This document summarizes a study on the suitability of soils for irrigation under the command area of the Gomal Zam Dam Multipurpose Project in Pakistan. Soil samples from 85 locations were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. It was found that 8.23% of the study area had highly suitable soils, 61.17% had moderately suitable soils, and 25.88% had marginally suitable soils. Some areas totaling 4.7% were unsuitable due to physical limitations like steep slopes or stones. The chemical factors of salinity and lime content were generally not limiting. Maps were produced showing the classification of different soil parameters and overall land suitability classes. Ridge planting and salt-tolerant crops were recommended
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
This document discusses using a "typology approach" to understand groundwater resources by categorizing them based on hydrogeological, socio-economic, and ecological factors. It provides several examples of groundwater typologies developed for specific regions in India based on factors like geology, aquifer properties, extraction patterns, and development stages. The typology approach aims to classify groundwater at an appropriate scale to inform tailored management strategies. Understanding typologies allows targeting interventions like recharge schemes, legislation, water quality improvements, or regulation to the relevant hydrogeological, social, and ecological contexts.
Middle stage production period in messla fieldShakier Khalifa
Compositional gradient is important factor to determined, many signs could lead you. The paper experience some factors in Messla and hence give recommendation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. The Karkheh Basin Focal Project took a multi-disciplinary approach to understand water availability, productivity, poverty, and institutions in the basin.
2. Key findings included groundwater overdraft, high variability in evapotranspiration, the need to incorporate flow variability in planning, and substantial room for increasing water productivity.
3. Recommendations focused on improving rainfed and irrigated practices, targeting irrigation, exploring additional water sources, and shifting from low-value grain to higher-value crops and uses over the long term.
1) The document analyzes oil-water layer recognition and distribution of PI reservoirs in the G region based on core data, oil testing, and well logging.
2) An oil-water layer logging interpretation chart is established using resistivity logs to identify 5 types of vertical oil-water distributions in single wells and the overall horizontal zoning of distributions across the region.
3) The distributions are complex due to structural, sedimentary, and diagenetic factors but generally include pure oil, oil-water, and pure water layers that vary based on position within anticlines, synclines, and slopes.
(2012) - Fok N, Vincent P, Qiu T, Krzeminski M - A Case Study of Ground Impro...Michal Krzeminski
This document summarizes a case study of ground improvement using controlled modulus columns (CMCs) for a bridge project in Victoria, Australia. Soft and compressible soils up to 6 meters thick at the site required ground improvement to reduce long-term settlements. CMCs were installed in a grid pattern to a depth of 6-9 meters to transfer loads through the soft soils to a denser layer below. Numerical modeling predicted total settlements of less than 50 mm after construction. Monitoring of settlements and performance is ongoing.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
This document discusses using a "typology approach" to understand groundwater resources by categorizing them based on hydrogeological, socio-economic, and ecological factors. It provides several examples of groundwater typologies developed for specific regions in India based on factors like geology, aquifer properties, extraction patterns, and development stages. The typology approach aims to classify groundwater at an appropriate scale to inform tailored management strategies. Understanding typologies allows targeting interventions like recharge schemes, legislation, water quality improvements, or regulation to the relevant hydrogeological, social, and ecological contexts.
Middle stage production period in messla fieldShakier Khalifa
Compositional gradient is important factor to determined, many signs could lead you. The paper experience some factors in Messla and hence give recommendation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. The Karkheh Basin Focal Project took a multi-disciplinary approach to understand water availability, productivity, poverty, and institutions in the basin.
2. Key findings included groundwater overdraft, high variability in evapotranspiration, the need to incorporate flow variability in planning, and substantial room for increasing water productivity.
3. Recommendations focused on improving rainfed and irrigated practices, targeting irrigation, exploring additional water sources, and shifting from low-value grain to higher-value crops and uses over the long term.
1) The document analyzes oil-water layer recognition and distribution of PI reservoirs in the G region based on core data, oil testing, and well logging.
2) An oil-water layer logging interpretation chart is established using resistivity logs to identify 5 types of vertical oil-water distributions in single wells and the overall horizontal zoning of distributions across the region.
3) The distributions are complex due to structural, sedimentary, and diagenetic factors but generally include pure oil, oil-water, and pure water layers that vary based on position within anticlines, synclines, and slopes.
(2012) - Fok N, Vincent P, Qiu T, Krzeminski M - A Case Study of Ground Impro...Michal Krzeminski
This document summarizes a case study of ground improvement using controlled modulus columns (CMCs) for a bridge project in Victoria, Australia. Soft and compressible soils up to 6 meters thick at the site required ground improvement to reduce long-term settlements. CMCs were installed in a grid pattern to a depth of 6-9 meters to transfer loads through the soft soils to a denser layer below. Numerical modeling predicted total settlements of less than 50 mm after construction. Monitoring of settlements and performance is ongoing.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Water development strategies fro the agriculture sector in the lower jordan v...menagov
The document summarizes a case study on water development strategies for the agricultural sector in the Lower Jordan Valley region of Palestine. It describes the key challenges facing sustainable development in the region, including political constraints, water scarcity, groundwater depletion, and lack of effective water management plans. The objectives of the research are identified as developing sustainable strategies that ensure adequate water production and supply for agricultural extension in the region while addressing issues of water quality, salinization, and equitable allocation.
This document discusses tests used to measure aquifer hydraulic properties for contaminant hydrogeology. It explains that aquifer properties are typically characterized at a large scale using pumping tests, but contaminant transport is influenced by heterogeneity at smaller scales. Accurately characterizing hydraulic conductivity spatial variability at finer scales is important for effective remediation system design, as contaminant plumes and high flux zones can span orders of magnitude over short distances. Failing to detect this heterogeneity could result in over- or under-designed remediation systems.
The document discusses depositional models for coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region. It finds that the depositional environment of coal beds strongly influences characteristics like thickness, continuity, roof conditions, and coal quality. Coals formed in back-barrier environments tend to be thin, discontinuous, high in sulfur, and have severe roof problems. Coals in the lower delta plain are more widespread but also thin and show irregular sulfur distribution. Coals in the upper delta plain-fluvial environment are thicker, lower in sulfur, but often discontinuous. Most important coals in the region formed in the transitional zone between the lower and upper delta plains, where coals can be thick and laterally continuous with low
THE EFFECT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOI...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the geotechnical properties and bearing capacity of soils in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Laboratory and field tests were conducted including standard penetration tests, water level observations, and permeability tests. The soils were found to be predominantly clayey with high plasticity (CH), and groundwater was detected between 0.5-0.9 meters below surface. Bearing capacity was calculated using dynamic and static methods, ranging from 21.45-31.35 tonnes/m2 and 9.82-14.20 tonnes/m2 respectively. The study concluded the soils will require engineering treatments before construction.
The application of geoelectrical surveys in delineatingoilandgas24
This document summarizes a study using geoelectrical surveys to delineate groundwater resources in central Saudi Arabia. Two aquifer systems were identified - a shallow system in alluvial deposits over fractured bedrock, and a deeper system in fractures within underlying granite and granodiorite rocks. Analysis of vertical electrical soundings and horizontal electrical profiling identified three zones with varying groundwater potential. The southwest zone has low potential due to clay-rich formations and saline water. The middle zone has relatively better potential with less clay. The northeast zone has negligible potential due to very shallow bedrock. The study identifies specific sites with the most promising potential for drilling wells.
The document provides information on prospect evaluation methodology for oil companies and governments. It discusses how prospect evaluation is used for resource assessment, contracting areas, work commitments, and investment decisions. The methodology includes volumetric and economic evaluations using seismic interpretation, mapping, cash flow analysis, and other factors. Equations and parameters involved in calculating the volumes of oil and gas in-place are also presented, such as pore volume, recovery factors, and formation properties. An example calculation of recoverable oil resources is included to demonstrate the process.
Two pieces of float from a hydrothermal breccia system on the Boer property were discovered in November 2014. Assay results from the float samples averaged 0.548 gpt gold, 11.7 gpt silver, and 0.121% molybdenum. The float is believed to be from near the source of the mineralization. Previous exploration on the Boer property identified areas with anomalous metals in pine bark samples and a large hydrothermal breccia body containing anomalous molybdenum, copper and silver values. The property shows potential for the discovery of a large gold-silver-molybdenum-copper breccia or porphyry deposit.
Vulnerable Zones Designation and Agricultural Practices PresentationIwl Pcu
This document describes a method for designating Nitrate Vulnerable Zones in Romania using existing soil, groundwater, and agricultural data. It involves overlaying maps of: 1) soil vulnerability to nitrate leaching and runoff, 2) groundwater vulnerability, and 3) nitrogen surplus at the local level. Vulnerability indexes are calculated based on soil properties, aquifer depth and flow, and nitrogen inputs/outputs. Zones are identified where high vulnerability areas overlap with locations exceeding nitrogen thresholds. The results identify over 4,700 km2 as vulnerable to nitrate pollution from runoff and over 2,500 km2 from groundwater leaching.
Topographic attributes control groundwater flow and groundwaterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between topographic attributes and groundwater accumulation and salinity in the southwest part of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The study used digital elevation models and remote sensing data to calculate topographic attributes like slope, aspect, relief, and flow accumulation. It found that topographic attributes and hydrological elements are strongly controlled by geological fractures trending northwest and northeast. Areas with high flow accumulation and intersections of geological fractures had greater groundwater accumulation and higher salinity. The study concluded that topographic attributes can help predict sites of high groundwater accumulation and salinity in arid regions.
Introduction first starts by explaining sedimentation of reservoir rocks. Then it moves on to trap elements and responsibilities of a reservoir engineer.
CO2-Driven Enhanced Gas Recovery and Storage in Depleted Shale Reservoir- A N...Steve Wittrig
1) The document discusses using numerical simulation to analyze CO2-enhanced gas recovery and storage in depleted shale gas reservoirs. It aims to maximize methane production while delaying CO2 breakthrough and maximizing CO2 storage.
2) Different injection scenarios are defined based on modifications to well patterns, reservoir characteristics, fracture properties, sorption parameters, and operational constraints. The scenarios vary the spacing between injection and production wells.
3) The best injection practice will be proposed based on analyzing different scenarios to enhance methane recovery and minimize CO2 production from the reservoir while storing more CO2.
IRJET- Index And Engineering Properties of Residual Tropical Soils of Sou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the engineering properties of soils in Konso town, Ethiopia. Eight test pits were dug and soil samples were collected and tested in the lab to determine their physical, index, shear strength, and consolidation properties. The dominant soil type was found to be silty clay (MH) based on grain size analysis and Atterberg limits tests. Properties tested included moisture content, plasticity index, clay fraction, free swell, specific gravity, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compression strength. The results showed that the soils generally had moderate to high expansiveness based on free swell tests. Proper handling and testing methods are needed when evaluating properties of residual tropical soils.
The Catamarca Lithium Project comprises nine exploration concessions in Catamarca Province, Argentina, covering portions of salt lakes and adjacent areas that could contain lithium-rich brine resources. A two-phase exploration program is recommended to evaluate the project's potential, beginning with surface work, geophysics, and trenching followed by a drilling program to sample brines and define any resources found. Total budget for the two phases is estimated at $1.5 million.
Combined impact of climate change and hydropower development on flows of the ...tacochrane
Piman, T., Cochrane, T.A. and Arias, M. E. (2012) Combined Impact of Climate Change and Hydropower Development on Flows of the Sre Kong, Se San and Sre Pok Rivers in the Mekong Basin. IWA (International Water Association) World Congress on Water, Climate and Energy. Dublin, Ireland, 13-18 May 2012.
Distribution of petroleum product within the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria is a daunting
task because of its deltaic nature. To solve this challenge, fixed fuel dispensing stations will be built in the
coastal environment to receive and make supplies available to fishermen and marine transporters. Building of
such fuel stations require proper foundation design. Soil test results of the region was obtained and a foundation
design was made to ascertain the number of piles pile depth, pile spacing, skin friction, lateral load bearing
capacity and end bearing capacity. API codes where used to check and ensure that the results obtained are
within safety limits. This will ensure that the offshore structure completes it intended and designed life span.
This paper discusses an integrated approach to characterizing water saturation in a low-resistivity carbonate reservoir in Abu Dhabi. Traditional resistivity-based analyses overestimated water saturation in this reservoir. The integrated approach combined resistivity logs, core analysis including NMR and capillary pressure tests, and production test data. It identified microporosity from thin sections and NMR as contributing to the low resistivity pay. The combination of multiple data sources reduced uncertainty and improved understanding of reservoir properties, saturation estimates, and reserves calculations compared to resistivity-based analyses alone.
1) The document discusses classification and thermal maturity of the Barnett Shale in Texas, a world-class shale gas play.
2) Technological advancements like FESEM and FIB have allowed for nano-scale analysis of shale composition and pore structure, improving understanding of gas generation and flow.
3) The Barnett Shale has optimal properties for gas production, including a depositional environment with high organic carbon content, low clay content making it brittle, and a thermal maturity resulting from maximum burial depth that generated gas from kerogen.
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
Water development strategies fro the agriculture sector in the lower jordan v...menagov
The document summarizes a case study on water development strategies for the agricultural sector in the Lower Jordan Valley region of Palestine. It describes the key challenges facing sustainable development in the region, including political constraints, water scarcity, groundwater depletion, and lack of effective water management plans. The objectives of the research are identified as developing sustainable strategies that ensure adequate water production and supply for agricultural extension in the region while addressing issues of water quality, salinization, and equitable allocation.
This document discusses tests used to measure aquifer hydraulic properties for contaminant hydrogeology. It explains that aquifer properties are typically characterized at a large scale using pumping tests, but contaminant transport is influenced by heterogeneity at smaller scales. Accurately characterizing hydraulic conductivity spatial variability at finer scales is important for effective remediation system design, as contaminant plumes and high flux zones can span orders of magnitude over short distances. Failing to detect this heterogeneity could result in over- or under-designed remediation systems.
The document discusses depositional models for coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region. It finds that the depositional environment of coal beds strongly influences characteristics like thickness, continuity, roof conditions, and coal quality. Coals formed in back-barrier environments tend to be thin, discontinuous, high in sulfur, and have severe roof problems. Coals in the lower delta plain are more widespread but also thin and show irregular sulfur distribution. Coals in the upper delta plain-fluvial environment are thicker, lower in sulfur, but often discontinuous. Most important coals in the region formed in the transitional zone between the lower and upper delta plains, where coals can be thick and laterally continuous with low
THE EFFECT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOI...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the geotechnical properties and bearing capacity of soils in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Laboratory and field tests were conducted including standard penetration tests, water level observations, and permeability tests. The soils were found to be predominantly clayey with high plasticity (CH), and groundwater was detected between 0.5-0.9 meters below surface. Bearing capacity was calculated using dynamic and static methods, ranging from 21.45-31.35 tonnes/m2 and 9.82-14.20 tonnes/m2 respectively. The study concluded the soils will require engineering treatments before construction.
The application of geoelectrical surveys in delineatingoilandgas24
This document summarizes a study using geoelectrical surveys to delineate groundwater resources in central Saudi Arabia. Two aquifer systems were identified - a shallow system in alluvial deposits over fractured bedrock, and a deeper system in fractures within underlying granite and granodiorite rocks. Analysis of vertical electrical soundings and horizontal electrical profiling identified three zones with varying groundwater potential. The southwest zone has low potential due to clay-rich formations and saline water. The middle zone has relatively better potential with less clay. The northeast zone has negligible potential due to very shallow bedrock. The study identifies specific sites with the most promising potential for drilling wells.
The document provides information on prospect evaluation methodology for oil companies and governments. It discusses how prospect evaluation is used for resource assessment, contracting areas, work commitments, and investment decisions. The methodology includes volumetric and economic evaluations using seismic interpretation, mapping, cash flow analysis, and other factors. Equations and parameters involved in calculating the volumes of oil and gas in-place are also presented, such as pore volume, recovery factors, and formation properties. An example calculation of recoverable oil resources is included to demonstrate the process.
Two pieces of float from a hydrothermal breccia system on the Boer property were discovered in November 2014. Assay results from the float samples averaged 0.548 gpt gold, 11.7 gpt silver, and 0.121% molybdenum. The float is believed to be from near the source of the mineralization. Previous exploration on the Boer property identified areas with anomalous metals in pine bark samples and a large hydrothermal breccia body containing anomalous molybdenum, copper and silver values. The property shows potential for the discovery of a large gold-silver-molybdenum-copper breccia or porphyry deposit.
Vulnerable Zones Designation and Agricultural Practices PresentationIwl Pcu
This document describes a method for designating Nitrate Vulnerable Zones in Romania using existing soil, groundwater, and agricultural data. It involves overlaying maps of: 1) soil vulnerability to nitrate leaching and runoff, 2) groundwater vulnerability, and 3) nitrogen surplus at the local level. Vulnerability indexes are calculated based on soil properties, aquifer depth and flow, and nitrogen inputs/outputs. Zones are identified where high vulnerability areas overlap with locations exceeding nitrogen thresholds. The results identify over 4,700 km2 as vulnerable to nitrate pollution from runoff and over 2,500 km2 from groundwater leaching.
Topographic attributes control groundwater flow and groundwaterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between topographic attributes and groundwater accumulation and salinity in the southwest part of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The study used digital elevation models and remote sensing data to calculate topographic attributes like slope, aspect, relief, and flow accumulation. It found that topographic attributes and hydrological elements are strongly controlled by geological fractures trending northwest and northeast. Areas with high flow accumulation and intersections of geological fractures had greater groundwater accumulation and higher salinity. The study concluded that topographic attributes can help predict sites of high groundwater accumulation and salinity in arid regions.
Introduction first starts by explaining sedimentation of reservoir rocks. Then it moves on to trap elements and responsibilities of a reservoir engineer.
CO2-Driven Enhanced Gas Recovery and Storage in Depleted Shale Reservoir- A N...Steve Wittrig
1) The document discusses using numerical simulation to analyze CO2-enhanced gas recovery and storage in depleted shale gas reservoirs. It aims to maximize methane production while delaying CO2 breakthrough and maximizing CO2 storage.
2) Different injection scenarios are defined based on modifications to well patterns, reservoir characteristics, fracture properties, sorption parameters, and operational constraints. The scenarios vary the spacing between injection and production wells.
3) The best injection practice will be proposed based on analyzing different scenarios to enhance methane recovery and minimize CO2 production from the reservoir while storing more CO2.
IRJET- Index And Engineering Properties of Residual Tropical Soils of Sou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the engineering properties of soils in Konso town, Ethiopia. Eight test pits were dug and soil samples were collected and tested in the lab to determine their physical, index, shear strength, and consolidation properties. The dominant soil type was found to be silty clay (MH) based on grain size analysis and Atterberg limits tests. Properties tested included moisture content, plasticity index, clay fraction, free swell, specific gravity, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compression strength. The results showed that the soils generally had moderate to high expansiveness based on free swell tests. Proper handling and testing methods are needed when evaluating properties of residual tropical soils.
The Catamarca Lithium Project comprises nine exploration concessions in Catamarca Province, Argentina, covering portions of salt lakes and adjacent areas that could contain lithium-rich brine resources. A two-phase exploration program is recommended to evaluate the project's potential, beginning with surface work, geophysics, and trenching followed by a drilling program to sample brines and define any resources found. Total budget for the two phases is estimated at $1.5 million.
Combined impact of climate change and hydropower development on flows of the ...tacochrane
Piman, T., Cochrane, T.A. and Arias, M. E. (2012) Combined Impact of Climate Change and Hydropower Development on Flows of the Sre Kong, Se San and Sre Pok Rivers in the Mekong Basin. IWA (International Water Association) World Congress on Water, Climate and Energy. Dublin, Ireland, 13-18 May 2012.
Distribution of petroleum product within the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria is a daunting
task because of its deltaic nature. To solve this challenge, fixed fuel dispensing stations will be built in the
coastal environment to receive and make supplies available to fishermen and marine transporters. Building of
such fuel stations require proper foundation design. Soil test results of the region was obtained and a foundation
design was made to ascertain the number of piles pile depth, pile spacing, skin friction, lateral load bearing
capacity and end bearing capacity. API codes where used to check and ensure that the results obtained are
within safety limits. This will ensure that the offshore structure completes it intended and designed life span.
This paper discusses an integrated approach to characterizing water saturation in a low-resistivity carbonate reservoir in Abu Dhabi. Traditional resistivity-based analyses overestimated water saturation in this reservoir. The integrated approach combined resistivity logs, core analysis including NMR and capillary pressure tests, and production test data. It identified microporosity from thin sections and NMR as contributing to the low resistivity pay. The combination of multiple data sources reduced uncertainty and improved understanding of reservoir properties, saturation estimates, and reserves calculations compared to resistivity-based analyses alone.
1) The document discusses classification and thermal maturity of the Barnett Shale in Texas, a world-class shale gas play.
2) Technological advancements like FESEM and FIB have allowed for nano-scale analysis of shale composition and pore structure, improving understanding of gas generation and flow.
3) The Barnett Shale has optimal properties for gas production, including a depositional environment with high organic carbon content, low clay content making it brittle, and a thermal maturity resulting from maximum burial depth that generated gas from kerogen.
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
This document discusses how emojis, emoticons, and text speak can be used to teach students. It provides background on the origins of emoticons in 1982 as ways to convey tone and feelings in text communications. It then suggests that with text speak and emojis, students can translate, decode, summarize, play with language, and add emotion to language. A number of websites and apps that can be used for emoji-related activities, lessons, and discussions are also listed.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Studies on chemical and geotechnical properties of marine sandIAEME Publication
1. The document analyzes the chemical and geotechnical properties of marine sand collected from two trial pits near Mypadu Beach in Nellore District, India.
2. Laboratory tests found the sand samples to be alkaline with a pH greater than 8.5. Grain size analysis showed the sand consisted of more than 98% particles between 0.075-1.18mm, making it non-cohesive.
3. Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content varied between the two pits, ranging from 16.29-16.68 kN/m3 and 15.48-15.62% respectively. Ultimate bearing capacity was determined to be 190-200 kN/m2 with a safe
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
STABILIZATION OF LOW COMPRESSIBLE CLAYEY SOIL USING GYPSUM & SUGARCANE BAGASS...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated stabilizing low compressible clayey soil using gypsum and sugarcane bagasse ash. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples containing varying percentages of gypsum (3-9%) and sugarcane bagasse ash (8-16%). The results showed that gypsum addition increased the optimum moisture content and decreased the maximum dry density of soil samples. Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio values increased with 7% gypsum and 12% sugarcane bagasse ash additions. The maximum improvements were observed at these concentrations, indicating they effectively stabilized the clayey soil.
IRJET- Effect of Foundry Sand on Geotechnical Properties of Marine ClayIRJET Journal
This study investigated the effect of adding foundry sand on the geotechnical properties of marine clay. Tests were conducted on marine clay mixed with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% foundry sand by weight. The maximum dry density increased from 1.27 g/cc to 1.52 g/cc and the optimum moisture content decreased when 4% foundry sand was added. The CBR value increased from 1.6% to over 10% with 4% foundry sand addition. Unconfined compressive strength also increased at 4% foundry sand. The study found that 4% was the optimal amount of foundry sand to add to improve the engineering properties of marine clay.
A Laboratory Study on the Stabilization of Marine Clay using Copper SlagIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a laboratory study on stabilizing marine clay using copper slag. Marine clay has poor engineering properties like high swell potential, low bearing capacity, and shrinkage. To improve these properties, various percentages of copper slag (an industrial waste) were mixed with marine clay. Laboratory tests conducted included measuring the free swell index, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and California bearing ratio. The results showed that with 20% copper slag addition, the free swell index decreased by 48%, plasticity index decreased by 48%, maximum dry density increased by 28%, optimum moisture content decreased by 35%, and CBR value increased by 281%. The study demonstrated that copper slag can effectively stabilize marine clay and improve its engineering properties
The properties and potentials of soils of Liman Katagum (LK) in Bauchi State were assessed for both rainfed and irrigated crop production. Six soil mapping units were identified. The soils were moderately deep to very deep (93 – 163cm), except for exposed petroplinthite in some part of land unit LK 2. Soil pH ranged between 4.7 and 8.4, and was rated moderately acid to moderately alkaline. The soils were characterized by moderate fertility status. Improved management techniques were suggested for sustainable use of the land to improve farmers’ economy in the area. Assessment of the land potential showed that land units LK 3, LK 5 and LK6 (47.5%; 9.975ha) were moderately suitable (S2) and LK 1 and LK 4 (27.5%; 5.775ha) marginally suitable (S3) for rainfed crop production. For irrigated crop production, land units; LK 3, LK 4, LK 5 and LK 6 (51.43%; 10.8ha) were potentially moderately suitable (S2) and Land unit LK 1 (23.57%; 4.95ha) marginally suitable (S3). Land unit LK 2 constituting 25% (5.25ha) of the land was not potentially suitable (N2) for either rainfed or irrigated agriculture.
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GEOTECHNICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOIL FOR PROPOSED UTILITY TUNNEL FROM KURIL TO...
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 01 ||Pages|| 172-178 ||2013||
ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805
Suitability / Un-Suitability of Soil under Command Area of
Irrigation Gomal Zam Dam Multipurpose Project
Naveed Akhtar
(Civil Engineering Department, CECOS University, Pakistan)
(Member Pakistan Engineering Council)
----------------------------------------------------------Abstract------------------------------------------------------
The main objective of this soil survey study is to locate as far as possible the future irrigation on the best soils of
the project area and identify the areas which are unsuitable for irrigation due to salinity/sodicity.
The land classes suitable for irrigation were worked out by considering the data regarding texture,
salinity, lime and soil series, soil depth, slope and drainage. It was revealed that very some study area (8.23%
samples) had highly suitable (class-I) soils. The largest parts of the study area (61.17% samples) were classified
as moderately suitable (class-II) lands but marginally suitable (class-III) land units also occupied a fairly large
area (25.88% samples). Some areas (4.7% samples) were classified as unsuitable (class-IV, V, VI) mainly due to
physical soil limitations like rough broken and stony lands, stony lands and badlands. The chemical factors like
salinity and CaCO3 were almost not limiting factors.
Maps illustrating different classes of various parameters like salinity/ sodicity, texture, lime, soil series
and classes of land suitability for irrigation were also prepared. In saline soils, ridge sowing and growing of
salt tolerant crops are suggested. Moreover frequent heavy irrigations will also flush down the soluble salts
below root zone provided the soils have better permeability. Presence of fine clayey stratification or hard pan
and bedrock at shallow level may pose problem of perched water table development. The growers should be
educated about the judicious use of water and cultivation of low delta crops in those areas.
Keywords – Clay, Loams, Gomal Zam Dam Multipurpose Project, Silt, Sand
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 22, December, 2012 Date of Publication: 11, January 2013
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Gomal Zam Dam is a mega project having two main purposes as given below:
To generate Hydropower of about 17.40 MW
To irrigate land under command area of 163,100 acres
The problem arises to check the land under a culturable command area (CCA), is either fit for cultivation or not
and how much area is feasible / unfeasible in terms of percentage.
During meeting with Water and Power Development Authority (Ministry of Water & Power), Government of
Pakistan, it was informed that no previous study was conducted to resolve the problem.
1.1. Objectives of Study:
The main objective of this study / thesis is to locate as far as possible the future irrigation on the best
soils of the project area and identify the areas which are unsuitable for irrigation due to
salinity/sodicity, Lime status and drainage.
To examine the physical properties of the soil i.e. soil texture and soil depth.
To evaluate the soil drainage properties of the study area.
To evaluate the slope gradient of the land for surface irrigation.
To find out the area suitable for surface irrigation purpose and unsuitable respectively.
To calculate the area suitable / unsuitable in terms of percentage under a culturable command area
(CCA) of main canal.
To develop physical land suitability map for irrigation of the study area.
1.2. Scope of study:
Irrigation is the most common means of ensuring sustainable agriculture and coping with periods of
inadequate rainfall and drought. Pakistan is an agriculture country and about 70 % of the people of the country
is engaged in agriculture; irrigation is most common and easy way for agriculture.
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2. Suitability / Un-Suitability of Soil under Command Area of Irrigation Gomal Zam Dam…
Irrigation, applying water to assure sufficient soil moisture is available for good plant growth, because
it is used to enhance the rainfall that occurs during the growing season. Irrigation is used on full season
agronomic crops to provide a reliable yield every year. It is also used on crops where water stress affects the
quality of the yield. Hence irrigation is very needed for the country.
Land classification for irrigation is the systematic examination, description, appraisal and grouping of land on
the basis of physical and chemical characteristics affecting its suitability for sustained production under
irrigation agriculture. The purpose of this study / research is to determine the extent and degree of suitability of
land for irrigation.
II. Methodology
2.1. Sample Collection
A total of eighty five (85) soil samples from different locations (Mozas) were collected covering the area of
Gomal Zam Multipurpose Project (irrigation component) in the month of November-December, 2011. Soil
samples were taken from upper 0-30 cm depth. Soil samples were analyzed for physio-chemical characteristics
i.e. salinity/sodicity, lime status and texture to determine the suitability of land for irrigation.
2.1.2 Soil Samples:
Sample Collection is the first step in soil testing. Collecting samples from roadways or near roadways, pathways
and areas (where manures have been piled), were avoided.
Care should be taken for the following points while sampling.
1. Used Polythene bags for soil samples.
2. Removed stones and big gravels.
3. Labeled the samples in duplicate with water proof ink.
4. Noted sample number, location and date of sampling.
5. The soil sample was about one kg.
2.1.3 Preparation of Sample:
Drying:
The soil sample was spread out on a tray of metal, stones were removed and large soil aggregates were broken-
up. Obvious pieces of under composed organic matter were also discarded. The sample was labeled and left for
air drying. It was mixed during drying to expose fresh surfaces. The samples were protected from direct sun and
wind.
Sieving:
After drying, the samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve. The process was continued until the material
retained on the sieve contains no soil aggregates. The material larger than 2mm are discarded.
The soil texture was determined by hydrometer method (Gee and Bauder, 1986). The pH, electrical conductivity
of soil extract (ECe), calcium plus magnesium, sodium & lime were determined following standard methods
(Mclean, (1982), Richards, (1954), Nelson and Sommers, 1992), respectively
2.2. Indexing of Soils
The criteria used for classifying soils into different classes on the basis of given specifications are as under:
Table-2.2. Classification of different Parameters
S.#. Measurement Optimum Marginal Adequate
1. Slope < 2% 2-8% >8%
2. Drainage S,LS,SL L,SiL,CL,SCL,SiCL C,SiC,SC
Moderately Strongly
Slightly Calcareous
3. Lime (%) Calcareous Calcareous
< 2.0 2.0 – 14.0 > 14.0
Moderately
Coarse Medium Fine
4. Textural Class Fine
S, LS, SL, L, SiL, Si CL, SCL, SiCL SC, SiC, C
Normal Saline
5. Salinity
< 4 dS/m(EC) > 4 dS/m(EC)
Non-Sodic Sodic
6. Sodicity
< 12 SAR > 12 SAR
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3. Suitability / Un-Suitability of Soil under Command Area of Irrigation Gomal Zam Dam…
2.3. Classification regarding Land Suitability for Irrigation
Land suitability for irrigation was worked out according to Sys, et al. (1991). Different land characteristics that
influence the soil suitability for irrigation are related to the capability index for irrigation (Ci)
The Ci was calculated according to the formula:
Ci = A * B/100 * C/100 * D/100 * E/100 * F/100 [Eq. 2.1]
Where Ci = Capability Index for irrigation
A = Rating of soil texture
B = Rating of soil depth
C = Rating of CaCO3 status
D = Salinity/ Alkalinity rating
E = Drainage rating
F = Slope rating
Fig.2.1. USDA Soil Textural Triangle
III. Results & Discussions
3.1 General Characteristics of the Soils
The soils of the area could be classified into three broad groups (i) sandy, (ii) loamy and silty and (iii) clayey. In
terms of the hydraulic characteristics i.e., water intake rate, available water retention, and water transmission,
these groups are quite variable.
i. The first group (sandy soils) is quite good in respect of water intake rate but its available water
retention capacity is low. It is also good in conserving stored moisture because of its low capillarity
hindering evaporation losses. These soils are mostly in the upper reaches of the Piedmont plain close to
the mountains or occupy torrent levels in the centre of the plain. Their surface is generally undulating.
ii. Loamy and silty soils, occurring in the central part of the Piedmont plain, have high available water-
holding capacity and retain moisture once surface soil mulch is created by cultivation. Also, these soils
have physical characteristics favorable for deep and extensive crop root development.
iii. Clayey soils, including silty clays, clays and silty clay loams, form a major part of the project land.
They have unfavorable hydraulic characteristics and also pose difficulties in their tillage and hinder
plant root development. Furthermore, their surface cracking increases the moisture loss through
evaporation.
Salinity is a problem in the virgin soils but not in cultivated land. However, it is heartening to mention that the
soils do not have a Sodicity problem and the salinity disappears gradually with cultivation under irrigation.
3.2. Chemical Characteristics of Soils of Study Area
Chemical Characteristics of soils of study area are analysed as per general criteria of Sys et al.1991.
From the results, it is clear that all soils are alkaline in reaction with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6. The electrical
conductivity of the soil extract (ECe) varied from 0.75-8.00 dS/m indicating salinity encroachment (ECe > 4
dS/m) in seventeen (17) locations out of 85 locations. However, sample # 1, 4, 9 and 15 had > 6 dS/m EC. Five
locations have only sodicity problem while other five are saline sodic. Probably the salts were accumulated due
to prolonged dry periods, which may be reclaimed with irrigation of good quality water and cultivation of crops.
In saline soils, ridge sowing and growing of salt tolerant crops are suggested. More over frequent heavy
irrigations will also flush down the soluble salts below root zone provided the soils have better permeability.
Presence of hard pan or bedrock at shallow level may pose problem of perched water table development. In that
case, the farmer should be educated about the judicious use of water and cultivation of low delta crops.
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 174
4. Suitability / Un-Suitability of Soil under Command Area of Irrigation Gomal Zam Dam…
Salinity levels may improve under irrigation provided internal drainage of the soil is favorable. The
soils with ECe levels greater than 6 dS/m in the surface 0.5 m generally require improvement prior to irrigation
development. Irrigation of such soils may also result in unfavorable relocation and accumulation of salts in
lower lying areas. The degree of salinity and /or Sodicity may vary widely within short distances and there may
be no clear indication of the area occupied by each salinity/sodicity level. Unless a very detailed mapping and
sampling program is carried out, it is impossible to estimate the acreage occupied by each salinity level. It is
also very difficult to accurately predict the amount and extent of salinity that may develop after irrigation water
is applied, but some general estimates can be made. Salinity and sodicity levels may improve under irrigation
provided that internal drainage of the soil profiles is favorable. Our observations suggest that the soils which
were saline prior to CRBC have become productive due to washing out of salts with canal irrigation. Likewise
Graveland, 1970 revealed that soluble salts concentration may change rapidly throughout the growing season
when water application and evaporation are at their maximum.
Fig. 2 depicts the Salinity/ Sodicity classes of the study area
3.2 Texture of Soils of Study Area
Texture is an important factor to consider when rating soil as to its suitability for irrigation. Available
moisture holding capacity is seen to be higher in fine than in coarse-textured soils. Infiltration rate and hydraulic
conductivities are observed to be slower in fine than in coarse textured soils. Medium textured soils developed
in uniform deposits are the most desirable for irrigation. The degree to which soil texture deviate from this
optimum determines their suitability for sustained irrigated agriculture. Coarse texture soils are limited by low
available moisture holding capacity. Fine textures soils are less suitable due to slow infiltration and low
hydraulic conductivity.
The soils had variable texture. It varied from coarse textured soils to fine textured soils. There were
three coarse textured soils (SL), 43 medium textured soils (L, SiL, Si), 22 moderately fine textured soils (CL,
SCL, SiCL), and 17 fine textured soils (SC, SiC, C).
Fig. 3 shows different textural classes of soils of study area
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5. Suitability / Un-Suitability of Soil under Command Area of Irrigation Gomal Zam Dam…
3.3. Soil Depth of Study Area
The depth of soil profiles was categorized into four classes viz < 50, 50-80, 80-100 and >100 cm.
Almost 60% soils (51 locations) had profile deep >100 cm and were classified as very deep soils while the
profile depth of 20% soils (17 locations) varied from 80-100 cm and were considered as deep soils. The depth of
15.3% soils (13 locations) ranged from 50-80 cm and were classified as moderately deep soils whereas 4.7%
soils (4 locations) had <50 cm depth and fell in the category of shallow soils.
3.4. Soil Drainage of Study Area
The Soil Drainage was categorized into five classes viz 100%, 80-90%, 70-80% and 60-65%. Almost
72.94 % soils (62 locations) had Soil Drainage 80-90% and were classified as moderately Drainage, 3.53% soils
(03 locations) was 100 % and were considered as Well Drained Soils. The Drainage of 18.82% soils (16
locations) ranged from 70-80% and were classified as imperfectly drained soils whereas 4.70% soils (4
locations) had 60-65% and fell in the category of Poorly Drained soils. Water Table depth below G.L of Study
area is worked out in Geo-Technical report, (2010), by Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA),
Project Director Office, Gomal Zam Dam, Multipurpose Project, CRBC Colony D.I.Khan.
3.5. Soil Slope of Study Area
The soil slope was categorized into Seven classes viz 0-1% , 1-3% , 3-5% , 5-8% , 8-16% , 16-30% and
> 30%. Almost 100% soils (85 locations) had slope in between 0-1% and were classified as optimum slope.
Slope of Study area is worked out on the basis of available data of elevation/distance of command area obtained
from Geo-Technical Report, (2010), of Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Project Director
Office, Gomal Zam Dam, Multipurpose Project, CRBC Colony, D.I.Khan.
H
WA
LI
KA
MA
WAND
KHAN
DI-2
DI-R1
R
.B
D
IS
TR
IB
DI-3
U
TA
DI-3
R
DI-7
Y
DI -
DI-9
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DI-5 Mi
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I-
11
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-6
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Conclusion
Land suitability classification was estimated by adopting the procedure described by Sys, et al. (1991).
Considering the data regarding texture, salinity, lime and soil series description containing the soil profile depth,
drainage, slope and horizon description, the following conclusions are drawn:
8.23 % Area- highly suitable or excellent (class-I)
61.17% Area- suitable or good (class-II)
25.88% Area- slightly suitable or fair (class-III)
4.70 % Area- classified as unsuitable (class-IV)
Mainly due to physical soil limitations like rough broken and stony lands, stony lands and badlands. Map
showing different suitability / capability classes is presented in Figure-5.
Four locations (Turan tatur, Gara Baloach, Ghurazai and sarangnowal) have been identified as non-
irrigable due to the reasons described above. The area under moza Turan tatur measuring 6478 acres is non
irrigable, out of which 1423 acres fall with in the specified project boundary. Likewise area of moza Ghurazai
measuring 4567 acres is non irrigable but is outside the project boundary.
Areas along banks of nullah Kaur and Kiryani are also non irrigable due to rough, broken and stony lands. The
area of this unsuitable land is (2X60 km X 10 X 2) = 240 ha or 593 Acre.
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 176
6. Suitability / Un-Suitability of Soil under Command Area of Irrigation Gomal Zam Dam…
1.3. Recommendations
i. It is recommended that chemical factors like salinity and CaCO3 are almost not a limiting factor
throughout the whole study area. In saline soils, ridge sowing and growing of salt tolerant crops are
suggested. Moreover frequent heavy irrigations will also flush down the soluble salts below root zone
provided the soils have better permeability.
ii. The presence of fine clayey layers or hard pan and bedrock at shallow depth was identified at three
locations which may pose problem of perched water table development or induced water logging.
These areas are Hawasi, Hussni and Chadrer. In those areas, the growers should be educated about the
judicious use of irrigation water and growing of low delta crops.
iii. It is recommended that environment should be considered in irrigation development. The expansion
and intensification of agriculture made possible by irrigation has the potential for causing: increased
erosion; pollution of surface water and groundwater from agricultural biocides. The potential negative
environmental impacts of irrigation include water logging and salinization of soils, increased incidence
of water-borne and water-related diseases.
iv. Land-use policy must take account of land suitability in relation to the expected future needs and the
possibility of meeting demands. The critical importance of land for specified uses should be known
either physical or economic suitability. This means not only whether it is important that this specific
area of land should be used in particular way but also whether a particular area is physically suitable.
v. Agricultural land use system of the country should meet the demands of food supply for increasing
population. Therefore, irrigation should be considered as an important investment for improving rural
income through increased agricultural production in the country.
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