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2.  Water is inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless,
and nearly colorless chemical substance, but is vital
for all forms of life, even though it provides
no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula
is H2O

3.  Water is not only a vital environmental factor to all
forms of life, but it has also a great role to play in
socio-economic development of human population.
safe drinking water is a basic element of
"primary health care"

4.  The daily requirements of human body for drinking water
have been estimated at about 2-3 liters per day. This is just
for survival. But for positive health and improvement of the
quality of life a daily supply of 150-200 liters per person is
considered as an adequate supply to meet the needs for all
urban domestic purposes.

5.  water is very important resource for human population . It
has a lot of importance in our life. It is used in many ways
such as:
 Domestic use- domestic use of water includes drinking,
cooking , utensil washing, clothe washing, bathing, house
house cleaning, flushing of toilets, gardening etc.

6.  Civic use- civic use of water includes water for
Public purposes such as cleaning streets,
recreational purposes like swimming pools,
public fountains and ornamental ponds, fire
protection and public parks.

7.  Industrial use- In industries water
is used for fabricating,
processing, washing, diluting,
cooling, or transporting a
product.

8.  Aggricultural use- Aggricultral use
of water includes Irrigation
pesticide and fertilizer application,

9.  Power Production- water power is
used for production of electricity. The
The most common type
of hydroelectric power plant uses a
dam on a river to produce electricity

10.  There are three main sources of water :
 1. RAIN WATER-
 2. SURFACE WATER- Impounding reservoirs, Rivers and
streams, Tanks, ponds and lakes.
 3. GROUND WATER- Shallow wells, Deep wells and Springs ..

11.  Rain is the primary source of all water present on the
earth. A part of the rain water sinks into the ground to
form ground water; part of it runs off to form streams
and rivers which flow ultimately into the sea and Some
of the water in the soil is taken up by the plants and is
evaporated by the leaves.

12.  Rain water is the purest water in nature.
Physically, it . is clear, bright and sparkling.
Chemically and it is very soft water
containing only traces of dissolved solids.

13.  Rain water tends to become impure as it passes
through the atmosphere, It picks up suspended
impurities from the atmosphere such as dust,
and microorganisms and gases such as carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and ammonia

14.  It is the main source of water
supply in many areas. Examples
of surface water include rivers,
tanks, lakes, ponds, man-made
reservoirs such as dams, canals
baoli and sea water.

15.  Man made reservoirs such as impounding
reservoirs, underground tanks, overhead
tanks are main source of water supply in
urban areas and large developed villages.

16.  Sea water is found in large quantity on the
earth but it is not potable. It’s salt content is
very high. Desalting and demineralization
process involves heavy expenditure.

17.  Ground water is the cheapest and most
practical means of providing water to small
communities. Ground water is superior to
surface water because it has very less
impurities.

18.  Ground water is less polluted as it is not exposed to
humans and animals for contamination. it is fit for
drinking as it is a source of fresh water. it is used for
irrigation with the help of tube wells. it can be used
throughout the year even in dry seasons when most of
the surface water gets evaporated.

19.  Ground water has high mineral content such as
calcium and magnesium which render the water
hard . it requires pumping or some arrangement
to lift the water. The usual ground water sources
are wells and springs. Wells have been classified
into shallow and deep wells, dug and tube wells.

20.  Even today, wells are an important source of water
supply in many communities specially in rural areas.
Technically, wells are of two kinds
 (1) Shallow wells
 (2) deep wells

21.  Shallow wells are less deep and receive only subsoil
water (the water from above the first impervious
layer in the ground). They yield limited quantities of
water, and the water may be polluted due to
surrounding conditions of land.

22.  Most of the wells in India are of the shallow
type. shallow wells are liable to pollution from
neighbouring sources of contamination such as
latrines, urinals, drains, cesspools, soakage pits
etc.

23.  Deep wells are more deep than Shallow wells.
deep wells receive water from the water-
bearing stratum below the first impervious layer
in the ground. Deep wells provide the safest
water.

24.  A sanitary well is one which is properly located,
well constructed and protected against
contamination and provide continuous supply
of safe and clean water

25.  A sanitary well should be located not less than 15 m
(50 feet) away from likely sources of contamination.
 The well should be located at a higher elevation with
respect to a possible source of surrounding
contamination.

26.  The lining of the well should be built of bricks or
stones set in cement up to a depth of at least 6
m (20 feet) so that water enters from the
bottom and not from the sides of the well.

27.  The lining should be carried 60-90 cm (2-3 feet)
above the ground level with parapet wall.
 There should be a cement-concrete platform round
the well extending at least 1 m (3 feet) in all
directions

28.  The platform should have gentle slope outwards
towards a drain built along its edges.
 The top of the well should be closed by a
cement concrete cover

29.  The well should be have a hand-pump for
lifting the water in a sanitary manner. The
handpump should be of robust construction
to withstand rough handling by the people.

30.  The tap water or piped water supply is the main
source of water supply in urban areas and some
large villages. It is the safest water supply as it is
from a covered reservoir of a water treatment
plant.

31. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )