The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Uniform particle distribution by a newer method in composite metal of Al/SiCIOSR Journals
Abstract: Preparation of composites of metal with ceramic particle reinforced through the casting process
is not uniform because of poor wet ability. The major difficulty is to get a uniform distribution of
reinforcement especially in higher volume fractions. An innovative method of producing cast composites is
tried in present study to overcome this problem we need homogeneity of matrix. The method involves multi
axis rotation of liquid aluminum and silicon carbide particulates packed in a steel pipe inside a rotating drum.
Up to 65 % volume of the metal (aluminum)is incorporated by SIC by this technique. Physical Properties
like hardness, micro hardness, densities and microstructures have been studied. The distribution of
particles as well the mechanical properties are better as compared to that of stir cast composites with similar
volume fraction of silicon carbide reinforcement. The composite with 65-volume percentage of silicon carbide
of particulates showed a Rockwell Hardness value of 67Rb.In few locations the microstructure showed a
non-uniform distribution which can be neglected . There were segregation of silicon carbide particles at a
particular location and the hardness obtained there was much higher. The particle distribution is a result
of the combined influence of random mixing of particles and liquid aluminum and the solidification pattern
obtained.
Key word: Multi axis rotation, microstructure, MMC, Al- SIC matrix
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Flexural characteristics of sfrscc and sfrnc one way slabseSAT Journals
Abstract Fibre reinforced concrete with steel fibres attracted the attention of engineers and researchers during the last five decades. In recent times self-compacting concrete has been accepted as a quality product and are widely used. A large number of studies are available with respect to several parameters viz., load deflection behavior, toughness, flexural strength, ductility, effects of beam dimensions, concrete filling sequence, flexural toughness parameters, crack control etc. of fibre Reinforced Concrete. The present study aims to study the flexural behavior of SFRSCC and SFRNC slabs with steel fibres. Keywords: Self compacting concrete1, Fibre reinforced concrete2, Steel fibre reinforce normal concrete3, Steel fibre reinforce4, Self-compacting concrete5.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
Experimental investigations of surface wear by dry sliding and induced damage...Barhm Mohamad
This study concerns the wear behaviour of metal couples used in industry, particularly in mechanical sliding systems (numerically controlled machine tools). In general, the nature of the materials of the parts of these systems which are in contact and move relatively, are medium carbon steels, thanks to their good mechanical and tribological properties. The present work aims to study, the dry sliding wear of the contact surface of the pin (machine slide) against the contact surface of a disc (machine groove) and the damage induced on the worn track. The pin is AISI 1038 and AISI 1045 steel, the disc is AISI 1055 steel. The tribological tests were carried out on a pin-disc tribometer, in an atmospheric environment. The wear of the pins being evaluated by weighing and studied according to the hardness of the pin with the variation of the normal load applied. The discussion of the results is based on SEM observations and EDS analyzes of worn surfaces and interfacial phenomena produced by dynamic contact. The results obtained indicated the influence of the applied load and the hardness on the wear of the pin and therefore on the tribological behaviour of the worn surfaces.
Uniform particle distribution by a newer method in composite metal of Al/SiCIOSR Journals
Abstract: Preparation of composites of metal with ceramic particle reinforced through the casting process
is not uniform because of poor wet ability. The major difficulty is to get a uniform distribution of
reinforcement especially in higher volume fractions. An innovative method of producing cast composites is
tried in present study to overcome this problem we need homogeneity of matrix. The method involves multi
axis rotation of liquid aluminum and silicon carbide particulates packed in a steel pipe inside a rotating drum.
Up to 65 % volume of the metal (aluminum)is incorporated by SIC by this technique. Physical Properties
like hardness, micro hardness, densities and microstructures have been studied. The distribution of
particles as well the mechanical properties are better as compared to that of stir cast composites with similar
volume fraction of silicon carbide reinforcement. The composite with 65-volume percentage of silicon carbide
of particulates showed a Rockwell Hardness value of 67Rb.In few locations the microstructure showed a
non-uniform distribution which can be neglected . There were segregation of silicon carbide particles at a
particular location and the hardness obtained there was much higher. The particle distribution is a result
of the combined influence of random mixing of particles and liquid aluminum and the solidification pattern
obtained.
Key word: Multi axis rotation, microstructure, MMC, Al- SIC matrix
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Flexural characteristics of sfrscc and sfrnc one way slabseSAT Journals
Abstract Fibre reinforced concrete with steel fibres attracted the attention of engineers and researchers during the last five decades. In recent times self-compacting concrete has been accepted as a quality product and are widely used. A large number of studies are available with respect to several parameters viz., load deflection behavior, toughness, flexural strength, ductility, effects of beam dimensions, concrete filling sequence, flexural toughness parameters, crack control etc. of fibre Reinforced Concrete. The present study aims to study the flexural behavior of SFRSCC and SFRNC slabs with steel fibres. Keywords: Self compacting concrete1, Fibre reinforced concrete2, Steel fibre reinforce normal concrete3, Steel fibre reinforce4, Self-compacting concrete5.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
Experimental investigations of surface wear by dry sliding and induced damage...Barhm Mohamad
This study concerns the wear behaviour of metal couples used in industry, particularly in mechanical sliding systems (numerically controlled machine tools). In general, the nature of the materials of the parts of these systems which are in contact and move relatively, are medium carbon steels, thanks to their good mechanical and tribological properties. The present work aims to study, the dry sliding wear of the contact surface of the pin (machine slide) against the contact surface of a disc (machine groove) and the damage induced on the worn track. The pin is AISI 1038 and AISI 1045 steel, the disc is AISI 1055 steel. The tribological tests were carried out on a pin-disc tribometer, in an atmospheric environment. The wear of the pins being evaluated by weighing and studied according to the hardness of the pin with the variation of the normal load applied. The discussion of the results is based on SEM observations and EDS analyzes of worn surfaces and interfacial phenomena produced by dynamic contact. The results obtained indicated the influence of the applied load and the hardness on the wear of the pin and therefore on the tribological behaviour of the worn surfaces.
The Effect of Direct- and Cross-Rolling on Mechanical Properties and Microstr...Kaveh Rahimi Mamaghani
Severely deformed commercial pure aluminum sheets by constrained groove pressing are direct and crossrolled.
The grain size evolution and dislocation density during rolling are studied using Williamson-Hall
analysis on x-ray diffraction patterns of the deformed samples. These results and optical microscopy
observations show that subsequent direct or cross-rolling of constrained groove pressed aluminum can
produce elongated fine grains. The minimum crystallite size is achieved after cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed samples. By direct-rolling or cross-rolling of annealed sheet, the maximum intensity in x-ray
diffraction patterns remains on (200) like annealed aluminum but direct-rolling or cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed sheets changes the maximum intensity from (111) for constrained groove pressed
sheets to (220). Also, mechanical properties are studied using tensile test and hardness measurement. The
results show that cross-rolling on constrained groove pressed samples is more effective than direct-rolling in
mechanical properties improvement.
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
Experimental Study Compared With American Code - ConcreteFilled – Double Skin...ijceronline
Six Specimens with three different volume fractions of steel fibers are cast and tested. Experiments on circular steel tubes in – filled with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and normal concrete have been performed to investigate the contribution of steel fibers to the load bearing capacity of Short Composite Columns . The main variable considered in the test study is the percentage of steel. Fibers added to the in –filled concrete. All the specimens were tested under axial failure state realization. This project presents the percentage Variation in the compression strengths of the 3 types of Composite members taken under Study. The results show that 1.5% SFRC in filled steel columns exhibit enhanced ultimate load carrying compression until capacity. Experimental studies compared with American code
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Effect of Direct- and Cross-Rolling on Mechanical Properties and Microstr...Kaveh Rahimi Mamaghani
Severely deformed commercial pure aluminum sheets by constrained groove pressing are direct and crossrolled.
The grain size evolution and dislocation density during rolling are studied using Williamson-Hall
analysis on x-ray diffraction patterns of the deformed samples. These results and optical microscopy
observations show that subsequent direct or cross-rolling of constrained groove pressed aluminum can
produce elongated fine grains. The minimum crystallite size is achieved after cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed samples. By direct-rolling or cross-rolling of annealed sheet, the maximum intensity in x-ray
diffraction patterns remains on (200) like annealed aluminum but direct-rolling or cross-rolling of constrained
groove pressed sheets changes the maximum intensity from (111) for constrained groove pressed
sheets to (220). Also, mechanical properties are studied using tensile test and hardness measurement. The
results show that cross-rolling on constrained groove pressed samples is more effective than direct-rolling in
mechanical properties improvement.
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
Experimental Study Compared With American Code - ConcreteFilled – Double Skin...ijceronline
Six Specimens with three different volume fractions of steel fibers are cast and tested. Experiments on circular steel tubes in – filled with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and normal concrete have been performed to investigate the contribution of steel fibers to the load bearing capacity of Short Composite Columns . The main variable considered in the test study is the percentage of steel. Fibers added to the in –filled concrete. All the specimens were tested under axial failure state realization. This project presents the percentage Variation in the compression strengths of the 3 types of Composite members taken under Study. The results show that 1.5% SFRC in filled steel columns exhibit enhanced ultimate load carrying compression until capacity. Experimental studies compared with American code
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Influence of volume fraction, size, cracking, clustering of particulates and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the influence of volume fraction, size of particulates, formation of precipitates at the
matrix/particle interface, particle cracking, voids/porosity, and clustering of particulates on the strength and stiffness of
6063/SiCp metal matrix composites. Tensile strength and stiffness increase with an increase in the volume fraction of SiC
particulates. The tensile strength and stiffness decrease with increase in size of the particulates, presence of porosity, clustering,
and particle cracking. Formation of particulate clusters is more prominent in the composites having very small-reinforced
particulates. Mg2Si compound is likely to precipitate at the matrix/particle interfaces of 6063/SiC composite.
Keywords: 6063, SiC, clustering, cracking, porosity, clustering
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Improving Fracture Toughness of Mullite Ceramics with Metal ReinforcementsIJRES Journal
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 6 ||Pages|| 12-18||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 12
Characterization of Cyclically Deformed Persistence Slip Bands
and Ladder like PSB’s in Copper Grain Structure
Aezeden Mohamed, Wei Liu and M. N. Bassim
Faculty of Engineering, University Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, R3T 5V6
-------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
A study of microstructural characterization of copper polycrystals during strain control fatigue has been
studied for three decades. However, the reported results are quite controversial in regard to the plateau
behavior, which has been well established for single copper crystals. The absence of complete and reliable
results on the effects of the copper grain size when polycrystals are subjected to strain control fatigue testing
was the primary motivation for the present study, with the goal being to address the cause of a clear answer in
the existing literature. Saturation stresses measured in strain control fatigue tests were plotted as a function of
corresponding plastic strain amplitudes to obtain a cyclic stress strain curve (CSSC) for three different grain
sizes. After testing, cycled specimens were sectioned and cut longitudinally in the gauge length section of the
specimens to produce samples for etching and microscopic investigation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
was conducted on the etched samples to determine the presence of persistent slip bands (PSBs) in each grain
size.
KEYWORDS - Cyclic, curve, fatigue, grain, persistence, plateau, saturation, slip, strain, stress.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Date, 12 June 13 Date of Publication: Date 25 June 13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
For three decades the research on fatigue has examined the fracture behavior, i.e., crack propagation and
fracture mechanics. This research has been extremely valuable for failure analysis and in the fracture control of
structures. However, much of this work has been carried out from an engineering point of view and less attention
has been given to the basic mechanisms of fatigue. It is recognized that without a fundamental understanding of
such basic processes, designing structure with high her safety would be difficult. Klesnil [1] reported that the
fatigue process is completely dominated by cyclic plastic deformation, which causes irreversible changes in the
material microstructure. In general, the fatigue process can be divided into three stages: fatigue hardening and
/or softening, micro crack nucleation, and crack propagation. The final stage has received the most attention and
can be considered to be well established. On the other hand, the first two stages, where most of the fatigue
problems occur in many types of structure, have received less attention and there are still a lot of unsolved
problems.
Since the 1970’s there have been many studies on the cyclic stress strain behavior of pure metals and
alloys. Most of these have used single crystals because it is helpful and easy to understand basic fatigue behavior
of a single crystal before studying polycrystalline materials.
Throughout those investigations, such as strain control fatigue test and corresponding mechanism, has
been achieved. Over the past two decades the cyclic deformation behavior of polycrystalline materials has also
been studied extensively. However, investigations have given rise to a considerable scatter in the reported
results. In order to provide some clarification in our understanding of the behavior of material under cyclic
deformation, the present study investigated the microstructural characterization of copper with different grain
sizes subjected to stain control fatigue.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
The material used for the tests was pure commercial copper (99.94%Cu, < 0.01%Al, < 0.005%Si).
As received copper rod with a diameter of 12.7mm was machined into fatigue specimens with a total length of
115mm and a gauge length of 20mm with a 7.4mm diameter.
2. Characterization of Cyclically Deformed Persistence …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 13
Three heat treatment schemes were applied to obtain three sets of specimens with different grain sizes of
22m, 35m, and 100m as shown in Figures 1 (a), 1 (b) and 1 (c), respectively. A tube furnace with an argon
protection atmosphere was used for the heat treatments in order to minimize surface oxidization. Pre-strain was
conducted using a tensile testing machine to produce a specimen dimension of 120mm and a gauge length of
25mm with a 6.5mm diameter. All specimens were divided into three groups. The first group was heat treated at
566C for 0.5 hours to produce a 22m-grain size, the second group was heat-treated at 650C for 2 hours to
produce a 35m grain size, and the third group was heat treated at 866C for 1.5 hours to produce a grain size of
100m. Only the first and second groups (22m and 35m specimens) were pre-strained by 30 % plastic
elongation and furnace-cooled to eliminate internal stresses and enable them to be pre-strained by a relatively
large plastic elongation. The plastic pre-strain was carried out on an INSTRON screw-driven tensile testing
machine, which was connected to an IBM XT personal computer for sampling and processing of test data.
Figure 1: Optical micrograph of copper with grain sizes of (a) 22µm, (b) 35µm, (c) 100m.
III. RESULTS
3.1 Cyclic stress strain curves
The cyclic stress strain curves (CSS) for grain sizes of 22m, 35m, and 100m were compared in
Figure 2. In addition, the current testing methodology followed similar methodology to Liu [2] whose results are
also provided for comparison.
It can be seen that all CSS curves exhibit three regions of cyclic hardening and a quasi-plateau region.
However, a grain size effect is also noticed: 1) except at very low plastic strain range, a smaller grained
polycrystalline copper clearly exhibits a higher saturation stress than that for a coarser grained polycrystalline
copper, 2) a fine grained copper exhibits a steeper quasi plateau than a coarser grained copper 3) the quasi
plateau region for a fine grained copper starts earlier and ends later, compared to a coarser grained copper.
The extension of the quasi plateau region is given in terms of strain amplitude from the onset of the
plateau to its end. The fatigue limit, I, is defined as the saturation stress and the corresponding plastic strain
amplitude below which the persistent slip bands (PSB) is absent; because no PSB formed just below the onset of
a quasi-plateau (I).
The slope of the quasi plateau is defined as the change of saturation stress (MPa) with the plastic strain
amplitudes (pl./2). From Figure 2 shows that the slope of the quasi plateau is steeper for a finer grained
polycrystal than for a coarser one.
3. Characterization of Cyclically Deformed Persistence …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 14
Figure 2: CSS Curves of Copper of with grain sizes of 22m, 35m, and 100m.
3.2 Microstructural Characterization
The SEM investigation showed: 1) In region (I), no PSB’s were observed, and 2) In region (II), PSB’s started
to form at the lower ends of the quasi plateaus. In general, the PSB population increases with the applied plastic
strain amplitude (pl./2). However, the increase in population for smaller grained copper is not as fast as that for
a coarser grained copper. At the end of the quasi plateau, less than 8% of the grains contain PSB’s in 22m-
grained copper (Figure 3 (a)), around 12% of grains contain PSB’s in 35m grained copper (Figure 3 (b)), while
for 100m grained material, more than 30% of grains contain PSB’s (Figure 3 (c)). An important item of
information from the SEM investigation is that the PSB’s in fine grain copper distribute more randomly
compared to those in 100m grained copper where most of the grains containing PSB’s were fully filled with
them. In 22m grain copper most of the grains contain only one or two cluster of PSB’s.
IV. DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Grained size Effect on CSS Response
Microstructural characterization of copper of three grains sizes reveals three regions of cyclic
hardening. In region (I), and region (III), which correspond to low and high plastic strain regions, respectively,
saturation stress increases markedly with increasing plastic plateau.
The occurrence of a quasi-plateau region in the CSS curve of polycrystalline copper was reported
by Figueroa and Mughrabi [3, 4]. Liu [2] claimed a quasi plateau region in the CSS curve of 42m grained
structure copper. Liu’s results are comparable to that reported in this paper. This is likely due to the use of the
same testing conditions. Mughrabi [4] does not claim quasi plateau in his investigation on 25m grained
structure copper, and indicated three regions of cyclic hardening and a clear quasi plateau exist in the
intermediate region.
A recent study by Mayer and Laird [5] indicates that testing frequency significantly influences the
cyclic behavior of copper polycrystals. They found that low cyclic frequency stimulates PSB transformation
from loop patches. In other word, low cyclic frequency promotes localization of deformation. Since it is well
known that the formation of PSB influences cyclic response by reducing the slope of cyclic hardening and both
the present study and above-mentioned studies were performed under low frequency, then it is not surprising that
a quasi-plateau exists. These studies are congruent in their outcomes. Moreover, work by Figueroa [3] that
resulted in a true plateau was also carried out at low testing frequencies.
After reviewing the CSS curves of copper polycrystals published in the literature, the test conditions can be
classified into two broad categories of low constant strain rate (<E-02/second) and high constant frequency
(>10Hz).
The plateau like behavior was more pronounced under low constant strain rate but tests were
carried out at constant high frequency showed less plateau behavior or even no plateau behavior as reported by
Mayer, Basinski and Mulliner [5-7].
In the current work with 22m, 35m, and 100m grain sizes of copper polycrystals were used as
shown in Figures 1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c). In the current work, as can be seen from Figure 2 (a), a fine-grained
copper clearly exhibits a higher saturation stress (s/2) than a coarse grained copper except at very low
(pl./2). The extension of the quasi plateau reveals a grain size effect as well: the coarser the grain size, the
longer the extension of the plateau. In addition, the quasi plateau region shows a different slope for each grain
size.It is well known that the effect of grain size on monotonic deformation is described through models such as
the Hall-Petch effect. This effect is due to the influence of grain size in limiting slip length, dislocation density
and dislocation pile-ups, as reported by Boutin and Thompson [8, 9].
4. Characterization of Cyclically Deformed Persistence …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 15
In general, flow stress is found to be proportional to the square root of dislocation density and that
dislocation density is inversely proportional to slip length. At low strain the dislocation slip length approaches
the dimension of the grain. Therefore, as grain size decreases, the flow stress increases. As was demonstrated for
the copper in this study, persistent slip bands nucleated at the grain boundary and extended toward the opposite
grain boundary: most slip bands reached the opposite side. For these reasons, it follows that a small-grained
copper reveals a higher (s/2) value. At higher values of (pl./2), where dislocation structures, the slip length
approaches the cell dimension. Boutin [8] discovered that the grain size effect in monotonically deformed copper
diminishes or even reverses at high strains.
Recent results by several investigators [7-9] agree on the effect of grain size in the cyclic response
of copper polycrystals. It is known that a relatively open vein structure is formed at low (pl/2), so slip length
may be a function of grain diameter, which means grain size may be expected to influence saturation behavior.
However, at very high (pl/2) amplitudes a well-defined cell structures forms. Since grain size does not show
the influence of cell size, grain size would not be expected to influence saturation behavior at very high
amplitudes. This behavior in cyclically deformed copper was reported by Hirth [10]. The results of the present
study generally reflect the typical behavior, namely, higher (s/2) for smaller grain size. However, at very low
(pl/2), grain size effect on (s/2) is not well defined and may be attributed to mechanical error or other
explanations, which are left open for future study. It should be mentioned that the present study was not
performed up to very high (pl/2) amplitude, where cell structure is well developed. However, it can be clearly
seen that the ends of the CSS curves are approaching each other (Figure 2), and might intercept at higher
(pl/2), where cell structure is well developed.
As demonstrated in CSS curves (Figure 2), the extension of the quasi plateaus shows a grain size
effect. The quasi plateau started earlier and ended later for a coarser grain size compared to a finer grain size.
The onset of a quasi plateau indicates the formation of PSB’s by the breaking down of vein structure, and
secondary slip bands begin development as a consequence of further application of (pl/2). A study of these
behaviours was reported by Hirth [10].
The hard region is caused by multiple slip produced by plastic incompatibilities from an adjacent
grain and enhances homogenization of deformation until the whole grain becomes hard. The soft region has a
single slip character at low intermediate strain amplitudes, and is associated with localization of deformation by
formation of PSB’s in cyclic deformation.
A study by Liu [2] of microstructural characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
on cyclic saturated polycrystalline copper with a 42m grain size, conducted in region I, noted cylindrical loop
patch structures in single crystals and coarse grained polycrystals.
Moreover, the irregular loop patch and cellular loop patch, which were rarely reported to occur in
coarse grained copper and single crystals, were observed in region (I). In region (II), the dislocation structure
formed veins and PSB’s structures were also present in this region, but with much lower fractions than that found
in the coarse grain size. Both of the above mentioned studies indicate that the smaller the grain size, the more
pronounced multiple slip behavior, which leads to more homogenous deformation.
The results of the present study can be explained in similar terms as Liu’s [2] study. Since a coarse
grain can be interact with a bigger volume fraction of a soft region oriented for single slip than a smaller grain,
more PSB’s are than for a smaller grain. On the other hand, a small grain has a bigger volume fraction of hard
region oriented for multiple slip, and develops more homogenous deformation. The constraint effect is also more
significant because of the compatibility requirement, and thus the applied deformation can be distributed among
the whole grains more effectively. Therefore, the formation of PSB, which indicates the start of the quasi
plateau, might need larger (pl/2) and (s/2) to be applied for small grained polycrystals. For coarse-grained
polycrystals, the constraint effect from the adjacent grain is less significant because the volume fraction of the
hard region is small compared to that for a smaller grain and conditions are more favorable for localization of
deformation rather than homogeneity of deformation. For a small grain, the effect is opposite. The compatibility
requirement is more pronounced and the localization of deformation can be suppressed more easily because of a
significant constraint effect resulting from the higher density of grain boundaries; multiple slip behavior in
promoted.
4.2 Grain Size Effect on PSB Formation
PSB’s formed during the cyclic deformation of the polycrystalline copper show short and straight thin
lines, which were broken down from the surrounding matrix. The lines nucleated at a grain boundary without
directly crossing it. Occasionally, it may be observed that PSB’s in two adjacent grains intersect each other but
proceed in different directions. These common features, which were also observed by Liu and Mayer [2, 5]
indicate that grain boundaries play an important role in the formation of PSB’s.
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4.2.1 PSB’s in Fine Grain Size Copper
The investigation on smaller grain sizes of 22m and 35m as shown in Figures 3 (a) and 3 (b),
respectively, shows that the PSB population increases with increasing pl/2 amplitude along the quasi plateau
region. However, even at the ends of quasi plateau regions fewer than 10% of the grains contain this ladder like
structure. The PSB’s formed in small-grained polycrystals are randomly distributed in the bulk of the
polycrystals. The results obtained from the present study support Bassim’s investigation on 42m grain size [2].
Liu [2] concluded that PSB’s are not the governing microstructure in fine grained copper since only
a few grains can orient with the primary slip system and are favorable to build up the ladder like PSB’s; the
major contribution to the saturation stress is from the deformation of the bulk matrix. When the vein structure of
the matrix breaks down and forms PSB’s in some grains, it reduces the stress sustained by these grains.
However, the decrease of the stress on the grains leads to the redistribution of stresses among all grains and
results in a stress rise in the neighboring grains. Therefore, because of the high constraint inherent with a small
grain size, ―location of deformation is not easy to occur‖ and ―matrix received most of applying (pl/2).‖
To ensure a high-quality product, diagrams and lettering MUST be either computer-drafted or
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When referring to a table in the text, no abbreviation is used and "Table" is capitalized.
Figure 3: SEM micrographs showing (a) less PSB’s for 22m grain size, (b) more PSB’s for 35m grain size,
and (c) fully filled with PSBs for 100m grain size. All samples were taken from the intermediate region (II).
Liu [2] asserted that the two phase model, which regards the PSB structure as the soft phase that
determines the saturation stress on the bulk of material, is not applicable in polycrystals. He made an assumption
that the PSB’s can be considered to mix up (aggregate) with the matrix in the manner of a composite, so that the
saturation stress on the bulk of the polycrystals may be assumed to obey a mixture law.
The CSS curves for fine grained 22m and 35m copper in this study shown in Figure 2, show quasi
plateau regions. The microstructure shows that the quantity of PSB’s is very small even at the upper end of the
quasi plateaus, so the saturation stress is mainly contributed by a combination of matrix structure and PBS
structure. Moreover, the quasi plateau region for 22m grained copper is steeper than that for 35m grained
copper as exhibited in Figure 2. The volume fraction of PSB’s can explain this phenomenon. It is larger for
35m grained copper (Figure 3 (b)) than that for 22m grained copper (Figure 3 (a)).
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4.2.2 PSB’s in Coarse Grained Size Copper
A very flat quasi plateau was observed in the CSS curve of 100m grained copper as shown in Figure
2. The SEM microstructure shows that the PSB population increases linearly with increasing pl/2 along the
quasi plateau and up to approximately 30% of the grains contain ladder like PSB’s at the end of the quasi
plateau. Moreover, some of the grains are almost fully filled with PSB structures as shown in Figure 3 (c).
True plateau behavior in the CSS curve is well known for copper single crystals as reported by Mayer
[5]. The onset of the plateau is marked by the formation of PSB’s; the PSB density increases linearly as the
strain amplitude increases and at the end of the cycled deformation depended on the stress sustained by the
PSB’s, which means that PSBs are responsible for and dominate the plateau behavior.
True plateau behavior of polycrystalline copper was reported by Kuokkala et al [11], who found a
plateau region in his study of 150m grain size polycrystals, More than 60% of grains contained PSB’s at plastic
strain amplitudes near to the upper end of the plateau. They suggested that the dislocation structure in coarse-
grained polycrystals was qualitatively similar to that of single crystals. The PSB pattern shows a similar tendency
for individual grains to avoid PSB on more than one slip system, which indicates the plastic strain is carried
mainly by PSB’s with single slip.
The explanation for the occurrence of a plateau region was proposed by Mughrabi [4], who studied
copper bicrystal. Based on TEM investigation, Mughrabi [4] found that the grain boundary acted as an obstacle
to the motion of dislocations and at the end of the plateau region a secondary slip system was activated.
However, the population of the PSB’s increases linearly and rapidly along the plateau. Also, the phenomenon of
activation of secondary slip systems at the end of the plateau was also observed in single crystals. Therefore, we
can safely state that as long as the PSB’s are predominant, the occurrence of a plateau should be possible in the
CSS curve.
The present study on 100m grained copper shows an almost horizontal quasi plateau, where the (s/2)
increases very slowly with increasing (pl/2), compared to the less horizontal plateau for 22m and 35m
grained materials as shown in Figure 2. The composite (matrix and PSB’s) provides a reasonable explanation for
the behavior of fine grain copper in the current study, where the combination of matrix structure and PSB’s
control the saturation stress. However, for coarse-grained copper, the contribution of PSB’s to the saturation
stress is larger, and plays a more important role on cyclic response.
It may be comfortably stated, based on the present study that the smaller the grain size, the higher the fatigue
limit. This is consistent with observation that the coarse grained material is more likely to be deformed by single
slip whereas multiple slip plays a more important role in the deformation of fine-grained material.
V. CONCLUSION
The CSS curves of different grain sizes in copper exhibit three regions of cyclic hardening, in which a
quasi-plateau region occurs where the saturation stress increases less significantly with increasing plastic strain
amplitude than for regions (I) and (II).
In general, a finer grained copper shows a higher saturation stress. The difference in saturation stress is
primarily caused by higher back stresses in the finer grained material. However, this trend is undefined in the
very low plastic strain region. In region (I) the CSS curves are approaching each other, thus indicating that grain
size might lose its effect at higher plastic strains.
The quasi plateau regions show a grain size effect in that: (a) the larger the grain size, the earlier the
beginning and the latter the ending of the quasi plateau in terms of the plastic strain, and (b) the smaller the grain
size, the steeper the quasi plateau.
SEM investigation shows that grain size influences the slip character of the material. PSB’s occur at
lower plastic strain amplitudes and the secondary slip bands occur at higher plastic strain amplitudes in a coarse
grained copper.
The fact that a PSB occurs at higher plastic strain amplitude and saturation stress indicates a greater
fatigue limit for fine-grained copper polycrystals.
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