project demonstrates how to design such Conveyor Belt for Coal Crushing in Thermal Power Plant application with mathematical and imperial ways
Belt conveyor system_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil Eng...A Makwana
One of the most common form of material handling system used in mining industries and in construction projects.
Capable of conveying large quantities of material continuously over long distances at a fast speed.
Pipe belt conveyor is an environmental friendly product, since introduced to China in 1995, it has been widely used in all walks of life. In recent years, through technology introduction, 100% of the complete equipment can be manufactured in China. Get in touch with us for more: sophie.guan@alpha-technology.com.au
Design of material handling system belt conveyor system for crushed coal for ...Aditya Deshpande
This was a project under subject in graduation in Mechanical Engineering -DOMS- Material Handling System
Conveyor belts have been used for decades to transport bulk and unit loads. They have proved their worth everywhere because belt conveyor installations can be adapted to meet nearly all local conditions.
This project demonstrates how to design such Conveyor Belt for Coal Crushing in Thermal Power Plant application with mathematical and imperial ways
Belt conveyor system_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil Eng...A Makwana
One of the most common form of material handling system used in mining industries and in construction projects.
Capable of conveying large quantities of material continuously over long distances at a fast speed.
Pipe belt conveyor is an environmental friendly product, since introduced to China in 1995, it has been widely used in all walks of life. In recent years, through technology introduction, 100% of the complete equipment can be manufactured in China. Get in touch with us for more: sophie.guan@alpha-technology.com.au
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system, one of the many types of conveyor systems available today.
Belt conveyors can be used to transport products in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction.
Method for converting gravitational force into rotary motion and gravity engineVladimir Zenin
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force. This invention describes one of the possible methods of converting the gravitational force created by an object with mass into rotational motion, and therefore into work and energy.
Chain conveyors are rugged durable conveyors that are used to transport a multitude of products that wouldn’t typically convey on a roller conveyor. Typical products that would be conveyed include wrong way pallets, racks, industrial containers and other products with a sturdy conveying surface.
For More Info Visit- http://ultimationinc.com/products/conveyors/chain-conveyor/
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system, one of the many types of conveyor systems available today.
Belt conveyors can be used to transport products in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction.
Method for converting gravitational force into rotary motion and gravity engineVladimir Zenin
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force. This invention describes one of the possible methods of converting the gravitational force created by an object with mass into rotational motion, and therefore into work and energy.
Chain conveyors are rugged durable conveyors that are used to transport a multitude of products that wouldn’t typically convey on a roller conveyor. Typical products that would be conveyed include wrong way pallets, racks, industrial containers and other products with a sturdy conveying surface.
For More Info Visit- http://ultimationinc.com/products/conveyors/chain-conveyor/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Geneva mechanism is one of the most commonly used stepping mechanisms because of its simple structure, reliability and accuracy .The belt conveyor consists of two pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotate about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward.
Most small scale industries rely on human effort for transporting raw materials from one stage of
processing to another thereby reducing the overall system performance. The work discusses the development of a
belt conveyor system for small scale industry. The conveyor is of height 0.75 m at 0o angle of inclination, 35o
troughing angle and a surcharge angle of 25o. It also consist of a belt whose width is 410 mm, length 2.4 m and a
basic length 4.54 m. The conveyor has an average capacity of 43.75 tonnes/hr. The evaluation of the conveyor
was carried out by conveying 12 packs of bottled water of different weights across a distance of 2 m at a different
speeds ranging from of 200-400 rpm. Results obtained indicated that the time of conveying the materials
increases with increase in weight of the bottled water. The successful completion of this work provides a
conveyor system which will aid the movement of material from one place to another with little or no human
intervention. This will help the industry in reducing cost in acquiring labour that will be used in material
movement thereby reducing cost of production.
A Study on Design Optimization of Roller Conveyor Chain Link Plate by Using T...IJSRD
According to the relevance towards the state priorities the economy of Maharashtra state is dominated by agricultural as well as industrial sector. Sugar factories play an important role in economy of Maharashtra state. About 60 percent processes in these factories are based on roller chain conveyors. Apart from that, other industries also use these chains frequently for process atomization. However, failure of these chains is perennial problem in these industries which causes huge losses to these industries along with its dependents and in turn economic growth of the state. Material uncertainty plays an important role on formation of elastic and plastic stresses. Breakage of chain is also affected due to faulty manufacturing such as wall thickness of link, breaking area of links, bending movement of pin, inner width of chain and shape of the link and uncertainty in heat treatment. Roller conveyor chains are the critical component in sugar mills, paper mill, food processing, fertilizer industry, pharmaceutical industry, cement industry, foundry industry, heat treatment units, coal mines etc. From the previous studies, it can be noted that, even though several patents are filed on roller chains and conveyors, most of the patents are based on metallurgical investigation, improvement of efficiency and performance of chain. Hardly few patents are there on improving life of the chain and minimization of its failure. From the chain failure case studies it can be noted that the root cause of failure was faulty material processing, heat treatment and improper material selection.
A Study on Design Optimization of Roller Conveyor Chain Link Plate by Using T...IJSRD
According to the relevance towards the state priorities the economy of Maharashtra state is dominated by agricultural as well as industrial sector. Sugar factories play an important role in economy of Maharashtra state. About 60 percent processes in these factories are based on roller chain conveyors. Apart from that, other industries also use these chains frequently for process atomization. However, failure of these chains is perennial problem in these industries which causes huge losses to these industries along with its dependents and in turn economic growth of the state. Material uncertainty plays an important role on formation of elastic and plastic stresses. Breakage of chain is also affected due to faulty manufacturing such as wall thickness of link, breaking area of links, bending movement of pin, inner width of chain and shape of the link and uncertainty in heat treatment. Roller conveyor chains are the critical component in sugar mills, paper mill, food processing, fertilizer industry, pharmaceutical industry, cement industry, foundry industry, heat treatment units, coal mines etc. From the previous studies, it can be noted that, even though several patents are filed on roller chains and conveyors, most of the patents are based on metallurgical investigation, improvement of efficiency and performance of chain. Hardly few patents are there on improving life of the chain and minimization of its failure. From the chain failure case studies it can be noted that the root cause of failure was faulty material processing, heat treatment and improper material selection.
Study of Roller Conveyor Chain Strip under Tensile Loading IJMER
Conveyor chain drives are one of the primary systems used in industry to transmit power and
convey products. Conveyor chain that suffers from premature elongation due to wear and needs to be
replaced on a frequent basis will negatively impact productivity and increase the cost of the operation.
Roller conveyor chains are the critical component in sugar mills, paper mill, food processing, fertilizer
industry, pharmaceutical industry, cement industry, foundry industry, heat treatment units, coal mines
etc. The scope of this paper is to study the behavior of chain strip under tensile loading. In turn it will
help in reducing down time and maintenance cost related chain assembly in various above said
industries. Today, few literatures on the wear of conveyor chain are available. In this paper we study the
analytical, experimental and numerical behavior of strip under tensile loading.
2.1 Exhibit conveyor system
2.1.1 Conveyor system
2.1.2 Types of conveyor
2.2 Handle belt conveyor
2.2.1 Functions of belt conveyor
2.2.2 Types of belt conveyor
a. Horizontal Flat Belt Conveyor
b. Vertical Belt Conveyor
2.3 Use roller conveyor
2.3.1 Functions of roller conveyor
2.3.2 Types of roller conveyor
a. Gravity driven roller conveyor
b. Belt driven roller conveyor
c. Chain driven roller conveyor
2.4 Determine chain conveyor
2.4.1 Functions of chain conveyor
2.4.2 Types of chain conveyor
a. Plate-Top Chain Conveyor
b. Mat-Top Chain Conveyor
2.5 Utilize air conveyor
2.4.1 Functions of air conveyor
2.4.2 Elements of air conveyor
a. Fans
b. Duet
c. Vent
d. Hole
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. It is usually consisted of frames that support rollers, wheels, or belts and may be motor powered or manual devices.
Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials in industries.
Conveyors are also used in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory, like agricultural materials, such as grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.
It is power point presentation on belt and chain drive. you can find working and mechanism of chain and belt drive and their advantage and disadvantages.....enjoy.
Performance Evaluation of Friction Belt Apparatus Using Indigenous Materials IJMER
This project presents performance evaluation of a designed and constructed friction belt
apparatus, using locally available materials. The aim is to explore the possibility of producing
cheaper alternative testing apparatus for quality control laboratories and institutions in Nigeria. The
locally produced friction belt apparatus has the main body frame ; pulley ; bearing ; stud ; hangers ;
masses; Tommy bar ; and belts as components. The apparatus was tested with V-belt and flat belt with
constant load as T1 (kg) and varying load masses as T2(kg) at different angles of wrap and thereafter
compared with results using similar procedures on fabricated apparatus and standard imported
friction belt apparatus. The comparisons were done, using graphical presentation to study the trend
and t-Test was used to investigate the significant difference in the results. t-Test shows that, for flat
belt experiment, t-Stat value (1.378189195303) is lesser than the critical value (2.17898812792408)
and also for V-belt experiment, t-Stat value (1.06852895427649) is lesser than the critical value
(2.17881279240828), for two tail analysis. These confirmed that there is no significant difference
between the two results. (t-stat value < critical value). It was established that the result of the friction
belt apparatus obtained for all the experiments carried out using standard imported apparatus and
locally produced apparatus have no significant difference at 95% confidence limit. The production
cost of the locally produced apparatus is N33,520.00k, as against the sum of $960.00 for the purchase
of standard imported apparatus.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
39
Validation and Installation of the Narrow Belt Conveyor
to Cater the High Throughput of FMCG Industries in
India.
B’noy Jobalia1
, Hari Vasudevan2
, Vineet Majgaonkar3
1
Armstrong Machine Builders, Prototyping Engineer, Pune (India)
2
D. J. Sanghvi college of Engg, Principal, Mumbai (India)
3
Armstrong Machine Builders, Chairman, Pune (India).
Abstract:- Roller conveyors are conventionally used to convey/transport cartons, FMCG goods. The
conventional roller conveyor was either toothed belt driven or PU cord driven. The roller and the conventional
belt conveyors have a speed limiting value of 45 metres/minute. In the current day industrial scenario, looking
at the increasing demands of the end customer, the speed limit of 45 metres/minute had to be overcome and
increased to a higher level. For this purpose a narrow belt driven live roller conveyor has been designed to
deliver goods at a speed of 90-110 metres per minute. In this drive mechanism, a narrow belt is running
continuously below the rollers, tangentially driving them. A special 3 layered belt with acrylonitrile- butadiene-
rubber as the rough surface on both sides of the belt and polyester (PET) fabric as the traction layer material is
used. Special crowned nylon material plastic pulleys have been injection moulded for self-tracking and to guide
the belt throughout the 5 metre long conveyor. Several experiments like: load test, slippage test, pull test, current
overloading test, temperature test, lower speeds test have been performed to study the behaviour of the belt
under various conditions. On the basis of the experimental results, further modifications have been done in the
conveyor design. The final results show that this conveyor can convey 35 kgs of unit load per metre at a speed
of 90-110 metres per minute within a permissible slippage range of 1-1.5 %. The higher the load, the higher the
slippage is and lesser is the belt life. The system was also kept under simulation run for continuous 6 months
with a load of 60 kgs per metre at a speed of 85 metres per minute to study the behaviour of the belt life under
worse conditions. It was noticed that alignment and tensioning of the belt are 2 important criteria on which the
belt life is mainly dependent upon.
Keywords:- Narrow belt conveyor; Belt driven live roller conveyor; Conventional belt conveyor; fastest roller
conveyor; Narrow belt.
I. INTRODUCTION
Roller Conveyor by definition are conveyor systems which comprise of a roller tube supported by a
roller shaft with bearing caps at both the ends and driven by various drive mechanisms like timing belt, chain
driven or O-ring driven. Conventional roller conveyors are often belt driven either by a plurality of intermediate
O-ring belts associated with each of the respective rollers or chain or timing belt driven or a single continuous
closed loop direct drive belt which extends over a discrete length of the conveyor section.
There were various because of which the existing drive mechanisms failed at a high speed or were not
a feasible solution for the end customer. Nguyen [1] studied the reason for the failure of the O-rings to drive the
roller conveyors at a higher speed. In his study he has claimed that these round belts are limited in length. So,
the conveyor length is dictated by the length of the belt. Furthermore due to their round shape, they may twist
which over time may cause the ring to break. Moreover due to the conventional configurations of these systems,
replacement of these belts require partial disassembly of the conveyor which results in longer break down of the
entire system. According to him, the belt driven roller conveyor is a conveyor comprising of a support frame; a
plurality of rollers rotating and supported by the said support frame, a closed loop belt and a plurality of pulleys
for supporting and guiding the said belt around a closed path on the said conveyor. The objective was to provide
a belt driven system for a roller conveyor and a belt which is relatively simple to service or replace and which
exhibits an increased life expectancy without the increased noise associated with the conventional link belts.
Thus, even though the O-rings could be driven at a high speed, the maintenance downtime made them not
suitable for this application.
Charles Jerome Glaser et al [2] relates a belt driven conveyor as a conveyor track comprising of a
frame in which rotatable rollers are arranged one behind the other with their centre axes substantially transverse
to the direction of the track, as well as circulating flat drive belt which extends in the direction of the track. The
drive belt has a friction surface which engage on the rollers in order to cause them to rotate, the conveyor track
2. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
40
furthermore having guide rollers which are arranged with their centre axes substantially transverse to the
direction of the belt. A known problem with the conveyor tracks of these types is that the transverse force causes
a lateral displacement of the drive belt, which may cause it to run off the guide rollers. One solution to eliminate
this problem is to use a V-shaped drive belt to drive the roller. However, the transverse forces result in wear and
tear of the belt to a very large extent and thus the drive belt has to be replaced frequently.
Edwin T. Lorrig [3] analysed that the conventional roller conveyors of belt driven type require side
guides to prevent objects passing there over from falling off the conveyor and also get damaged due to their
contact with the guides. These conveyors are often made much wider than the width of the objects. Another
issue that he noticed was that the belt does not track properly when the conveyor is reversible. His objective was
to create a belt driven roller conveyor which can be reversible and which can keep objects centred thereon
without the use of side guides. He claims that a belt driven roller conveyor comprises of a plurality of load
supporting self-centring rolls arranged in alignment with their axes substantially parallel with one another, an
endless belt adapted to contact the lower portion of the said rolls, narrow bodied head and tail pulleys for
supporting the said belt having a substantially less width than the belt so that the belt can overhang the said belt
supporting surface. A plurality of snubbing rolls arranged between the upper and lower runs of the said belt
between the load supporting rolls with their upper portion being above the lower tangent to the load supporting
rolls and a plurality of spaced apart self-centring rolls bearing against the lower run of the said belt.
H. L. Lutes et al [4] analysed that tracking of the belt is a critical issue which can lead to a complete
system failure. For this purpose he has claimed that at least one of the guide rollers is substantially cylindrical
and has end sections with gradually increasing diameter so that when the drive belt tries to shift with reference
to the guide rollers from the central position in the transverse direction, it runs up against one of the end sections
of the guide roller and is forced back towards the central position by the end section. According to his claim the
conveyor track now has a self-correcting capability with regards to the position of the drive belt. He claims
when the drive belt will run up against the end section on one side, on the other side the drive belt will run off
from the end section. Thus, the guide belt is subjected to an increased reaction force of the roller on one side and
decreased reaction force on the other side. Consequently the drive roller will force the drive belt to the central
portion.
Most of the past studies on belt driven roller conveyor show that a narrow belt has to be driven
tangentially below the idler rollers and are pressed in between the rollers with the help of self-centring pulleys.
These studies made no mention about how to optimize the design to the extent by which we can convert the
narrow belt driven roller conveyor into a conveyor which can convey goods at a speed of around 90-110 metres
per minute. For practical achieving this target, a design which was capable to achieve high speeds with a long
run life considering various factors like: crowned self centring tensioning pulleys, alignment and belt tracking
mechanism, tensioning of the belt, quick changeover mechanisms had to be done. A deep study in the selection
of the belt, study and experimentation for the conveying parameters of the conveyor also had to be studied and
finalised. Optimization of process, machining, design and manufacturing parameters are important to achieve
the high speed, good quality and a very competitive price. The objective of this study/practical implementation
is to demonstrate and install a conveyor for the end customer in order to achieve a throughput of around 80
boxes per minute which was out of the scope of the conventional belt conveyors or the timing belt/PU
cord/chain driven roller conveyor.
II. WORK METHODOLOGY
Figure 1. shows the methodology used for the development of the narrow belt conveyor to cater the
high throughput rates of the end customer. The first stage was to define the basic product features and
specifications to keep them as a target for the final outcome. A market survey and study of the past
improvements made in this type of conveyor was mandatory to initialise the concept. Based on the claims of
various studies made, a prototype design was made along with few changes incorporated to make it a high speed
conveyor from a normal narrow belt conveyor.
After the concept of the product is finalized, strategic and competitive benchmarking is carried to
check out the market leaders for this current product. What features the competitors are providing and what are
the pros and cons of the product with the current edition of the product. And what value has to be added in the
existing product and give the customer a product of better quality at a lower price.
A 3-D design of the product was done and a prototype of the conveyor was assembled to perform trials
and study the effect. After the assembly, the prototype underwent a variety of experiments and a simulation run
was also carried out with the requirements of the customer. The list of experiments are: current test at each
stage, Maximum load and speed to transfer the load, Slippage test, Tests at lower speed, Motor selection test,
Temperature test, Sound, vibration test, Pull load test, etc. Based on the experimental data, modifications in the
3. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
41
design are performed to meet the practical application. After the finalization of the features, any issues to be
addressed are taken into consideration; the prototype is made to undergo a simulation run for life for a period of
at least 6 months and then was handed over to the customer for installation.
Fig. 1 Work methodology flow chart.
III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Various experiments have been performed to come to various conclusions on the selection of the right
belt, the maximum load the conveyor can convey, the maximum speed at which the goods can be conveyed etc.
For this purpose the experiments performed were current at each phase for various incremental loads, load test
to rotate the rollers and to calculate the friction value, the maximum load the conveyor can convey, the
maximum speed at which the goods can be conveyed, the slippage test, slippage test at low speeds and
temperature test.
The various apparatus equipment used in the following experiments was: Spring balance, clamp-meter,
tachometer, thermometer, decibel meter, weights (increment of 10kg), ac motor (180 w), and gear-box (5.53
ratio)
The experimental details are as follows:
The 1st
experiment that was essential was to calculate the pull load required to start the rotation of the
rollers at various conditions (no load and increments of 10 kgs up to 100 kg).
After the pull load it was essential to find out the current drawn by the motor at each stage. Current information
is required for the selection of motor and if 180W as a standard practice can convey goods up to 100 kgs for a 5
4. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
42
meter long module length. The current rating has a direct relationship with the pull load. The experiment had to
be performed to check if the motor was getting over rated or not. The observations were as follows:
Table 1: Pull load test and Current test readings.
Condition Pull load-
kg
Current-R-
term
Current-Y-
term
Current-B
term
Average-
current
(A)
Only motor - 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.27
Motor with gear box and pulley - 0.46 0.48 0.46 0.47
Motor and gear box-no load 1.74 0.62 0.64 0.61 0.62
Motor and gear box with load:
10kg 2.65 0.62 0.64 0.61 0.62
20kg 3.25 0.62 0.64 0.61 0.62
30kg 3.45 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.61
40kg 3.75 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.66
50kg 4.1 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.71
60kg 4.21 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.76
70kg 4.35 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.81
80kg 4.75 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.86
90kg 5.25 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.91
100kg 5.75 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.96
5. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
43
In the 2nd
experiment we had to calculate the maximum load the conveyor can convey at a speed of -
60-110 m/min.
- The purpose of this experiment was to check the maximum load the conveyor can sustain to convey goods in
the speed range of 60 to 110 meters per minute. This will be the deciding factor while selecting the right motor
and gear box for the application.
To calculate the maximum speed at which the conveyor can convey a load of 100 kg.
-100kg on a roller conveyor is usually considered as the maximum condition in the FMCG division. So a trial
for this maximum load had to be taken to check the maximum speed.
Along with that it was also important to calculate the slippage at various incremental loads. The main purpose of
this experiment is to check out the maximum unit load the belt conveyor (narrow belt and v-belt) can convey
within the permissible slippage limits. If the slippage value exceeds the permissible limit, it will lead to
excessive wear and tear of the belt and it will eventually break.
The experiment was performed for the v-belt as well as the narrow belt for the selection for the right belt to
tangentially drive the rollers.
The observations were as follows:
Table 2: Cumulative slippage readings for narrow belt.
Table 3: Cumulative slippage readings for V-belt.
Condition Current
(A)
Roller
RPM
Linear
speed of
the
roller
(m/min)
%
slippag
e
Linear
speed of
the pulley
(m/min)
Motor
slowdown
%
Cumulative
slippage
Motor + gear
box+ roller-no
load
0.6 1100 110 5.91 116.9 0 5.91
Motor + gear
box +roller
+load:
10kg 0.63 1069 107 6.15 114 2.49 8.64
20kg 0.66 1042 104 7.72 112.7 3.6 11.32
30kg 0.68 1019 101 8.44 110.3 5.65 14.09
40kg 0.69 994 98.5 9.64 109 6.76 16.4
50kg 0.72 990 98.1 9.34 108.2 7.45 16.79
60kg 0.73 969 96.5 9.22 106.3 9.07 18.29
70kg 0.75 954 94.5 11.02 106.2 9.16 20.18
80kg 0.75 935 94.1 10.81 105.5 9.76 20.57
90kg 0.76 902 92.7 11.89 105.2 10.01 21.9
100kg 0.77 885 92 11.88 104.4 10.7 22.58
Condition Curr
ent(
A)
Linear speed
of roller
(m/min)
%
slippage
Linear speed
of pulley
(m/min)
Motor
slowdown
%
Cum.
Slippage
Motor + gear
box+ roller-no
load
0.71 104 4.5 109 0 5.91
Motor + gear box
+roller +load:
10kg 0.76 97 6.74 104 11.04 17.78
20kg 0.78 92 9.81 102 12.75 22.56
30kg 0.8 88 10.21 98 16.17 26.38
40kg 0.84 83 13.55 96 17.88 31.43
50kg 0.86 81 14.74 95 18.74 33.48
60kg 0.9 79 16.41 94.5 19.17 35.58
70kg 0.92 78 16.13 93 20.45 36.58
6. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
44
Considering the fact that the narrow belt conveyor is designed to serve as a high speed conveyor, it was
essential that a trial needs to be taken also at the slow speeds and not restrict the application of this product and
should not fail by any means of excessive slippage, wear and tear, etc. For this purpose an experiment was
performed to take trials of the conveyor at slow speeds and also to calculate the % slippage at lower speeds at
various constant linear speed of the drive pulleys.The drive pulley is kept at constant linear speed. For various
incremental loads, the linear speed of the roller is noted down and the corresponding slippage is calculated. The
observations were as follows:
Table 4: Cumulative slippage readings for Narrow belt at slow speeds.
80kg 0.94 77 15.39 91 22.16 37.55
90kg 0.94 75 16.39 89.7 23.27 39.66
100kg 0.95 73 17.05 88 24.73 41.78
linear speed of pulley-20m/min
Weight Linear speed of roller % Slippage
50 18.95 5.25
100 18.55 7.25
150 18.42 7.9
200 18.21 8.95
linear speed of pulley-41.6m/min
Weight Linear speed of roller % Slippage
50 39.06 4.74
100 38.3 6.59
150 38.25 6.71
200 36.5 10.98
linear speed of pulley-60.36m/min
Weight Linear speed of roller % Slippage
50 57.12 4.8
100 55.93 6.79
150 53.2 11.34
200 50 16.67
7. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
45
In the next experiment it was mandatory to perform the temperature, vibrations and sound test for the
v-belt and narrow belt before the product is successfully launched in the market.
The main purpose of this experiment is to study the behavior of the belt from temperature and heating point of
view and what impact it can have on the belt life. The conveyor is made to run for a long duration and a
comparison between the original temperature of the motor and belt along with the ambient room temperature
with the value after the conveyor was kept running for a long duration is made. Also other factors like noise,
vibrations etc. are also required to be noted down.
The observations were as follows:
For the narrow belt:
Ambient room temperature= 29 deg
Temperature of the belt at the start of operation= 27.5 deg
Temperature of the motor at the start of operation= 31 deg
Table 5: Temperature readings for narrow belt.
For V-belt:
Ambient room temperature= 26.2 deg
Temperature of the belt at the start of operation= 28 deg
Temperature of the motor at the start of operation= 32 deg
Table 6: Temperature readings for V-belt.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
As shown in table 1, the maximum current rating is 0.96 A when the NBC conveyor is conveying 100
kgs at a speed of 90 meters per minute. The maximum current carrying limit for a 0.18kW motor is
approximately 1.23A for a SEW motor that was installed for trials. This shows that the current rating is well
within the limits. The current rating has a direct proportion to the load pull test. Pull load indicates the resistance
of the rollers to convey a specific load. The higher the pull load test, higher is the initial current rating.
The pull load test determines the load required to initiate the rolling action to convey the goods. Ideally
the pull load should be the value of rolling friction. The rolling friction value is 0.3. As shown in table 1, the
linear speed of pulley-78.5m/min
Weight Linear speed of roller % Slippage
50 72 7.5
100 69 11.25
150 67 13.75
200 64 17.5
Condition Temperature of
motor
Temperature of the
belt
Motor and gear box with roller-no load(AFTER 15
MINS)
34 27.5
Motor and gear box with roller-no load(AFTER 6
HOUR)
40 28
Motor and gear box with roller-no load(AFTER 24
HOUR)
48 29.5
Condition Temperature of
motor
Temperature of the
belt
Motor and gear box with roller-no load(AFTER 15
MINS)
34 27.5
Motor and gear box with roller-no load(AFTER 6
HOUR)
40 32
Motor and gear box with roller-no load(AFTER 24
HOUR)
48 38
8. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
46
pull load was found to be 1.74 kg for the narrow belt for a 5 metre module ad 5.75 kg of pull load to convey
100kg.
As shown in observation table no 2, the conveyor can convey goods weighing 10 kg of unit load per
meter at a speed of 107 meter per minute and a unit load of 100kg per metre could be conveyed at a speed of 92
meter per minute. A time-speed study was carried out to check if the carton box also was conveyed at the same
speed or slippage was noticed. The carton box weighing 10 kg displayed no slippage and was getting conveyed
at the same speed. However, cartons weighing more than 60 kgs, initially showed slippage and after gaining
momentum, they were getting conveyed at the same speed.
As shown in observation table no 2 the friction value of the v-belt was very high because of which the
linear speed obtained for conveying 100kg was 72m/min as compared to 92m/min for NBC. The slippage value
of v-belt was 44 % as compared to 22 % of cumulative slippage for narrow belt. Thus, as seen from the data,
there is power loss and speed loss when using v-belt. This will also lead to more wear and tear of the belt and
eventually, the belt will break up. A cumulative slippage value of 20% is permissible for the narrow belt.
However, the slippage can also be reduced by providing the appropriate tensioning to the belt. Usually a
tensioning of 1.2-1.4% can be provided to the belt. But if we aim at conveying unit loads exceeding 50 kgs, we
can increase the tensioning to 1.8-2.2% and thus reduce the cumulative slippage and protect the belt from
getting damaged.
The v-belt gets heated up at a faster rate as compared to the narrow belt reaching a temperature of 38 deg.
Due to this heating, the belt gets softened and wearing out of the belt starts taking place. Minute rubber particles
were seen on the surface of the roller where the belt comes in contact which depicted that the belt is getting
worn out and its life is reducing. However, for the narrow belt, the temperature was within limits and in the
permissible range no minute particles were seen. No vibrations were noted down and the sound range for the
working of the conveyor was 52 dB Also the narrow belt conveyor works completely fine and the calculated
slippage value were well within the calculated limits for loads at slow speeds.
V. CONCLUSIONS
A. DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL CONCLUSION:
On the basis of the various experiments performed, the following conclusions can be made:
In comparison with the V-belt, the Habasit narrow belt TC-20 EF was selected to drive the rollers
tangentially. The criteria helped in selecting the belt was the minimum pulley diameter (50 mm) that was
required for the wrapping of the belt, the upper and lower NBR rubber coating which will generate enough
friction to drive the rollers, the availability of the loop length required to drive the 5 metre/ 10 metre long
conveyor, the working temperature of the belt and the cumulative slippage.
As compared to V-belt which had a cumulative slippage of 42 % to convey 100 kg of unit load, the
narrow belt had a cumulative slippage of 20 %. Also the loop length required for a 5 metre long conveyor is
approx. 10.75 metres, this loop length is rarely available in V-belt (type A) and narrow belts are endless belts
and thus are a better option when considered from maintenance and replacement point of view. Also, the
working temperature of the V-belt increases to 48 degrees as compared to that of narrow belt which as a
working temperature of 32 -35 degrees. Because of this increase in temperature, the V-belt gets softened and
starts getting worn out at a faster rate as compared to the narrow belt. The narrow belt is reversible, has a
coating on both the sides. The selected belt could easily run at high speeds up to 200 meters per minute. For the
above reasons, it was concluded that the narrow belt will be used instead of the V-belt to drive the rollers
tangentially.
The plastic tensioning pulleys will be of self-centring type for the proper alignment of the belt. The
material selected for the moulding of the plastic pulleys will be delrin. The selection of material was done to
assist ease of machining to get the bearing size and the material should not get heated up when continuously
rotating and in contact with the rubber belt. If the temperature increases, it will wear out the belt eventually.
The cumulative slippage of the belt is mainly dependent upon the slippage between the drive pulley
and the belt and dependent upon the slippage between the belt and the rollers. The slippage between the drive
pulley and the belt can be reduced by rubberizing the drive pulley with a 10 mm thick rubber coating of 60-80
Rc. This will ensure that the belt gets a gripping on the drive pulley to transmit the motion. However, looking at
the statistics the narrow belt can easily convey a weight of 60 kg at a high speed with no impact of the belt life.
The slippage between the belt and the rollers can be reduced by providing the appropriate tensioning to the belt.
From the various experiments performed it is concluded that the tensioning % would be 1.2-1.5 for conveying
unit loads in the range of 10- 50 kgs, whereas the tensioning % would be 1.8-2.1 % for conveying unit loads in
the range of 60-100kgs.
9. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
47
Usually when conveying unit loads greater than 50 kgs, a high amount of slippage is observer for the
first 10 seconds till the carton box gains momentum and gets delivered at the required speed. For this purpose,
the initial 10 rollers of the conveyor should be rubberized with a hardness of 80 Rc and thickness of 2 mm. this
will provide grip to the moving carton to gain momentum from the start and reduce slippage.
It can be concluded that to convey unit loads up to 50 kgs, running at approx. 80 meters per minute, a
0.18 kW motor will easily serve the purpose as per the data captured during the current check experiment. Also
to convey unit load from 50 to 100 kg per meter, a 0.37 kW motor can be used.
B. PROJECT AND INSTALLATION CONCLUSION:
The throughput of the customer was increased from 42 boxes per minute to 80 boxes/ minute (increase
by approximately 85 %). This system will cater the needs of the customer for the next 5 years considering an
increase in throughput from 80 boxes/ minute to 85-90 boxes per minute.
The customer underwent a heavy maintenance cost prior to the modification. As per the data provided
to us, he was spending 24,000 Rs. Per month on maintenance. As compared to that, NBC has just had
maintenance cost of 4,100/- in the past 6 months. This has resulted in savings of approximately 2 lacs on
maintenance per year.
The maintenance downtime has reduced drastically. It precisely takes 6 minutes to change the belt and
15 minutes for the alignment and the tensioning of the belt. So, in 21 minutes, the system is ready.
The module length earlier was 3 metres which has now changed to 5 metres. For a stretch of 160
metres, approximately 53 motors were used which has now come down to 32. So there was a saving of 21
motors. Hence not only savings in terms of money but also an energy efficient option was provided to the
customer.
REFERENCES
[1] Thanh V. Nguyen, Dennis J, Ada.- “Belt driven roller conveyor”, US patent 6390286, May. 21, 2002.
[2] Charles Jerome Glaser, Donald L. Theobald, James R. Glaser. “ENDLESS BELT CONVEYOR
SYSTEM”, US patent 3878937, Apr. 22, 1975.
[3] Edwin T. lorig, Pittsburg, Pa.-“Belt driven roller conveyor”, US patent 2822077, Nov. 8, 1954.
[4] Harry L. Lutes, Centerville and Robert J smith. “Belt driven live roller conveyor”, US patent 3275124,
Sept. 27, 1966.
[5] Thomas C. Yu- “Method of fabricating rollers for use in roller conveyor systems”, US patent 4852230,
Aug. 1, 1989.
[6] Dr. KC Arora and Vikas Shinde, “Aspects of material handling” - Laxmi publications-introduction to
various conveyors and material handling techniques. (pp 94-98)
[7] Patrick M. McGuire, “CONVEYORS- application, selection and integration”- (pp 5-6, 90-94)
[8] J.B.K. Das and P. L. Srinivas Murthy, “Design of Machine Element,” (Part- I and II), Sapna Book
House, Bangalore, third edition (2007) (pp 251-255) & ( pp 421-430)
[9] Jacob Fruchtbaum, “Bulk Material Handling Handbook,” CBS publishers, New Delhi, First edition
(1997)(pp 15-75).
[10] P staples, “Conveyor Design and Design Standards,” conveyor knowledge and information technology
limited, South Africa (pp 1-10).
[11] V.B.Bhandari “Design of Machine Element,” Tata McGraw Hill publishing company, eighth edition
(2003), pp. 234-282.
[12] ZKL, “Rolling Bearings catalogue,” Czech Republic (2001), pp. 6-234.
[13] HABASIT INDIA [Online]- Available: http://www.habasit.com/en/polyamide-belts.html- (visited on
Aug’12)
[14] INTERROLL INDIA GROUP [Online] Available:
http://www.interroll.com/en/interroll_group/products/umlenkrollen/umlenkrollen_1.php- (visited on
July’12)
[15] FORBO SEIGLING GROUP-[Online] Available: www.fobo-seigling.com – (visited on Jan’13)
[16] DEMATIC CONVEYORS: -[Online] Available: http://www.dematic.com/package-conveyors (visited
on July’12)-viewed for benchmarking and market survey.
10. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), PP. 39-48
48
[17] HYTROL CONVEYORS - [Online] Available: http://www.hytrol.com/web/products-services (visited
on july’12) -viewed for benchmarking and market survey.
[18] METZGAR CONVEYORS: - [Online] Available:
http://www.metzgarconveyors.com/conveyor/belt.htmwww.conveyorunits.com (visited on july’12) –
viewed for benchmarking and market survey. http://www.metzgarconveyors.com/conveyor/belt.html
(visited on july’12) -viewed for benchmarking and market survey.