This document discusses various types of conveyors used to transport packages and materials, including their design and recommended usage. It covers gravity conveyors, skatewheel conveyors, roller conveyors, belt conveyors, screw conveyors, bucket conveyors, and pneumatic conveyors. For each type, it provides details on components, capacity, speed, inclination limits, and other specifications. The document concludes with rules of thumb for selecting and sizing different conveyor types based on the material and throughput requirements.

1. Package-Handling Conveyors

2. ConveyorsEquipments for conveying a definable shape such as a carton, pallet, or casting.

3. Important Things to Consider Know what material is to be conveyedOverall dimensionsWeightType of container, its condition, material and center of gravity

4. Gravity ConveyorUtilize gravity to move the material wherever possible.

5. Topics:Skatewheel Conveyor Roller ConveyorBelt ConveyorRules of Thumb

6. Skatewheel Conveyor PortableLightweightQuick and easy to assemble and disassemble

7. Wheel Patterns

8. The Wheel

9. Recommended Deflection

10. Roller ConveyorRoller conveyors are designed to carry loads of several thousand pounds.Most of rollers are not portable

11. Bearings

12. Conveyor RollersStraight press fitSwaged fitCurled fitWith adapter cups

13. Distance Between Frames

14. Good PracticesSupports over 30-in elevation should be braced off the conveyor frame.Support height should not be three times the width without external bracing.Figure only two-thirds of the rollers under the load as actually carrying the load.Have only three rollers under the load at all times.For the roller spacing, subtract 1-in from the load length and divide the remainder by three. Use the next smaller value.

15. Good PracticesRoller Centers for hard surface items , 12 to 18-in or greater.Roller Centers for wooden pallets or soft surface products, 6 to 8-in .Standard length of conveyors is 10 ft.Maximum speed of loads is 180 ft/min

16. Between Frames“Between Frames” defines the conveyor width.

17. Suggested Pitches for Various Types of Loads on Gravity Roller Conveyor

18. Belt Conveyors Belt conveyors are used for inclined and declined movements of loads.The belt is supported on rollers or a metal bed called a slider bed.A return idler roller can also be used when roller is spaced on 10-ft maximum centers.

19. SlopeFor smooth-bottom plastic tray = 15o maximumFor cartons = 25o maximumFor 30o slope, extra care must be considered

20. Belt-Pull

21. Motor Horsepower

22. Rules of Thumb: Belt ConveyorsBelt Conveyors are for high capacity and long distances (a mile or more, but several hundred feet in a plant), up inclines of 30o maximum. A 24-in wide belt can carry 3000 ft3/hr at a speed of 100 ft/min, but speeds up to 600 ft/min are suited for some materials. Power consumption is relatively low.

23. Rules of Thumb: Screw ConveyorsScrew Conveyors are suited to transport of even sticky and abrasive solids up inclines of 20o or so. They are limited to distances of 150 ft or so because of shaft torque strength. A 12-in diameter conveyor can handle 1000- 3000 ft3/hr, at speeds ranging from 40 to 60 rpm.

24. Rules of Thumb: Bucket ConveyorsBucket Conveyors are suited to vertical transport of sticky and abrasive materials. With 20 x 20-in buckets, capacity can reach 1000 ft3/hr at a speed of 100 ft/min, but speeds up to 300 ft/min are used.

25. Rules of Thumb: Pneumatic ConveyorsPneumatic Conveyors are for high capacity, short distance 400 ft transport simultaneously from several sources to several destinations. Either vacuum or low pressure 6-12 psig is used with a range of air velocities from 35-120 ft/s depending on the material and pressure and air requirements.

26. Assignment:Enumerate and explain how safety can be implemented in material handling equipments.Explain reasons of accidents in case of conveyors.Give few examples of conveyor failure.Explain brief design of conveyors.Enumerate standard maintenance requirements for conveyors.

27. Discuss the Meaning of Each Safety Symbols

28. Reference:Package-Handling Conveyors by James M. CahillMaterials Handling Handbook 2nd Edition by Raymond A. Kulwiec Editor-in-Chief. Sponsored by American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME and the International Material Management Society IMMS © 1985 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Rules of Thumb: Summary Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants. Emphasizes how to apply techniques of process design and interpret results into mechanical equipment details by A. Kayode Coker © 2007 Elsevier Inc.