The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses the importance of food security, safety, and quality in the food supply chain and how it impacts consumer values. It defines the food supply chain and notes that food security exists when people have access to enough safe and nutritious food. Food security is impacted by issues like climate change, global oil crisis, and commodity price increases. Ensuring food safety reduces risks of contamination while food quality relates to characteristics like freshness. Consumer acceptance depends on factors like food type, safety, quality, and price. Aligning the food supply chain's focus on food security is vital to building consumer confidence and trust in food standards and future access to resources.
This document discusses changing food preferences and consumption patterns between developed and developing countries. As income rises in developing countries, diets shift away from staple cereals towards more meat and dairy. Developed countries see a decline in red meat consumption and rise in fruits and vegetables due to health concerns. Food choices are influenced by economic, sociocultural and political factors like income, prices, traditions, migration and government policies around food supply stability and safety.
Report Dissemination on
Rationale
Urbanization and globalization has brought shift in the dietary pattern
Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks.
Non- communicable disease are “Silently” becoming a heavy burden for developing countries like Nepal.
Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable determinant of chronic disease.
The occurrence of the Non-communicable disease can be prevented to the extent of 80 % simply by adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balanced diet and avoiding smoking and alcohol.
Research Objective
Primary goal of the study is to study the food habits of the children and adolescent of Kathmandu Valley.
Specific objective of the research
1. Identify the dietary pattern of the urban children and adolescent on junk foods and restaurant culture.
2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as well as peer pressure on food consumption pattern.
3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with food consumption pattern.
4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for more adequate food information system to maintain the food and nutritional situation of population.
Major emergencies like food shortages and prolonged nutritional issues can impair nutritional status and lead to excessive mortality. Common deficiency diseases in emergencies include protein energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The type of disaster, duration, size of affected area, and pre-disaster nutritional status determine food and nutrition problems. Vulnerable groups include those with physiological or geographical vulnerabilities as well as internally displaced people and refugees. Management of nutrition in emergencies focuses on meeting energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements through food aid and treatment of existing malnutrition cases.
This document summarizes the consequences of inadequate food consumption on health, economic, political, and social areas. It discusses how malnutrition can lead to illness, lower productivity, higher healthcare costs, and instability. Malnutrition is defined as lacking sufficient nutrients and can cause susceptibility to diseases and death. It also discusses the malnutrition cycle where malnourished children may suffer impaired development and malnourished adults are less productive. Nutrient deficiencies like vitamin A and D can cause visual impairment, osteoporosis, and other health issues. Starvation is the severe lack of food intake and more common in low-income countries.
The document discusses issues related to global hunger and malnutrition on World Food Day. It notes that climate change is impacting food production while malnutrition contributes to millions of child deaths annually. Many regions face widespread micronutrient deficiencies that damage health. Though global food output is sufficient, uneven distribution means over 800 million people remain undernourished. Solutions proposed include reducing food waste, improving storage and transport infrastructure, and biofortifying staple crops through agriculture to combat hidden hunger. The document also notes Pakistan's own malnutrition problems and need for industry, academia, and researchers to work together to address nutritional deficiencies and their costs on society.
This document provides an overview of food consumption patterns and indicators used to analyze differences between developed and less developed countries since the 1960s. It discusses several economic and social indicators like GDP per capita, employment rates, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Food consumption is measured by per capita intake, daily calories, and the percentage of calories from starchy staples. Developed countries generally consume more total food, meat, and vegetables, while less developed countries consume more cereals and grains.
A presention given by Jessica Fanzo, Senior Nutritionist at a meeting in St. Petersburg. The meeting marked the end of a research project "Promoting the use and conservation of berry fruits for health diets in Russia: The strategic value of the Vavilov Institute and its germplasm collections Statement for policy makers and public policy in Russia". Read more about Bioversity International’s work on diet diversity for nutrition and health
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
The document discusses the importance of food security, safety, and quality in the food supply chain and how it impacts consumer values. It defines the food supply chain and notes that food security exists when people have access to enough safe and nutritious food. Food security is impacted by issues like climate change, global oil crisis, and commodity price increases. Ensuring food safety reduces risks of contamination while food quality relates to characteristics like freshness. Consumer acceptance depends on factors like food type, safety, quality, and price. Aligning the food supply chain's focus on food security is vital to building consumer confidence and trust in food standards and future access to resources.
This document discusses changing food preferences and consumption patterns between developed and developing countries. As income rises in developing countries, diets shift away from staple cereals towards more meat and dairy. Developed countries see a decline in red meat consumption and rise in fruits and vegetables due to health concerns. Food choices are influenced by economic, sociocultural and political factors like income, prices, traditions, migration and government policies around food supply stability and safety.
Report Dissemination on
Rationale
Urbanization and globalization has brought shift in the dietary pattern
Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks.
Non- communicable disease are “Silently” becoming a heavy burden for developing countries like Nepal.
Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable determinant of chronic disease.
The occurrence of the Non-communicable disease can be prevented to the extent of 80 % simply by adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balanced diet and avoiding smoking and alcohol.
Research Objective
Primary goal of the study is to study the food habits of the children and adolescent of Kathmandu Valley.
Specific objective of the research
1. Identify the dietary pattern of the urban children and adolescent on junk foods and restaurant culture.
2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as well as peer pressure on food consumption pattern.
3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with food consumption pattern.
4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for more adequate food information system to maintain the food and nutritional situation of population.
Major emergencies like food shortages and prolonged nutritional issues can impair nutritional status and lead to excessive mortality. Common deficiency diseases in emergencies include protein energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The type of disaster, duration, size of affected area, and pre-disaster nutritional status determine food and nutrition problems. Vulnerable groups include those with physiological or geographical vulnerabilities as well as internally displaced people and refugees. Management of nutrition in emergencies focuses on meeting energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements through food aid and treatment of existing malnutrition cases.
This document summarizes the consequences of inadequate food consumption on health, economic, political, and social areas. It discusses how malnutrition can lead to illness, lower productivity, higher healthcare costs, and instability. Malnutrition is defined as lacking sufficient nutrients and can cause susceptibility to diseases and death. It also discusses the malnutrition cycle where malnourished children may suffer impaired development and malnourished adults are less productive. Nutrient deficiencies like vitamin A and D can cause visual impairment, osteoporosis, and other health issues. Starvation is the severe lack of food intake and more common in low-income countries.
The document discusses issues related to global hunger and malnutrition on World Food Day. It notes that climate change is impacting food production while malnutrition contributes to millions of child deaths annually. Many regions face widespread micronutrient deficiencies that damage health. Though global food output is sufficient, uneven distribution means over 800 million people remain undernourished. Solutions proposed include reducing food waste, improving storage and transport infrastructure, and biofortifying staple crops through agriculture to combat hidden hunger. The document also notes Pakistan's own malnutrition problems and need for industry, academia, and researchers to work together to address nutritional deficiencies and their costs on society.
This document provides an overview of food consumption patterns and indicators used to analyze differences between developed and less developed countries since the 1960s. It discusses several economic and social indicators like GDP per capita, employment rates, literacy rates, and life expectancy. Food consumption is measured by per capita intake, daily calories, and the percentage of calories from starchy staples. Developed countries generally consume more total food, meat, and vegetables, while less developed countries consume more cereals and grains.
A presention given by Jessica Fanzo, Senior Nutritionist at a meeting in St. Petersburg. The meeting marked the end of a research project "Promoting the use and conservation of berry fruits for health diets in Russia: The strategic value of the Vavilov Institute and its germplasm collections Statement for policy makers and public policy in Russia". Read more about Bioversity International’s work on diet diversity for nutrition and health
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
The document discusses deprivation of food or starvation. It defines starvation as a severe lack of food intake that is the most serious form of malnutrition. Extended starvation can cause permanent organ damage and death. Causes of starvation include medical conditions like eating disorders, famine due to war or scarce resources, and poverty resulting in inability to afford enough food. Starvation impacts include hunger being the greatest health danger globally and malnutrition contributing to millions of child deaths annually. The document examines countries with high starvation rates and organizations working to reduce starvation through food aid and assistance programs.
This document provides guidelines for nutrition in emergency situations. It discusses the importance of the right to food and adequate nutrition during crises. An emergency food ration should aim to meet 2100 kcal per person per day as well as macronutrient and micronutrient requirements. The ration must be tailored based on factors like climate and population. Special consideration is given to vulnerable groups like infants, children, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons. Food fortification, substitution, and other management strategies are also outlined. Monitoring is key to adjusting the ration as the crisis and people's needs evolve over time.
This study examined the nutritional status of adolescent girls in urban and rural areas of Ethiopia. It found:
1) Stunting was significantly more prevalent in rural girls (40.9%) compared to urban girls (17.8%).
2) While underweight and overweight rates were similar between urban and rural girls, urban girls had significantly higher mean height-for-age and BMI-for-age scores.
3) Malnutrition affected both urban and rural girls, but stunting was a particular problem for those living in rural areas, indicating a need to address nutritional issues facing adolescent girls in different settings.
CISANET is the Civil Society Agriculture Network in Malawi which I've been a part of for most of my years here. This is a presentation we did to prioritise our recommendations around resilient and nutrition friendly agriculture.
The World Food Programme (WFP) is the largest humanitarian organization fighting hunger worldwide. It was established in 1961 and works to achieve a world with zero hunger. WFP reaches over 80 million people across 75 countries annually, providing food assistance. It is entirely funded through voluntary donations. The document discusses who is affected by hunger, including rural populations and women in developing nations. Key causes of hunger mentioned are food waste, climate issues, poverty, and war. The WFP's strategic plan focuses on emergency aid, building food security, reducing risks, and addressing child malnutrition.
The document discusses the historical importance of youth health for African Americans and challenges to health faced by youth today. It summarizes that African American slaves targeted young, healthy slaves who helped feed their families through gathering and small farming. Today, many African American youth face obesity, diabetes and other diseases due to lack of access to nutritious foods, sedentary lifestyles, and targeted advertising of unhealthy foods on TV. The document calls on youth, parents and policymakers to promote health through education, active lifestyles, and policies that address poverty and corporate influences.
Child Malnutrition in the Developing WorldRoslynPunt
Child malnutrition is a major problem in developing countries, where over 1/3 of children under 5 are underweight. Poverty is the primary cause, limiting access to adequate food while lack of food security, maternal education and health, and poor environmental conditions are secondary factors. Malnourished children experience stunted growth and increased risk of diseases. While some children lack adequate nutrition, obesity is increasingly common in developed nations, raising issues of global equality and justice in access to food.
Junk Food Consumption is a Nutrition Problem among Infants and Young Children: Evidence and Program Considerations for Low and Middle Income (LMIC) Countries (MCSP Presentation)
World Food Programme Zero Hunger: the Heart of the 2030 Agenda (factsheet)World Food Programme
The mission of the UN World Food Programme is to end global hunger by providing frontline assistance in emergencies and working with partners to address the underlying causes of hunger. WFP is working towards a world with Zero Hunger by 2030, as outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.
World Food Day is an international day celebrated annually on October 16th to raise awareness of hunger and food security issues. It was established in 1979 by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization to commemorate its founding in 1945. The 2021 theme is "Safe food now for a healthy tomorrow", focusing on celebrating food heroes and building a hunger-free world.
Malnutrition is a medical condition caused by an improper or inadequate diet that affects over 1 billion people worldwide. It is the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all child deaths. Malnutrition reduces the world's IQ by an estimated 1 billion points due to iodine deficiency alone. While hunger can exacerbate other health issues, malnutrition itself can cause diseases and death. Improving nutrition, such as through food fortification and supplementation programs, is widely considered one of the most effective forms of humanitarian aid.
This document discusses food consumption patterns between developed and less developed countries. It provides indicators to measure food consumption such as food consumption per capita, daily calorie intake, and percentage of calories from starchy staples. Both developed and less developed countries have increased calorie consumption over time, though less developed countries have increased more. Food preferences have also changed, with meat consumption increasing in all countries. Inadequate food consumption can lead to malnutrition, lower productivity, and higher public health costs.
Food security means that enough food is available for all people and that all people can afford to buy food. Drought can cause food shortages and increased prices in affected areas, making food unaffordable for some and leading to food insecurity. Prolonged food insecurity or widespread shortages over a large area can cause starvation and even famine. India's food security systems include maintaining buffer stocks and a public distribution system to provide food to those who cannot afford it.
Lauren Campbell Industrial Design Thesis Process BookLauren Campbell
The document discusses research on culturally competent strategies for addressing and preventing obesity among African American and Latino children and youth. It provides an analysis of over 80 research articles on successful interventions targeting these groups, which are presented according to strategies that promote healthy eating, physical activity, and healthy lifestyles. The document also recommends specific roles for occupational therapists in order to promote the implementation of culturally competent obesity prevention strategies.
You need to make up the vitamins and minerals your body needs, but are lacking in your food. You need a multivitamin that tastes great and is in liquid form so it's more bioavailable to you bodily systems.
This article will show you what you need to use that has all these important qualities.
The document discusses junk food and its effects on health. It defines junk food as highly processed foods high in calories, sugar, salt and fat but low in nutritional value. Examples include chips, candy, soda, cookies and fast food. Junk food is appealing due to its taste and convenience, but can lead to obesity, dental issues and other health problems. The case studies examine trends in junk food consumption in India, the US, Japan, Sri Lanka and argue for raising awareness of health impacts and making healthy foods more affordable and accessible.
Bangladeshi Student's Standpoint on Junk Food Consumption and Social BehaviourIOSRJPBS
Consumption of takeaway and fast food by young adolescents is no longer confined to the developed countries; it has spread to the developing countries as well. The culture of fast food consumption has replaced the traditional meal among university students and is a great public health concern. Excessive consumption of fast food is responsible for obesity epidemics and the cause of a dramatic increase of obesity-related diseases. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March to December, 2015 among students attending in five established Universities of Bangladesh, Dhaka University, Jahangirnagar University, American International University of Bangladesh, Gono University and Sher-e-Bangla Agriculture University. The aim of the present study was to examine the preference, prevalence and pattern of fast food consumption among the students. The prevalence of fast food consumption among those students was 98.5%, and 43.3% of their pocket money was spent on its purchase. The important factors for the preference of fast food include good taste, easy accessibility, increased convenience, and pocket friendly in nature. Approximately 22% of the respondents mentioned that they consumed fast food 4 days per week and more than one-fifth had the meal every day. Fifty four percent of the respondents skipped their breakfast due to a variety of reasons including class pressure and had fast food after finishing their classes, either from varsity canteens or other fast-food outlets. Though 98% of the students were well informed about the negative effects associated with excessive fast food consumption, they were still profoundly addicted to it. Specific health education programs, dietary guidelines and effective public awareness campaigns could be initiated to address the unhealthy lifestyle of university students and improve their health
The document discusses deprivation of food or starvation. It defines starvation as a severe lack of food intake that is the most serious form of malnutrition. Extended starvation can cause permanent organ damage and death. Causes of starvation include medical conditions like eating disorders, famine due to war or scarce resources, and poverty resulting in inability to afford enough food. Starvation impacts include hunger being the greatest health danger globally and malnutrition contributing to millions of child deaths annually. The document examines countries with high starvation rates and organizations working to reduce starvation through food aid and assistance programs.
This document provides guidelines for nutrition in emergency situations. It discusses the importance of the right to food and adequate nutrition during crises. An emergency food ration should aim to meet 2100 kcal per person per day as well as macronutrient and micronutrient requirements. The ration must be tailored based on factors like climate and population. Special consideration is given to vulnerable groups like infants, children, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons. Food fortification, substitution, and other management strategies are also outlined. Monitoring is key to adjusting the ration as the crisis and people's needs evolve over time.
This study examined the nutritional status of adolescent girls in urban and rural areas of Ethiopia. It found:
1) Stunting was significantly more prevalent in rural girls (40.9%) compared to urban girls (17.8%).
2) While underweight and overweight rates were similar between urban and rural girls, urban girls had significantly higher mean height-for-age and BMI-for-age scores.
3) Malnutrition affected both urban and rural girls, but stunting was a particular problem for those living in rural areas, indicating a need to address nutritional issues facing adolescent girls in different settings.
CISANET is the Civil Society Agriculture Network in Malawi which I've been a part of for most of my years here. This is a presentation we did to prioritise our recommendations around resilient and nutrition friendly agriculture.
The World Food Programme (WFP) is the largest humanitarian organization fighting hunger worldwide. It was established in 1961 and works to achieve a world with zero hunger. WFP reaches over 80 million people across 75 countries annually, providing food assistance. It is entirely funded through voluntary donations. The document discusses who is affected by hunger, including rural populations and women in developing nations. Key causes of hunger mentioned are food waste, climate issues, poverty, and war. The WFP's strategic plan focuses on emergency aid, building food security, reducing risks, and addressing child malnutrition.
The document discusses the historical importance of youth health for African Americans and challenges to health faced by youth today. It summarizes that African American slaves targeted young, healthy slaves who helped feed their families through gathering and small farming. Today, many African American youth face obesity, diabetes and other diseases due to lack of access to nutritious foods, sedentary lifestyles, and targeted advertising of unhealthy foods on TV. The document calls on youth, parents and policymakers to promote health through education, active lifestyles, and policies that address poverty and corporate influences.
Child Malnutrition in the Developing WorldRoslynPunt
Child malnutrition is a major problem in developing countries, where over 1/3 of children under 5 are underweight. Poverty is the primary cause, limiting access to adequate food while lack of food security, maternal education and health, and poor environmental conditions are secondary factors. Malnourished children experience stunted growth and increased risk of diseases. While some children lack adequate nutrition, obesity is increasingly common in developed nations, raising issues of global equality and justice in access to food.
Junk Food Consumption is a Nutrition Problem among Infants and Young Children: Evidence and Program Considerations for Low and Middle Income (LMIC) Countries (MCSP Presentation)
World Food Programme Zero Hunger: the Heart of the 2030 Agenda (factsheet)World Food Programme
The mission of the UN World Food Programme is to end global hunger by providing frontline assistance in emergencies and working with partners to address the underlying causes of hunger. WFP is working towards a world with Zero Hunger by 2030, as outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.
World Food Day is an international day celebrated annually on October 16th to raise awareness of hunger and food security issues. It was established in 1979 by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization to commemorate its founding in 1945. The 2021 theme is "Safe food now for a healthy tomorrow", focusing on celebrating food heroes and building a hunger-free world.
Malnutrition is a medical condition caused by an improper or inadequate diet that affects over 1 billion people worldwide. It is the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all child deaths. Malnutrition reduces the world's IQ by an estimated 1 billion points due to iodine deficiency alone. While hunger can exacerbate other health issues, malnutrition itself can cause diseases and death. Improving nutrition, such as through food fortification and supplementation programs, is widely considered one of the most effective forms of humanitarian aid.
This document discusses food consumption patterns between developed and less developed countries. It provides indicators to measure food consumption such as food consumption per capita, daily calorie intake, and percentage of calories from starchy staples. Both developed and less developed countries have increased calorie consumption over time, though less developed countries have increased more. Food preferences have also changed, with meat consumption increasing in all countries. Inadequate food consumption can lead to malnutrition, lower productivity, and higher public health costs.
Food security means that enough food is available for all people and that all people can afford to buy food. Drought can cause food shortages and increased prices in affected areas, making food unaffordable for some and leading to food insecurity. Prolonged food insecurity or widespread shortages over a large area can cause starvation and even famine. India's food security systems include maintaining buffer stocks and a public distribution system to provide food to those who cannot afford it.
Lauren Campbell Industrial Design Thesis Process BookLauren Campbell
The document discusses research on culturally competent strategies for addressing and preventing obesity among African American and Latino children and youth. It provides an analysis of over 80 research articles on successful interventions targeting these groups, which are presented according to strategies that promote healthy eating, physical activity, and healthy lifestyles. The document also recommends specific roles for occupational therapists in order to promote the implementation of culturally competent obesity prevention strategies.
You need to make up the vitamins and minerals your body needs, but are lacking in your food. You need a multivitamin that tastes great and is in liquid form so it's more bioavailable to you bodily systems.
This article will show you what you need to use that has all these important qualities.
The document discusses junk food and its effects on health. It defines junk food as highly processed foods high in calories, sugar, salt and fat but low in nutritional value. Examples include chips, candy, soda, cookies and fast food. Junk food is appealing due to its taste and convenience, but can lead to obesity, dental issues and other health problems. The case studies examine trends in junk food consumption in India, the US, Japan, Sri Lanka and argue for raising awareness of health impacts and making healthy foods more affordable and accessible.
Bangladeshi Student's Standpoint on Junk Food Consumption and Social BehaviourIOSRJPBS
Consumption of takeaway and fast food by young adolescents is no longer confined to the developed countries; it has spread to the developing countries as well. The culture of fast food consumption has replaced the traditional meal among university students and is a great public health concern. Excessive consumption of fast food is responsible for obesity epidemics and the cause of a dramatic increase of obesity-related diseases. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March to December, 2015 among students attending in five established Universities of Bangladesh, Dhaka University, Jahangirnagar University, American International University of Bangladesh, Gono University and Sher-e-Bangla Agriculture University. The aim of the present study was to examine the preference, prevalence and pattern of fast food consumption among the students. The prevalence of fast food consumption among those students was 98.5%, and 43.3% of their pocket money was spent on its purchase. The important factors for the preference of fast food include good taste, easy accessibility, increased convenience, and pocket friendly in nature. Approximately 22% of the respondents mentioned that they consumed fast food 4 days per week and more than one-fifth had the meal every day. Fifty four percent of the respondents skipped their breakfast due to a variety of reasons including class pressure and had fast food after finishing their classes, either from varsity canteens or other fast-food outlets. Though 98% of the students were well informed about the negative effects associated with excessive fast food consumption, they were still profoundly addicted to it. Specific health education programs, dietary guidelines and effective public awareness campaigns could be initiated to address the unhealthy lifestyle of university students and improve their health
Impact of fast food on today’s generationSubhana Aziz
Fast food is prepared and served quickly using precooked or preheated ingredients. While tasty, fast food is highly caloric and nutritionally unbalanced. The regular consumption of fast food can lead to health issues like obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Some examples of fast foods include burgers, pizza, fries, and tacos. The history of fast food dates back to ancient Rome, and the modern fast food industry originated in the United States in the 1920s. Today, fast food consumption is rising globally and contributing to increased health problems.
A Study on the Consumer Perception about the Fast Foods in Southern Delhi RegionSuryadipta Dutta
Objectives of the study:
To identify the factors affecting the choice of (Indian youth) consumers for fast food.
To examine the consumption pattern towards fast foods particularly with respect to the frequency of visits and choice of fast foods.
To check the awareness of health hazards of fast food and its association with overweight.
Impact of Demographic Factors on the Snacking Behavior of Individualsijtsrd
Snacking behavior of the consumers has a great impact on their dietary behavior and health. Therefore this research was conducted to assess the relationship of snacking time and the snacking preferences with the age and gender of the individuals. Preference to consume different snack varieties, such as Biscuits, Potato chips, chocolate, candy, sandwiches, ice cream, fruits and pizza in particular periods of the day morning, evening and night was assessed in the study. The relationship was assessed using a consumer panel consisting of 125 respondents. The respondents were asked to express their preferences using a questionnaire. Results revealed that both age and gender effect on preferences for snack types and snacking time. Gunathilak U G S A | Wijewardhana U S | Navaratne S B "Impact of Demographic Factors on the Snacking Behavior of Individuals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29652.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/29652/impact-of-demographic-factors-on-the-snacking-behavior-of-individuals/gunathilak-u-g-s-a
Social marketing strategies as predictors of fast food consumption among univ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated social marketing strategies as predictors of fast food consumption among undergraduates at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. 360 students participated in the study. The study found that social marketing strategies of availability, accessibility, and affordability were significant predictors of fast food consumption, with affordability having the strongest influence. The study concluded that social marketing contributes significantly to fast food consumption and recommended health educators shift to more skills-based nutrition education for students.
Processed snack foods: Their vitamin and mineral composition and percentage c...Innspub Net
Proper nutrition is important as children grow, and snack time should be just as healthy and delicious as breakfast, lunch and dinner. The study aimed to evaluate the vitamin and mineral composition of four processed snack foods and to analyze the % RNI contributed by these foods to the daily needs of school children. Moreover, the researchers attempted to identify the most concentrated sources of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, vitamin B9, calcium, and iron among the snack items. Results showed that of the six vitamins evaluated, vitamin A is the only vitamin supplied in ADEQUATE amounts by the four snack items namely Jute-Malabar Nigthshade Pastillas, Banana Blossom Cookies, Malunggay Polvoron, Squash-Carrot Pastiyema. In terms of the minerals, calcium and iron, only Malunggay Polvoron met at least 20% of the RNI for these nutrients for both age groups 4-6 and 7-9 years old. All the four snack items supply at least 20% of the RNI for vitamin A and riboflavin for the two age groups. On the other hand, the snack item with the most dense nutrients is Malunggay Polvoron. Sensorial qualities to include quality characteristics, consumer acceptance as well as their packaging may be conducted. Furthermore, the development of other nutrient-dense snack items with emphasis on the incorporation of leafy and fiber-rich vegetables is encouraged.
IRJET- A Study on Junk Food Consumption Behavior Among College StudentsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on junk food consumption behavior among college students. The study aimed to examine how personal, social, and environmental factors influence college students' consumption of fast foods versus normal foods. A survey was conducted of college students to understand their practices and perceptions related to junk food. The results showed that college students consume junk food more frequently than when they were children, often replacing meals with junk food. Factors like availability, time constraints, peer pressure, and price influence their food choices at college. Taste was also a major reason for choosing junk food. While most students were concerned about health effects, many were willing to try healthier alternatives if readily available.
This document discusses the importance of adequate nutrition during early childhood for development and future health. It notes that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years is one of the most cost-effective nutrition habits. The document also discusses Unilever's commitments to nutrition research and fortified products to support child development and health.
This literature review summarizes research on factors influencing junk food consumption. It finds that junk food is linked to health issues like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. On average, 36% of US children consume junk food daily, with 11% getting over 45% of their calories from it. Some people avoid junk food due to health awareness, while others consume it due to affordable prices and convenient locations of fast food restaurants. Recommendations to reduce consumption include increasing health education and making healthier options more available and affordable.
The Links Between the Neighborhood Food Environment & Childhood Nutrition ~ Prevention Institute, Oakland, California ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document summarizes 3 studies on the risks of fast food consumption among young adults. The first study found that young adults who eat fast food 2-3 times per week are at higher risk of overweight, obesity, and poor diet quality. The second study linked eating on the go to higher intake of unhealthy foods and lower intake of healthy options. The third study showed that the specific fast food chain chosen can impact the nutritional content, with certain chains associated with higher fat, sugar, and calorie meals. The document concludes by providing suggestions to help individuals and families make healthier eating and activity choices.
This document summarizes three studies on the impacts of fast food consumption among young adults. The first study found that young adults often eat fast food 2-3 times per week, putting them at risk for obesity and poor nutrition. The second study linked eating on the go to higher intake of unhealthy foods and lower intake of healthy options. The third study showed that the specific fast food chain chosen can impact the nutritional content of the meal. The document also provides suggestions for healthy eating, shopping, and increasing physical activity for both individuals and families.
Fast food has become very popular due to modern busy lifestyles that value convenience. However, fast food is highly processed and contains unhealthy levels of fat, sodium, and sugar. Eating fast food regularly can lead to obesity and increased risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes. While fast food companies market their products aggressively, people should be aware of the health risks of frequent fast food consumption and consider healthier eating options.
This document summarizes the results of a survey on the lifestyles and health of students. The survey looked at eating habits, snacking patterns, food preferences, physical activity, stress levels, and self-assessments of health and weight. It found that fast food consumption has increased and is linked to health issues like obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure in children. Changing lifestyles and more time spent in nuclear families rather than joint families are contributing factors. The conclusion warns that obesity is a global health crisis and emphasizes maintaining a healthy lifestyle through diet, exercise, and avoiding junk food and smoking.
This document summarizes three studies on the impacts of fast food consumption among young adults. The first study found that young adults who eat fast food 2-3 times per week are at risk for overweight/obesity and poor nutrition. The second study linked eating on the go to higher intake of unhealthy foods and lower intake of healthy options. The third study showed that the specific fast food chain chosen can impact the nutritional quality of the meal. The document also provides suggestions to help individuals and families make healthier eating and activity choices.
How social factors and modern diet influence food choicesFoods1975
Low-income groups face significant challenges in obtaining a healthy diet due to factors like cost, accessibility, knowledge, and cooking facilities. This often leads to reliance on cheap, unhealthy foods that are energy-dense but nutrient-poor. As a result, low-income groups have higher rates of both undernutrition and overnutrition, developing chronic diseases earlier than higher-income groups. Modern diets also contribute issues, as junk foods are high in calories yet lack nutrients. They have become widely accepted but provide little health value. Factors influencing food choice are social, cultural, and economic, so solutions to dietary issues must target these specific constraints faced by low-income populations.
The document discusses several topics related to nutrition, public health, and the environment, including:
1) How policies around the built environment can impact citizens' access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
2) Studies on fruit tree programs in communities and their effects on access to nutrition and revenue generation.
3) The role of nutrition in chronic diseases and how adopting healthier eating habits could help address issues like obesity.
4) The importance of whole nutrition from fruits and vegetables as well as examining chemicals in plants that affect food intake.
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (18)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal of Engineering
And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 1 ||Pages||353-359||2013||
ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805
Prevalence of Fast Food Intake among Urban Adolescent
Students
Dr. Naheed Vaida
1,
Associate Professor Institute of Home Science University of Kashmir
Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006.
--------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract-----------------------------------------------------
Consumption of fast foods has become almost a global phenomenon, as more and more people are lured by it
day in and day out irrespective of demographic traits. But to know how students are attracted by fast foods has
assumed importance in recent times. So the research subject of the study was to find out the “Prevalence of Fast
Food Intake among Urban Adolescent Students”. For the collection of data a representative sample of 80 urban
adolescent students were randomly selected in the target area. A structured questionnaire was administered and
interviews were carried out on the students in different schools and colleges of the Srinagar city to gather the
data related to the subject. Study showed interesting results. On one hand sex and economic status were found
chief variable in fast food consumption as girls are leading in former and adolescent students reading in private
schools are up in the latter. On the other hand, flavor, variety, brand, fast service and availability were found
main driving force in fast food intake. Also exposure to advertisements, media influence and urbanization were
found chief factors in fast food in take.
Key Words: Fast food, adolescents, prevalence.
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Date of Submission: 21,January, 2013 Date of Publication: 05, February 2013
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I Introduction
Fast food denotes food which is prepared and served quickly at outlets called fast food restaurants.
Finger food comprises most of the fast food, and can be eaten without cutlery. Fast foods include chips,
sandwiches, hamburgers, fried chicken, French fries, chicken nuggets, fish, pizza or ice-cream, although many
fast food restaurants offer slower foods like chilly mashed potatoes or salads. Fast food is often highly processed
and prepared in an industrial fashion, i.e., with standard ingredients and methodical and standardized cooking
and production methods. It is usually rapidly served in cartons or bags or in a plastic wrapping, in a fashion
which minimizes cost. The phenomenal growth of the fast food industry continues. Fast food restaurants appeal
especially to person less than 35 years. For those who eat a meal or a snack in a fast food restaurant once a week
or so, the effect on the nutritive adequacy of the diet is not great. But for workers and teenagers who might eat a
meal daily at these places the nutritive contributions must be carefully considered. A typical meal in a fast food
restaurant (Ham burger, French-fries, Milk shake) furnish about half of the caloric requirement of a teen age
boy, 40 percent or more of his protein allowance, and up to one-third of his thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
allowances. The meal also provides significant amounts of calcium and iron. But if coffee or soft drink is
substituted for the milk shake the calcium content of the meal is very low. Most fast food meals are low in fiber,
vitamin A and C, folacin and some trace minerals (Robinson & Lawyer, 1990). Many are low in calcium and
iron. Gradually fast food restaurants are introducing break-fast items, orange juice, frozen yogurt and salad bars
to provide wider choice and more opportunity to meet the nutrient requirements. Fast food is growing
component in diet, and the frequency of fast food use has increased dramatically since the early 1970s.Fast food
is especially popular among adolescents, who on an average visit a fast food outlet twice per week. Many people
have raised concerns about the nutritional quality of fast food, not only for children and adolescents but also for
adults. Several factors have contributed to this phenomenal increase in the use of fast food, including a greater
number of working women, dual-career families, more diverse schedule of family members, an aging population
and an increasing number of one and two person households. Fast foods meet the needs of many people because
they are quick, reasonably priced and readily available. Also currently these restaurants are responding to the
health concerns of their customers by changing some of their practices, such as the continued trend towards the
use of vegetable oils instead of animal fats for frying, an increase in the number of low-fat menu items, and
more fruits and vegetables available at salad bars. Food industry analysis even predict a future of increasing
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2. Prevalence Of Fast Food Intake Among Urban Adolescent Students
home delivery services, high-quality vending machine foods and ready to eat packages for microwave
equipped homes. Adolescence is the time of rapid growth and development in life. Nutrient needs are at the
peak. Diet in this age has repercussions on the future health. High intake of fat, cholesterol and salt is associated
with heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis and diabetes. Improper intake of nutrients and inactivity may even lead
to lifelong obesity. Adolescent are least bothered about what they eat, so adults around them have to keep watch
what, where and with whom they eat because it determines their eating patterns. Urban adolescents tend to enjoy
soft drinks, breads, potato chips, popcorn and ready to eat meals. These foods are rich sources of carbohydrates
but have low nutrient density. For adequate intake of micro nutrients, fruits, vegetables are must. One of the
marked changes in the urban eating habits is the trend of dining out. A number of factors contribute to the
increasing popularity of eating out. Smaller families, working mothers, double income households, higher
income, more fast food outlets and increased advertising are some of them. Increased availability of food away
from home may adversely affect nutrition intake. Children tend to consume foods higher in fat and lower in
fiber and calcium when they eat outside. Advertisements showing sodas with fast meals instead of milk of juice
motivate children to select less nutritious foods. Eating low nutrient density food in moderation does not pose a
serious threat to the nutritional status of an adolescent whose basic food habits are nutritionally sound. However
when carried to extremes or when practiced by the adolescent who does not and/ or has not good food habits
these practices may compromise growth and maintenance of body functions.
II Scope Of The Study
As the adolescence is the most crucial period of transition in the overall human development, so the
nutritional requirements in proper proportions particularly in this period assume pivotal role for over all growth
process. Clinically it has been proved that the nutrient value of fast foods is well below the required levels and
its intake leads to many disorders. Also, the fast foods are main agents responsible for many diseases and
disorders like obesity which is likely to cause cardiovascular diseases later on. Moreover fast food related
concerns have alarmed people all over the globe, so India and the vale of Kashmir is no exception to it. Hence
the study was undertaken to generate awareness among the people especially in adolescents about the harmful
effects of fast food consumption, which will lead to improvement in the health of people. Further, more it will
provide adolescents an option to invest their pocket money in buying nutrient rich foods.
Objectives of the study
The study has been undertaken with the following objectives:
To figure out the prevalence of fast food consumption among urban adolescents.
To study the fast food consumption by adolescents in urban areas.
To explore various factors contributing to fast food consumption by adolescents.
III Review Of Literature
According to Harris (1979) eating away from the home is the top leisure-time activity in America-
higher than watching television or listening to radio. One of the most popular places to eat is in one of the fast
food chain restaurants. Popular foods in these restaurants are hamburgers of various types, hot dog on a bun plus
cheese or chilly( if desired),fried chicken, fish sandwiches, breaded oysters, clams or other seafood, pizzas,
French fries, burritos, tacos, and tostadas,, shakes, pie, ice cream and sundaes, ice cream cones and soft drinks.
The cost of eating out is another factor to consider. A U.S. Department of Agriculture study compared the costs
of a meal consisting of a special hamburger, French fries, and a soft drink as purchased at a restaurant and as
prepared at home. This meal at the time of the study when purchased at a fast food restaurant cost #1.61. An
equivalent meal prepared at home #.83. The cost difference primarily represents a return on the time and effort
spent in preparing a meal at home. Labour and energy costs at home were not included (Matsumato, 1979).
Other observations about fast food made by Isom,( 1979) shows that regular type hamburgers and cheeseburgers
from McDonald’s, Burger kin, and burger chef are remarkably similar in nutritive composition. The higher
caloric content of most fast foods means that the foods for the remainder of the day must be carefully selected to
include recommended nutrients. In a survey on the effect of family dinners on diet quality, the more was the
consumption of fruits, vegetables and other nutritious items. Hence there was higher intake of fiber, calcium, fat,
vitamin B6, B12, C, E and iron. Goyal and Singh (2007) reported that the young Indian consumer has passion
for visiting fast food outlets for fun and change but home food is their first choice. They feel homemade food is
much better than food served at fast food outlets. They have the highest value for taste and quality (nutritional
values) followed by ambience and hygiene. Three dimensions (service and delivery dimension, product
dimension, and quality dimension) of fast food outlets attributes are identified based on factor analysis results.
The two fast food outlets rating differs significantly on the seven attributes. McDonald’s scores are higher on all
attributes except “variety”. Further, consumers feel that fast food outlets must provide additional information on
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3. Prevalence Of Fast Food Intake Among Urban Adolescent Students
nutritional values and hygiene conditions inside kitchen. Nelia et al. (2011) in their study found that large
percentage of the population purchase street foods and fast foods. This is of some concern when one notes the
high prevalence of soft drink consumption in terms of its association with obesity and non-communicable
diseases. These findings need to be taken into consideration when evaluating dietary patterns and nutritional
adequacy of population data. In 2009 Feeley et al. published data on fast food consumption among 17 years old
in the birth to twenty Cohorts in Soweto and Johannesburg. They found that 30% of the participants consumed
fast food 5-7 times a week with another 20 percent having it 2-4 times a week. They postulated that street foods
would probably make a significant contribution to total dietary intake since many items were substantial meals
in terms of energy value. Anderson et al. (2011) in their study found that the prevalence of fast food
consumption is high in the US across education, income and racial groups and is strongly associated with
obesity. A positive relationship between the density of fast food outlets per area and the obesity status of
children has been reported by Frazer and Edwards (2010).Kerri et al. (2006) in their study found that fast food
purchases for family meals were positively associated with the intake of fast foods and salty snack foods for
both parents and adolescents; and weight status among parents. Fast food purchases for family meals were
negatively associated with parental vegetable intake. Findings from project EAT (Eating Among Teens) shows
that families may struggle with family needs due to time constraints and busy schedules of adolescents and their
parent’s purchasing fast food for meals provides a convenient alternative for busy families. Neumark et al.
(2000)
IV Materials And Methods
The study was undertaken to access the prevalence of fast food intake among urban students in the age
group of 14-19 years. The data regarding the study was collected from both the sources viz. primary and the
secondary sources. Collection of primary data was carried out by perceiving the views and ideas from the girls
and boys through filling up of structured questionnaire and interview. Collection of secondary data was carried
out by information obtained from various books, journals, news papers, websites and university libraries. A
sample of eighty students (including both boys and girls) from different schools and colleges residing in urban
areas were randomly selected for the present study. The information gathered and obtained for the study was
carefully interpreted and condensed into a master chart. The data was then arranged, tabulated and discussed
upon and was presented with the help of tables and figures. The data was further statistically analyzed by
presenting the information through percentages, mean, standard deviation (õ), coefficient of variation, etc.
V Results And Discussions
The study shows that all of the respondents in the age group of 14-18 years eat fast foods. It was only
in the age group of 19 years that 4.16 percent respondents were not eating fast foods. Majority of the
respondents do not skip lunch. However in the age group of 15 and 18 years, around 50 percent of the
respondents skipped lunch. It was revealed that parents were not in favour of their children eating fast foods..
They seem to be very health conscious and possessed adequate knowledge with regard to the health hazards of
fast foods. The study further showed that the pocket money of adolescents is affected by eating fast foods. More
than 60 percent of the respondents in the age group of 16 and 18 years spend their entire pocket money on fast
foods. Where as in the age group of 17 and 19 years only 50 percent and 41.66 percent respondent’s pocket
money is affected by eating fast foods respectively.Study highlighted that frequency of consumption of fast food
was higher in all the age groups. It was only in the age group of 18 and 19 years that some children were very
rarely consuming fast foods. Consumption of fast food was highest during pre-lunch period. During mornings
none of the children were consuming fast foods this was because of the fact that children usually spent that time
period at their homes.
Table 1 Main attraction for consuming fast food.
Age in Flavor/taste Presentation Variety Brand Price
years
No. %age No. %age No. %age No. %age No. %age
14 3 60 - - - - 2 40 - -
15 2 50 - - - - 2 50 - -
16 6 75 1 12.5 1 12.5 - - - -
17 7 58.33 1 8.34 1 8.33 3 25 - -
18 20 74.07 2 7.41 3 11.11 2 7.41 - -
19 10 41.66 2 8.34 8 33.34 4 16.66 - -
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4. Prevalence Of Fast Food Intake Among Urban Adolescent Students
Table 1 highlights that flavor or taste is the main attraction for consuming fast foods as revealed by majority of
the respondents, 75 percent at 16 years of age, whereas the least percentage of respondents bother about brand
and presentation of fast food, i.e. 7.4 percent at 18 years of age. Influence of media is the major cause of
consuming fast foods among adolescents in urban areas. This was revealed by 80 percent respondents at 14
years of age, 75 percent at 15 year and 50 percent at 17 years. 8.34 percent of respondents at 17 years of age are
provided with more pocket money for consuming fast foods. Majority of the respondents at 14, 15 and 17 years
of age always purchase branded fast foods. Majority of the adolescents were ready to spend Rs.20-50 per day
over buying fast food. Also good number of respondents was ready to spend more than Rs.50 per day over
buying fast food.
Table2: Opinion of respondents about different aspects of fast foods.
S.No. Statement Mean S.D* C.V.
1. You prefer fast foods for taste, convenience and fast 4.28 0.86 20.09
service.
2. The availability of fast foods in different varieties 3.83 0.96 25.06
forces you to eat them.
3. You get lured by the attractive presentation of fast 4.01 0.92 22.94
foods.
4. Eating fast foods occasionally does no harm to your 3.53 1.02 28.89
health
5. Consumption of fast foods is related to your 2.7 1.20 44.44
independence making you feel that you have a sort to
freedom.
6. Consumption of fast foods with your friends and family 3.38 1.40 41.42
is a form of entertainment for you.
7. Hi-tech life is more responsible for habit of consuming 3.7 1.32 35.68
fast foods in school and college going students.
8. Advertisements mould your mind in such a way that 2.95 1.28 43.38
you are forced to consume certain type of fast foods.
9. Urbanization has greater influence on changing food 3.86 1.10 28.49
habits of urban children
10. A number of factors contribute to the habit of eating 3.48 1.14 32.76
fast food such as working mothers, higher income,
more fast food outlets and increased advertising.
11. Fast food intake for many is largely controlled by 3.6 0.98 27.22
availability and cost
* S.D.: Standard Deviation.
** C.V.: Coefficient of Variations.
When the survey was conducted on the statement that whether the respondents prefer fast food for their taste,
convenience and fast service, it was inferred that most of the respondents agreed to it. The similarity in the
opinion would be attributed to the fact that most of the teenagers today do not like spending more time on eating
and are always in a hurry. Adolescents are attracted by variety. Monotony in the foods offered may cause
fatigue in them and they may reject the food. The observation from table 1 indicates that some of the
respondents agreed to the fact that the availability of fast food in different varieties force the respondents to
consume them, as is reflected from the mean score of 3.83, while the majority of respondents shared a different
view point as is clear from coefficient of variation of 25.06 percent. Regarding the opinion of the respondents on
whether they get lured by the attractive presentation of fast foods, it was found that most of the respondents
agreed to this statement. It is well known fact that even high quality food may be rejected if it is poorly
presented and attractively presented food may be accepted well despite of its poor quality. Further the responses
on the statement that whether eating fast food occasionally does not cause any harm to health, it was found that
majority of the respondents agreed to it, as is suggested from the mean score of 3.53 and coefficient of variation
of 28.89 percent. The statements that consumption of fast food is related to respondent’s independence, making
them feel that they have a sort of freedom, was disagreed by majority of respondents. Regarding the opinion of
respondents on the statement that whether consumption of fast food with friends and family is a form of
entertainment to them, it was found that most of the respondents from the selected sample disagreed to this. The
results did not blame Hi-tech life for habit of consuming fast foods among schools and college students. The
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5. Prevalence Of Fast Food Intake Among Urban Adolescent Students
responses on the statement that whether urbanization has a greater influence on changing food habits of urban
students, it was found that most of the respondents agreed to it .Regarding opinion of respondents about
contribution of various factors like working mothers, high income, etc. to the habit of eating fast food, it was
found that majority of respondents agreed to it, as could be inferred from the mean value of 3.48 and coefficient
of variation of 32.76 percent. The responses over the statement that consumption of fast foods for many is
largely controlled by the availability and cost, was agreed by majority of the respondents. In response to the
statement on whether advertisement moulds the mind of people to consume certain types of fast foods, it was
found the majority of respondents differed in their opinion, while some had a similar view point.
Table 3: Opinion of respondents about the Nutritional value of Fast Foods
Statement Mean S.D* C.V**
S.No. (%)
1. Knowing that fast foods are low in nutritive value, still you go for them. 2.93 1.20 40.96
2. Fast foods are high in empty calories (i.e., high in fat) yet you have no 3.65 1.34 36.71
objection in consuming them.
3. Adolescents are more susceptible to nutritional deficiency diseases due to 2.61 1.24 47.50
growth spurt, yet they prefer fast foods.
4. Consumption of fast foods leads to obesity. 3.24 1.10 33.95
5. Foods of low nutritional density are harmful only when they replace foods that 2.92 1.28 43.84
supply required nutrients.
6. If selections are wisely made fast foods can too be nutritive . 3.68 1.17 31.79
* S.D.: Standard Deviation.
** C.V.: Coefficient of Variations.
Fast foods have poor nutritional quality as they do not provide any proteins, vitamins and minerals but only
supply empty calories to our body. Thus, the excessive consumption of fast foods can lead to many nutritional
deficiency diseases and can also result in obesity a life threatening condition. Regarding the opinion of
respondents about nutritional value of fast foods, some of them agreed that they have poor nutritional standard
while a majority disagreed to this.. The consumption of fast food among adolescents was found to be rising
despite of their low nutritional status. Regarding the opinion of the respondents on whether the consumption of
fast foods leads to obesity, it was found that majority of respondents were undecided about their view point
while some agreed to this fact. This could further be inferred from the mean value of 3.24 and coefficient of
variation of 33.95 percent. The response on the statement that whether foods of low nutritional density harm
only when they replace foods that supply required nutrients, it was found that majority of respondents agreed as
suggested from the mean value of 2.92 while some disagreed as could be inferred from coefficient of variation
of 43.84 percent. Opinion of the respondents about the statement that if selections are wisely made fast foods
can be nutritive was agreed by majority. Most of respondents disagreed to the statement that adolescents are
more susceptible to nutritional deficiency disease due to growth spurt, yet they prefer fast food.
Table 4: Miscellaneous
S.No. Statement Mean S.D* C.V**
(%)
1. Eating of fast foods is the way of showing that you belong to a high society 3.78 1.17 30.95
2. Consumption of fast foods in more among girls than in boys. 3.64 1.32 36.26
3. Most popular fast food items are unhealthy. 3.06 1.38 45.09
* S.D.: Standard Deviation.
** C.V.: Coefficient of Variations.
The responses over the statement that eating of fast food is the way of showing that the respondents belong to a
high society was agreed by majority of respondents. When the survey was evaluated for the subject response on
the statement that whether consumption of fast food is more among girls than boys, it was found that majority of
respondents agreed as is suggested from the mean value of 3.64 and coefficient of variation of 36.26 percent.
Regarding the opinion of respondents on the statement that most popular fast food items are unhealthy, it was
found that majority of respondents agreed while some disagreed to this and some were undecided about the
statement.
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6. Prevalence Of Fast Food Intake Among Urban Adolescent Students
VI Summary And Conclusion
The observations of the study are summarized as following:
Majority of the respondents were girls and most of them in 18 years of age group.
The majority of them belonged to nuclear families. 35 percent were first born, 30 percent were second born
and 35 percent were third born.
The monthly income of respondent’s fathers earning was between Rs.5000-15000 for 30 percent, Rs.15000-
25000 for 25 percent and Rs.25000-35000 for 35 percent and Rs.35000-50000 for 10 percent.
The pocket money for respondents per month ranged between Rs.100-300 for 30 percent, Rs.300-500 for 40
percent, Rs.500-700 for 5 percent, Rs.700-900 for 2.5 percent, Rs.900-1100 for 15 percent and Rs.1300-
1500 for 7.5 percent.
About 35 percent of the respondent’s father’s occupation was business while as 65 percent respondents
father’s occupation was Govt. service.
All the respondents eat fast food. The maximum fast food eaters belonged to the age group 14-18 years.
Majority of the respondents do not skip lunch in the school/college and go for fast food.
It was reported that consumption of fast foods was highest during pre-lunch period.
It was seen that flavor/taste attracts maximum percent of respondents while going for fast food. Also
adolescents in the urban areas consume more fast food due to media influence.
Most of the respondents prefer branded fast food items and are willing to spend daily Rs.20-50 or more than
Rs.50 on buying fast food
Adolescents prefer fast food for their taste, convenience and fast service and some of the respondents
agreed that availability of fast foods in different varieties force them to eat fast foods.
Majority of respondents disagree that consumption of fast foods is related to their independence and is a
form of entertainment for them. It was also seen that they did not blame hi-tech life for habit of consuming
fast foods.
It was observed that majority of the respondents agreed that urbanization has a greater influence on
changing food habits of urban students. Opinion of respondents about contribution of various factors like
working mothers, higher income, etc to the habit of eating fast foods was accepted by majority of
respondents.
The majority of respondents differed in their opinion that advertisements mould the mind of people to
consume certain type of fast food while some had a similar viewpoint.
It was reported by some of the respondents that fast foods have poor nutritional quality while majority of
them disagreed to this fact. The consumption of fast foods among adolescents was found to be rising despite
of their low nutritional status.
Majority of the respondents disagreed that adolescents are more susceptible to nutritional deficiency disease
due to growth spurt, yet they prefer fast foods.
Regarding the opinion of respondents on whether the consumption of fast foods leads to obesity it was
found that majority of respondents were undecided about their viewpoint while some agreed to this fact. It
was also seen that majority of respondents agreed that foods of low nutritional density are harmful only
when they replace nutritious foods, while some disagreed to it.
Majority of the respondents agreed over the statement that eating of fast food is the way of showing that the
respondents belong to a higher society.
It was also seen that majority of the respondents agreed that consumption of fast foods is more among girls
than boys.
Majority of the respondents agreed that most popular fast food items are unhealthy. The study was assessed
with the remark that adolescents in the urban areas consume more fast foods and junk foods than caloric
and protein rich foods.
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