HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND CONTAMINATION DUE TO WASTE DISPOSAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIESSANDEEP PATRE
Human Settlement, Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban. Contamination, Sources of Wastes, Classification of Wastes . Impacts of Waste Accumulation, Water Contamination via Improper Wastes
As we all know that Heavy metals are contaminants of much environmental apprehension, as they are hazardous to human being and other biota.
They are the cause of Disturbing the food chain.
for the removal of heavy metals Pphytoremediation technique has been widely used in Pakistan.
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND CONTAMINATION DUE TO WASTE DISPOSAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIESSANDEEP PATRE
Human Settlement, Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban. Contamination, Sources of Wastes, Classification of Wastes . Impacts of Waste Accumulation, Water Contamination via Improper Wastes
As we all know that Heavy metals are contaminants of much environmental apprehension, as they are hazardous to human being and other biota.
They are the cause of Disturbing the food chain.
for the removal of heavy metals Pphytoremediation technique has been widely used in Pakistan.
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
The major challenge in municipal solid waste management using landfills is
leachate, which causes a significant threat to subsurface resources. Leachate is the
liquid that passes through soil and has extracted dissolved and suspended solids from
it. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the severe environmental impacts on the
urban environment. Landfills are one of the practices of disposal of municipal solid
waste in the Indian scenario. Understanding the leachate composition is an equally
important and critical factor in terms of environmental production. When the
municipal solid waste is buried in a landfill, physical, chemical and biological
reactions occur, and the refuse reacts with the moisture present in the soil. Studying
leachate characteristics and its treatment is essential as it could threaten the
ecosystem. Rapid urbanization is one of the major contributions to the generation of
municipal solid waste. The present study reviews the different applications available
to treat the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. Nano-particles
are recently gaining great interest in the protection of the environment, which will
ensure sustainable development.
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Soil pollution impacts, treatment and controlMohamed Mohsen
This lecture gives the complete details of soil pollution impacts, remediation, and finally the possible ways for control.
The lecture was performed in Alexandria University by Dr.M.Mohsen and his colleague Rania Ahmed in August 2017
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
The major challenge in municipal solid waste management using landfills is
leachate, which causes a significant threat to subsurface resources. Leachate is the
liquid that passes through soil and has extracted dissolved and suspended solids from
it. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the severe environmental impacts on the
urban environment. Landfills are one of the practices of disposal of municipal solid
waste in the Indian scenario. Understanding the leachate composition is an equally
important and critical factor in terms of environmental production. When the
municipal solid waste is buried in a landfill, physical, chemical and biological
reactions occur, and the refuse reacts with the moisture present in the soil. Studying
leachate characteristics and its treatment is essential as it could threaten the
ecosystem. Rapid urbanization is one of the major contributions to the generation of
municipal solid waste. The present study reviews the different applications available
to treat the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. Nano-particles
are recently gaining great interest in the protection of the environment, which will
ensure sustainable development.
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Soil pollution impacts, treatment and controlMohamed Mohsen
This lecture gives the complete details of soil pollution impacts, remediation, and finally the possible ways for control.
The lecture was performed in Alexandria University by Dr.M.Mohsen and his colleague Rania Ahmed in August 2017
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Soil Remediation Technologies for Heavy Metals – A ReviewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Soil is a very vital necessity to the ecosystem and
human population. Due to the urbanization and
industrialization, the quality and the fertility of soil is
deteriorating. This has been a huge concern among countries
to discover the suitable yet effective solution to remediate the
soil as the contaminated soil may introduce unhealthy and
unsafe environment to society. One of the common pollutants
in soils are heavy metals and it is very challenging to
remediate as it is not biodegradable materials. Remediation
methods for metals can be classified to two categories; in-situ
remediation and ex-situ remediation. Studies show that
chemical remediation the most effective methods used.
Chemical remediation and biological remediation are also
another two available options. Chemical remediation
methods can be categorized into four; chemical leaching,
chemical fixation, electrokinetic remediation and vitrify
technology. Biological remediation includes
phytoremediation, bioremediation and the combination of the
remediation are one of the most cost effective methods that
can be implemented especially in poor and middle income
countries as it involves natures such as plants and animals in
the process.
PHYTOREMEDIATION - Using Plants To Clean Up Our Environment - By HaseebHaseeb Gerraddict
Phytoremediation is the direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms to stabilize or reduce contamination in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water, or ground water.
Metal ion and contaminant sorption onto aluminium oxide-based materials: A re...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Nanosized aluminium oxides (NAOs) are an important class of minerals widely found in soil, sediment, aquifer,
and aquatic environments. Over the decades, these minerals have been explored as sorbents for the removal of
wastewater contaminated with metal ions, anions, organic dyes, humic substances, phenolic compounds, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals from contaminated wastewater. This review summarizes the reported research of
NAOs as sorbents and provides details on their sorption capacities including maximum removal capacity under
various experimental conditions. Information on the composition, synthesis, characterization and experimental
parameters together with sorption mechanisms is provided. A compilation of such information is not currently
available and so this review should enable workers in the area to make more informed choices on suitable
sorbents for large-scale environmental samples and be able to develop more efficient processes for environmental pollutant clean-up
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Absorption Reduction Capacity with Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) Contaminant...IJERA Editor
This study aims to analyze the large of reduction capacity of chromium metals and cadmium in the soil compost
media and absorption capacity of chrome and cadmium in phytoremediation process of vetiver; to compare the
reduction-absorption capacities of chromium and cadmium metals in phytoremediation process of vetiver
(Vetivera zizanioides). The study was carried out for 2 months with a range of sampling every 7 days, and then
analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Contaminants used as artificial contaminants
containing heavy metals chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). This study is an experimental research includes two
variables. First, the variations of Cr concentrations used were 400 ppm, 600 ppm and 800 ppm and Cd
concentrations used were 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 800 ppm. Secondly, the variations of total plant are 3, 6, and 9 plant.
The period of observation is made every week. Planting media used is compost soil with compost and clay
composition of 20%, 30% and 40%. The results of study showed that there are a significant relationship between
the reduction capacity of Cr and Cd of compost soil and the absorption capacity of Cr and Cd for vetiver
(Vetiveria zizanioides). The higher of Cr and Cd decreases in soil followed by increased levels of Cr and Cd in
vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). The capacity of Cr reduction varies between 57% - 86% and Cd 36% - 64%
where as the absorption capacity of vetiver on Cr between 38% - 75% and Cd between 34%-74%. The capacity
of reduction-absorption of Cr is relatively higher than Cd in phytoremediation process of vetiver.
Absorption Reduction Capacity with Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) Contaminant...IJERA Editor
This study aims to analyze the large of reduction capacity of chromium metals and cadmium in the soil compost
media and absorption capacity of chrome and cadmium in phytoremediation process of vetiver; to compare the
reduction-absorption capacities of chromium and cadmium metals in phytoremediation process of vetiver
(Vetivera zizanioides). The study was carried out for 2 months with a range of sampling every 7 days, and then
analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Contaminants used as artificial contaminants
containing heavy metals chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). This study is an experimental research includes two
variables. First, the variations of Cr concentrations used were 400 ppm, 600 ppm and 800 ppm and Cd
concentrations used were 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 800 ppm. Secondly, the variations of total plant are 3, 6, and 9 plant.
The period of observation is made every week. Planting media used is compost soil with compost and clay
composition of 20%, 30% and 40%. The results of study showed that there are a significant relationship between
the reduction capacity of Cr and Cd of compost soil and the absorption capacity of Cr and Cd for vetiver
(Vetiveria zizanioides). The higher of Cr and Cd decreases in soil followed by increased levels of Cr and Cd in
vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). The capacity of Cr reduction varies between 57% - 86% and Cd 36% - 64%
where as the absorption capacity of vetiver on Cr between 38% - 75% and Cd between 34%-74%. The capacity
of reduction-absorption of Cr is relatively higher than Cd in phytoremediation process of vetiver.
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
E0261026036
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 6 ||Pages|| 26-36||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 26
Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution to Heavy Metal
Polluted Water and Evaluation of Plant Removal Ability
Jatin G. Italiya1
, Mitali J. Shah2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty in Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------
Increasing urbanization, industrialization and over population is one of the leading causes of environmental
degradation and pollution. Heavy metal such as Cu and Fe are one of the toxic pollutants which show
hazardous effects on all living livings. The study involves the capacity of spinach to filtrate, absorb and
accumulate iron and copper. In the work of Rhizofilteration & Extraction the spinach has planted in different
pots and arranged it properly for outlet collection and after arrangement, apply the synthetic wastewater on
the spinach as concentration(5,10ppm),time period(30,60,90,120,150min.) and plant size 5.0cm. Here
rhizofilteration give 86.5% and 85.9% for Cu and Fe respectively. The results shown that Spinach highest
accumulate metals in leaves than roots and stems.
Keywords – Heavy metals, phytoextraction, plant analysis, rhizofilteration, soil analysis
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date Of Submission: 20 May 2013 Date Of Publication: 10, June.2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group an
agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of wider modernization process, where social change and
economic developments are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of
large scale energy and metallurgy production[1]. Industrialization has provided humanity with materials and
social benefits. It has also brought in its wake up many unwanted substances and social problems. One of these
problems is the degradation of the environment. These environmental problems are becoming threats to the
very existence of the living beings [2]. Heavy metal concentrations in past few years have reached to a
promising toxic level due to consequences of anthropogenic activities and urbanization. Nowadays it is well-
known that cities suffer from considerable pollution due to a wide array of substances that contaminate the air,
water and soil [3].
Metal persistence in soil for much longer periods than in other compartments of the biosphere is a
matter of serious concern. According to Beyersmann and Hartwig [4] heavy metals like Cu and Fe etc, have
been classified to be carcinogenic to humans and wildlife. Recently, numerous efforts have been undertaken to
find cost-effective technologies for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil [5]. Phytoremediation has
recently become a subject of public and scientific interest and a topic of many researches [6-8].Copper is a
persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic heavy metal which does not break down in the environment, is not easily
metabolized and can harm human health [9]. Rivers are depositing sludge on their banks that is contaminated
with copper, due to the disposal of copper-containing wastewater. Copper enters the air, mainly through
release during the combustion of fossil fuels. Copper in air will remain there for an eminent period of time,
before it settles when it starts to rain. The various potential sources of copper pollution are metallurgical and
metal finishing, corrosion inhibitors in cooling and boiler systems, drilling mud‟s catalysts, primer paints,
fungicides, copper plating and pickling, corrosion of copper piping, copper releases from vehicle brake pads,
architectural copper, Vehicle fluid leaks and dumping, domestic water discharged to storm drains etc[10].Iron
is the most commonly available metal on planet earth. The iron content of the water sample is also within the
permissible limit of WHO (1.0ppm). The level of iron could be the result of clay deposits in the area and most
of from steel or metal plating industries. The high concentration of iron is also of concern as large amount of
2. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
ground water is abstracted by drilling water wells both in rural and urban areas for drinking and irrigation
purposes[11Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses various plants to degrade, extract, contain,
or immobilize contaminants from soil and water. This technology has been receiving attention lately as an
innovative, cost-effective alternative to the more established treatment methods used at hazardous waste sites.
Phytoremediation is the name given to a set of technologies that use plants to clean contaminated sites
[12].Phytoremediation is the use of green plants to clean-up contaminated hazardous waste sites. The idea of
using metal-accumulating plants to remove heavy metals and other compounds was first introduced in 1983,
but the concept has actually been implemented for the past 300 years on wastewater discharges [13].
Phytoremediation has the potential to clean an estimated 30,000 contaminated waste sites throughout the US
according to the EPA‟s Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation Liability Information System
(CERCLIS). Sites included in this estimate are those that have either been owned or contaminated by: battery
manufacturers, electroplating, metal finishing, and mining companies [14].
Ex-situ method
It requires removal of contaminated soil for treatment on or of site, and returning the treated soil to
the resorted site. The conventional ex-situ methods applied for remediating the polluted soils relies on
excavation, detoxification and/or destruction of contaminant physically or chemically, as a result the
contaminant undergo stabilization, solidification, immobilization, incineration or destruction.
In-situ method
It is remediation without excavation of contaminated site. Reed et al. defined in-situ remediation
technologies as destruction or transformation of the contaminant, immobilisation to reduce bioavailability and
separation of the contaminant from the bulk soil[15].
1.1Various Phytoremediation processes
(a)Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction is the uptake of contaminants by plant roots and translocation within the plants.
Contaminants are generally removed by harvesting the plants. Phytoextraction is primarily used for the
treatment of contaminated soils. To remove contamination from the soil, this approach uses plants to absorb,
concentrate, and precipitate toxic metals from contaminated soils into the above ground biomass (shoots,
leaves, etc.)It is the best approach to remove contaminants from soil, sediment and sludge.[16,12].
Advantages
-Cost of phytoextraction is fairly inexpensive.
- The contaminant is permanently removed from the soil (Henry, 2000).
Disadvantages
-Metal hyperaccumulators are generally slow-growing with a small biomass and shallow root systems.
-Plant biomass must be harvested and removed, followed by metal reclamation or proper disposal of the
biomass. Hyperaccumulators may accumulate significant metal [12].
(b)Phytostabilization
Phytostabilization, also referred to as in-place inactivation, is primarily used for the remediation of
soil, sediment, and sludges. It is the use of plant roots to limit contaminant mobility and bioavailability in the
soil.Phytostabilization can occur through the sorption, precipitation, complexation, or metal valence reduction.
It is useful for the treatment of lead (Pb) as well as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu)
and zinc (Zn)[17].
Advantages
-Soil removal is unnecessary.
-It has a lower cost and is less disruptive than other more-vigorous soil remedial technologies.
-Disposal of hazardous materials or biomass is not required [12].
Disadvantages
-The contaminants remain in place. The vegetation and soil may require long-term maintenance to prevent
rerelease of the contaminants and future leaching.
-Application of extensive fertilization or soil amendments, mandatory monitoring is required.
3. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
(c)Rhizofilteration
Rhizofilteration is primarily used to remediate extracted groundwater, surface water, and wastewater with low
contaminant concentrations. It is defined as the use of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic, to absorb,
concentrate, and precipitate contaminants from polluted aqueous sources in their roots. Rhizofilteration can be
used for Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cr, which are primarily retained within the roots[18,19].
Advantages
-Either terrestrial or aquatic plants can be used. Although terrestrial plants require support, such as a floating
platform, they generally remove more contaminants than aquatic plants. This system can be either in situ
(floating rafts on ponds) or ex situ (an engineered tank system).
-An ex situ system can be placed anywhere because the treatment does not have to be at the original location of
contamination [12].
Disadvantages
-The pH of the influent solution may have to be continually adjusted to obtain optimum metals uptake.
-A well-engineered system is required to control influent concentration and flow rate
(d)Phytovolatilization
Phytovolatilization involves the use of plants to take up contaminants from the soil, transforming them into
volatile forms and transpiring them into the atmosphere. This method is that the contaminant, mercuric ion,
may be transformed into a less toxic substance (i.e., elemental Hg.
Phytovolatilization occurs as growing trees and other plants take up water and the organic and inorganic
contaminants. Some of these contaminants can pass through the plants to the leaves and volatilize into the
atmosphere at comparatively low concentrations. Phytovolatilization has been primarily used for the removal
of mercury, the mercuric ion is transformed into less toxic elemental mercury [19].
Advantages
-Contaminants could be transformed to less-toxic forms, such as elemental mercury and dimethyl selenite gas.
-Contaminants or metabolites released to the atmosphere might be subject to more effective or rapid natural
degradation processes such as photodegradation [12].
Disadvantages
-The contaminant or a hazardous metabolite might accumulate in vegetation and be passed on in later products
such as fruit or lumber.
- Low levels of metabolites have been found in plant tissue [12].
(e)Phytodegradation
In phytoremediation of organics, plant metabolism contributes to the contaminant reduction by transformation,
break down, stabilisation or volatilising contaminant compounds from soil and groundwater. Phytodegradation
is the breakdown of organics, taken up by the plant to simpler molecules that are incorporated into the plant
tissues [20]. Plants contain enzymes that can breakdown and convert ammunition wastes, chlorinated solvents
such as trichloroethylene and other herbicides. The enzymes are usually dehalogenases, oxygenases and
reductases.
All phytoremediation technologies are not exclusive and may be used simultaneously, but the metal extraction
depends on its bio available fraction in soil [17].
Advantages
-Plants are able to grow in sterile soil and also in soil that has concentration levels that are toxic to
microorganisms [12].
Disadvantages
-Toxic intermediates or degradation products may form.
-The presence or identity of metabolites within a plant might be difficult to determine; thus contaminant
destruction could be difficult to confirm [12].
(f)Phytostimulation
4. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
Using plants to stimulate bacteria and fungi to mineralize pollutant using exudates and root sloughing. Some
plants can release as much as 10-20% of their photosynthesis in the forms of root sloughing and exudates
(pilon smits, 2005).
Phytostimulation, also referred to as enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation, rhizodegradation, or plant-assisted
bioremediation/degradation, is the breakdown of organic contaminants in the soil via enhanced microbial
activity in the plant root zone or rhizosphere.
Advantages
This method is useful in removing organic contaminants, such as pesticides, aromatics, and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from soil and sediments. Chlorinated solvents also have been targeted at
demonstration sites [21].
Disadvantages
Locations at which phytostimulation is to be implemented should have low levels of contamination in shallow
areas. High levels of contaminants can be toxic to plants [22].
EXPERIMENTAL
Material And Methods
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the materials used, methods employed and analytical techniques adopted. To
have a better understanding of the Phytoremediation method and its efficiency to degrade the heavy metals in
wastewater, experiments were conducted on a laboratory scale model. The whole experiment work was carried
out in our college laboratory. The experiments were conducted by providing batch feed of wastewater to the
reactor. The pollutant concentrations at outlet were checked for every retention time. An extensive sampling
and analysis was carried out in the laboratory for all samples collected from the experimental setup according
to different sets using procedure of “Standard Method of Examination of Water and Wastewater”.
The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the applicability of using spinach for the removal of Cu and Fe
in the laboratory by preparing synthetic wastewater.
2.2 Chemicals and Materials used
The following chemicals and reagents were used in the experiments.
For the Copper
Stock copper solution, 1% NH2OH.HCL, 40% Sodium citrate, 0.1% Neocuprine solution. chloroform, sulfuric
acid, acetic acid
For the Iron
Hydrochloric acid, 10%Hydroxyl amine hydrochloric acid solution, Ammonium acetate buffer solution, 0.25%
1, 10 phenanthroline solution. Iron stock solution
2.3Method of Analysis
a) For the Copper
Spectrophotometrically Method (APHA)
Series of standards were prepared from stock solution. Followed by addition of 5 ml NH2OH.HCL, 10
ml 40% Sodium citrate, and 10 ml 0.1% Neocuproine solution. Shaken for 30 sec with 10 ml chloroform and
allowed for layers separation. Organic layers was collected in 25 ml volumetric flask and made up to mark
with distilled water. Blank was prepared by addition of all the reagents. Absorbance was read at 450 nm.
Calibration curve of Concentration Vs absorbance was drawn.
b) For the Iron
Spectrophotometrically Method (APHA)
From intermediate iron solution prepare a series of standard as follows from intermediate iron
solution pipette 3ml, 6ml, 9ml, 12ml, 15ml as per respectively in mg/l.Then add 1ml NH2Oh.HCl solution and
4ml phenonthroline solution and 10ml ammonium acetate buffer solution and dilute upto 50ml with distilled
water. Mix thoroughly and allow at least 10 to 15 min for colour development. Read the absorbance at
510nm.draw the graph of absorbance vs. concentration and calculate iron.
2.4 Methodology of Treatment
5. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
Here at the starting of process in India in Surat city near Athwagate at college campus we take a soil
sample for the practical purpose and measured parameters like N, P, K and Cu and Fe. The dried soil are
similar to natural one, sandy clay, but with metal concentration. Here very small amount of Cu and Fe was
present. Then we dried soil for the 2 days then take a 2.5 kg soil in a different pots and make a small hall
below the pots then plant a spinach with seeds and put for the grow. After a 25 days when height of the plant
become a 5 cm then we prepared a synthetic wastewater by using hydrated copper and iron sulphate of
definite concentration like a 5,10 ppm. Adjusted the pH of wastewater to neutral.
In a different pot according to the concentration applied the wastewater then at a decided time
interval collect the wastewater from bottom of the pots. Here because of the roots of the spinach rhizofilteration
process takes place.
The water which collected from bottom was analyzed and measured amount of Cu and Fe removed
and it will be give amount of removal efficiency by spinach. It adsorbed the heavy metal on its roots that‟s why
metal will be removed from the wastewater. After completion of rhizofilteration process some amount of water
will inside the pots at now after a some time period as plant grow its roots extract the metal from soil and then
comes to stems and then finally at leaves. It was measured with the below process and found out the
phytoextraction capacity of spinach. Still some amount of heavy metals are present in soil that will analyzed by
soil analysis.
2.4.1Flow Diagram of Experimental Process
2.5 Initial Soil Analysis Report
Parameter Value
Fe
w/w%
0.12
Cu
w/w%
2.50
N mg 1.484
P µg/gm 2.98
6. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
K mg/lit 7.8
2.6 Plant Analysis
The samples were brought in plastic bags laboratory and they were cleaned with deionized water
repeatedly. These were later dried in an oven at 65°C for about 2 days and were ground. After then, 0.5 g of
ground plant sample is digested with 5 ml of nitric acid and 3 ml of hydrogen peroxide. The digestion
temperature was about 160°C. The samples were then analyzed with the spectrophotometer with their
respected wavelength [23]. Guidelines for maximum limit (ML) of metals in vegetables was adopted from
FAO- WHO [24, 25].
2.7 Experimental Setup at different Stages
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table 3.1 Removal of the Copper and Iron from wastewater at
Plant size: 5.0 cm
Concentration: 05 ppm
Time
(minute)
Copper
concentration
in ppm
Iron
Concentration
in ppm
%
Removal
of Copper
%
Remo
val of
Iron
0 5 5 0 0
30 1.83 1.89 63.4 62.2
60 1.52 1.58 69.5 68.4
90 1.27 1.24 74.6 75.2
120 0.91 1.08 81.7 78.4
150 0.78 0.94 84.3 81.2
7. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 30 60 90 120 150
Time(minutes)
Time vs %Removal of Cu and Fe
Copper
Iron
Fig 3.1 Removal of the Copper and Iron from wastewater at Plant size: 5.0 cm Concentration: 5 ppm
From the graph we can see that % removal of the Cu and Fe in wastewater is increase with time and we can
get 84.2 and 81.2% for the copper and iron respectively by spinach olaracea.
Table 3.2 Removal of the Copper and Iron from wastewater at
Plant size: 5.0 cm
Concentration: 10 ppm
Time
(minut
e)
Copper
concentr
ation in
ppm
Iron
Concentra
tion in
ppm
%
Remova
l of
Copper
%
Remova
l of
Iron
0 10 10 0 0
30 3.59 3.68 64.1 63.2
60 3.31 2.92 66.9 70.8
90 2.62 2.12 73.8 78.8
120 1.74 1.69 82.6 83.1
150 1.35 1.41 86.5 85.9
0 30 60 90 120 150
Time(minutes)
Time vs %removal of Cu and Fe
Copper
Iron
Fig 3.2 Removal of the Copper and Iron from wastewater at Plant size: 5.0 cm Concentration: 10 ppm
From the graph we can see that % removal of the Cu and Fe in wastewater is increase with time and
we can get 86.5 and 85.9% for the copper and iron respectively by spinach olaracea.
PLANT AND SOIL METAL COMPOSITION
8. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
Heavy metals contamination of arable soil showed several problems, including phytotoxic effects of certain
elements such as Fe,Cd,Pb and Cu, which are well known as micronutrients and cause several phytotoxicities if
critical endogenous levels are exceeded [26,27].
Another and even a more serious problem is posed by the up taking of potentially noxious elements
through food or forage plant species and their being transferred to the food chain and, finally, to humans [28].
All heavy metals at high concentrations have strong toxic effects and are regarded as environmental pollutants
[28].
The use of plants for environmental restoration is an emerging technology. In this approach, plants
capable of accumulating high levels metals are grown in contaminated soils [29]. Interest in phytoextraction
has significantly grown following the identification of metal accumulator plants.
Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and animals. However, excessive concentrations of
this metal are considered to be highly toxic. Generally, roots of most attained higher Cu concentrations than
other organs, with maximum value of 741 μg.gG1 d.w attained by Phragmite australis root. Cu concentrations
in plants above 10-30 μg.gG1 d.w are regarded as poisonous [30]. Within roots, Cu associated mainly with cell
walls and is largely immobile. However, higher concentrations of Cu in shoots (leaves and stems) are always in
phases of intensive growth and at the luxury Cu supply level [31].
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants and animals [32]. However, excessive Fe uptake
can produce toxic effects. Fe is the most abundant metal in the area. Results obtained from plant analysis
asserted that roots of all seven plants are found to be highly capable of Fe accumulation.
Fe concentrations above 40-500 μg.g-1
d.w are considered as toxic to plants. As indicated by Tiffin
[31], roots tend to absorb Fe+2
cation more than Fe+3
. The ability of roots to reduce Fe+3
to Fe +2
is believed to
be fundamental in the absorption of this cation by most plants [33]. Moreover, some bacteria species (e.g.
Metallogenium sp.) are involved in Fe, Zn reduction and are known to accumulate this metal on the surface of
living cells [34]. Higher concentrations of Fe the roots of the investigated species could be due to its
precipitation in iron- plaque on the root surface [35, 36].
METAL UPTAKE BY PLANTS
Plants possess highly specialized mechanisms to stimulate metal bioavailability in the rhizosphere,
and to enhance uptake into their roots (Romheld and Marschner, 1986). Root exudates have an important
role in the acquisition of several essential metals. For example, some grass species have been documented to
exude from their roots a class of organic acids called siderophores (mugeneic and avenic acids), which were
found to significantly enhance the bioavailability of soil-bound iron and possibly zinc (Cakmak, 1996 a, b).
Metal bioavailability may also be affected by various plant and/or microbial activities. Some
bacteria are known to release biosurfactants (e.g., rhamnolipids) that make hydrophobic pollutants more water-
soluble (Volkering et al., 1998). ). Plants growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscullar mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) has been shown to reduce the toxicity of heavy metals by decreasing the bioavailability of toxic
heavy metal or increasing the availability of non-toxic heavy metals (Denton, 2007).
The uptake of the metal ions has been shown to take place through the action of some secondary
transporters such as channel proteins and/or H+ ion coupled with carrier proteins (Ghosh and Singh, 2005).
Once inside the plant, most metals are too insoluble to move freely in the vascular system, they therefore
usually form carbonate, sulphate or phosphate precipitates immobilizing them in apoplastic (extracellular) and
symplastic (intra cellular) compartments in the plant roots (Salt et al., 1995).
ROOT-TO-SHOOT TRANSPORT
Subsequent to metal uptake into the root, three processes govern the movement of metals from the
root into the xylem: sequestration of metals inside the root cells, symplastic transport into the stele and the
release of the metals into the xylem (Gaymard, 1998; Bubb and Lester, 1991). The transport of heavy metals
from root to shoot has been observed to primarily take place through the xylem via a specialized membrane
transport processes (Salt et al., 1995).
This membrane, which usually has a large negative resting potential, provides a strong
electrochemical gradient for the inward movement of the metal ions. For example, the xylem loading of Ni
may be facilitated by binding of Ni to free histidine (Kramer et al., 1996). Since xylem cell walls have high
cation exchange capacity (CEC), non-cationic metal-chelate complexers may also be transported across the
plasma membrane via such a specialized carrier, as is the case for Fephytosiderophore transport in
graminaceous species (Cunningham and Berti, 1993) [37].
9. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 34
Table 3.3 Plant Analysis
Spinach Copper Iron
Applied on
plant
5
ppm
10
pp
m
5
ppm
10
ppm
Accumulation
by leaves
1.67 3.32 1.50 3.14
Accumulation
by stems
0.36 0.87 0.34 0.77
Accumulation
by roots
0.67 1.17 0.59 1.08
From the above table we can see that as par the time permits leaves of the spinach accumulate
highest metal than roots and stems.here the accumulation of copper is higher than the iron in all plants.
Accumulation takes some time as metal taken by roots after some time it‟s transfer to the stems and from the
stems it‟s transfer to the leaves.
As total heavy metal concentration of soils is poor indicator of metal availability for plant uptake,
accumulation factor was calculated based on metal availability and its uptake by a particular plant (Brooks et
al., 1977). The whole experiment was divided into three categories: Level 1 (Soil-Roots), Level 2 (Roots-
Stems) and Level 3 (Stems-Leaves)[38].
Accumulation Factor for plants was calculated as:
AF= Metal plant Conc.(μg g-1
) (roots+stems+Leaves)
Mean Soil available (μg g-1
) Concentration
Mobility Index (MI) was calculated for each level by using the formula:
(MI)= Conc. of Metal (μg g-1
) in the receiving level
Conc. of Metal (μg g-1
) in the source level
Table 3.4 Soil Analysis
Species spinach
Total applied 5 ppm 10 ppm
Cu 1.45 3.11
Fe 1.48 3.31
CONCLUSION
In the course of this study, we have conclude that:
1) Spinach is capable of removing heavy metal from wastewater with the help of rhizofilteration.
2)In a pot-1 at dosing of 5ppm as per the time increase removal of heavy metals are also increase and it‟s gives
highest efficiency at 150min. for the both the metal.
3) At 5 ppm and 150min rhizofilteration could give us a 84.3% for Cu and 81.2 % for the Fe.
4)In a pot-2 at dosing of 10ppm as per the time increase removal of heavy metals are also increase and it‟s gives
86.5% for Cu and 85.9% for Fe.
Here spinach gives less efficiency of Iron compared to Copper.
5) Spinach is a hyperaccumulater of copper and iron and it‟s extract a heavy metal.
It is eco-friendly and cost effective method and also it do not cause the any type of environment pollution.
It may takes more time for extraction of metals so that process is slow compared to the other conventional
treatment methods.
The all process is based on adsorption and absorption so at some time clogging may occurs.
The present study shows that some plant species can be suitable option for phytoextraction and rhizofilteration.
There is a need for field trial experiments, which have become more realistic and helps to incorporate the
knowledge on metal uptake, transfer and distribution.
It can be implemented at large scale with special modification in processes for the different industrial effluent
discharge.
10. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 35
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to Mr. Rahul Goel, Gujarat, India, for being a constant source of inspiration,
initiation and motivation to carry out this small piece of work, without whose support this work would not have
been possible.
REFERENCES
[1] Zodape.G.V, Dhawan.V.L, Wagh.R.R, Sawant.A.S “Contamination of heavy metals in seafood marketed from Vile Parle and Dadar
markets of suburban areas of Mumbai (west coast of) India” International Journal Of Environmental Sciences Volume 1, No 6,
2011..
[2] RichaRai “Gaseous Air Pollutants: A Review on Current and Future Trends of Emissions and Impact on Agriculture” Journal of
Scientific Research, Vol. 55, 2011: 77-102.
[3] Rucandio, M.I., M.D. Petit-Domínguez and C. Fidalgo-Hijano, 2011. Biomonitoring of chemical elements in an urban environment
using arboreal and bush plant species. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res., 18(1): 51-63.
[4] Beyersmann, D. and A. Hartwig, 2008. Carcinogenic metal compounds: recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch
Toxicol., 82(8): 493-512.
[5] Chatterjee, S., M. Chetia, L. Singh, B. Chattopadhyay, S. Datta and S.K. Mukhopadhyay, 2011. A study on the phytoaccumulation
of waste elements in wetland plants of a Ramsar site in India. Environ Monit Assess., 178(1-4): 361-71.
[6] Antonkiewicz, J. and C. Jasiewicz, 2002. The use of plants accumulating heavy metals for detoxification of chemically polluted soils.
J. Pol. Agric. Univ., 5: 121-143.
[7] Igwe, J.C and A.A. Abia, 2006. A bioseparation process for removing heavy metals from waste water using biosorbents. Afr. J.
Biotechnol., 5: 1167-1179.
[8] Horsfall, M. and A. Spiff, 2005. Effect of temperature on the sorption of Pb+2 and Cd+2 from aqueous solution by caladiumbicolor
(wildcocoyam) biomass. Electron. J. Biotechnol [online].8(2). Available from Internet: /http: //www. ejbiotechnology.info/
content/vol8/issue2/4/index.htmlS. ISSN: 0717-3458.
[9] H.E.Hassan, A.A. Abdel Rahman, E.A. El-Sherbini “Phytoremediation of industrial wastewater polluted with heavy metals using
water hyacinth roots” National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Journal of applied sciences research, 8(8):3878-3886,2012.
[10] New Hampshire Department of environmental services “Environmental fact sheet” p.no. 1-3.
[11] Padma S. Vankar, Dhara Bajpai “Phyto-remediation of chrome-VI of tannery effluent by Trichoderma species” Facility for
Ecological and Analytical Testing (FEAT), Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India, Desalination 222 (2008) 255–
262.
[12] National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development “Introduction to Phytoremediation” U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 EPA/600/R-99/107 February 2000,1,2,14-19.
[13] Chaney, R.L., Malik, M., Li, Y.M., Brown, S., Brewer, E.P., Angle, J. S., Baker, A. J.M. Phytoremediation of Soil Metals. (1997).
Available [Online] http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/temp/opin_fin.htm [6 June, 2000].
[14] Phytoremediation: Using Plants to remove Pollutants from the Environment. (2000). Available [Online]:
http://www.aspp.org/pubaff/phytorem.htm. [6 June, 2000].
[15] Jeanna R. Henry “An Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury” National Network of Environmental Management
Studies (NNEMS), May - August 2000 p.no. 10.
[16] Divya Singh, ArchanaTiwari and Richa Gupta “Phytoremediation of lead from wastewater using aquatic plants” School of
Biotechnology, Journal of Agricultural Technology 2012 Vol. 8(1): 1-11.
[17] S.J.S. Flora, Megha Mittal &Ashish Mehta“Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & it‟s possible reversal by chelation therapy”
Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India, Indian J Med Res 128,
October 2008,501-502.
[18] Dushenkov V, Kumar PBAN, Motto H, Raskin I: Rhizofiltration: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous
streams.Environ Sci Tech 1995, 29:1239–1245.
[19] Duruibe, J. O, Ogwuegbu, M. O. and Egwurugwu, J. N. “Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects” International Journal of
Physical Sciences Vol. 2 (5), pp. 112-118, May, 2007, 5-6.
[20] K. Dermentzis“Copper removal from industrial wastewaters by means of electrostatic shielding driven electrodeionization” Journal
of Engineering Science and Technology Review 2 (1) (2009) 131-136.
[21] Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources ,MonuArora a,*, BalaKiran b, Shweta Rani a,
Anchal Rani a, BarinderKaur a, Neeraj Mittal,Article history Received 9 January 2008Received in revised form 20 February
2008Accepted 22 April 2008.
[22] Biomass and Waste Management Laboratory, School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Devi
Ahilya University, Indore – 452017, India.
[23] Mohsen Bigdeli and Mohsen Seilsepour “Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in
Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications”Agricultural Extention, Education and Research Organization, American-Eurasian
J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 4 (1): 86-92, 2008 ISSN 1818-6769.
[24] Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO). Food additives and contaminants. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program 2001;
ALINORM 01/12A:1-289.
[25] Codex Alimentarius Commission: CX/FAC 95/19. Nov. 1994. Position Paper on Cadmium. 27. March 1995.
[26] Susarla, S., V.F. Medina and S.C. McCutcheon, 2002. Phytoremediation: an ecological solution to organic chemical contamination.
Ecol. Eng., 18: 647-658.
[27] Chehregani, A., B. Malayeri and R. Golmohammadi, 2005. Effect of heavy metals on the developmental stages of ovules and
embryonic sac in Euphorbia cheirandenia. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 8: 622-625.
[28] Kloke, A., 1980. Richwerte„80, Orientierungsdatenfu tolerierbare Gesamtgehalte Einiger ElementeinKulturbo¨ den, Mitt.VDLUFA,
H2, 9-11.
[29] Lasat, M.M, 2002. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a review of biological mechanisms. J. Environ. Qual., 31: 109-120.
[30] Macnicol, R.D. and P.H.T. Beckett, 1985. Critical Tissue Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements. Plant Soil, 85: 107-114.
[31] Tiffin, L.O., 1977. The Form and Distribution of Metals in Plants: An Overview. In Proc. Hanford Life Sciences Symp. U.S.
Department of Energy, Symposium Series, Washington, D.C., pp: 315.
11. Phytoremediation: An Ecological Solution …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 36
[32] Kunze, R., W.B. Frommer and U.I. Flugge, 2001. Metabolic Engineering in Plants: The Role of Membrane Transport. Metab Eng.,
4: 57-66.
[33] Tinker, P.B., 1981. Levels, Distribution and Chemical Forms of Trace Elements in Food Plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London.
294b, 41.
[34] Weinberg, E.D., 1977. Micro-organisms and Minerals, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., pp: 492.
[35] Tanner, C.C., 1996. Plants for Constructed Wetlands Treatment Ecosystems. A Comparison of the Growth and Nutrient Uptake of
Eight Emergent Species. Ecol. Eng., 7: 59-83.
[36] Batty, L.C., A.J.M. Baker and B.D. Wheeler, 2002. Aluminum and Phosphorous Uptake by Phragmites australis: The role of Fe, Mn
and Al Root Plaques. Ann. Bot., 89: 443- 449.
[37] Garba, S. T., Santuraki, A. H. and Barminas, J. T. “EDTA Assisted Uptake, Accumulation and translocation of the Metals: Cu, Cd,
_i, Pb, Se and Zn by Eleusine indica L. Gearth from Contaminated Soil.” Department of Chemistry, P. M. B. 1069. University of
Maiduguri, Borno State. Nigeria. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(11).
[38] Nirmal Kumar J.I. “Hyperaccumulation And Mobility Of Heavy Metals In Vegetable Crops In India” The Journal of
Agriculture and Environment Vol: 10, Jun.2009.