Dysphagia presentation 2014
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This document outlines various disorders that can affect the preoesophageal, oral, and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, as well as the lumen, wall, and outside of the esophagus. It discusses diagnostic tests and investigations for esophageal disorders, including blood tests, radiography, manometry and pH studies, and oesophagoscopy. Manometry and pH studies help evaluate motility disorders, gastroesophageal reflux, and determine if esophageal spasms are spontaneous or acid-induced.
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Dysphagia presentation by Muhammad Naeem
The document provides information on various causes of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). It discusses reflux esophagitis, the most common cause, describing symptoms like heartburn relieved by antacids. It also covers benign esophageal stricture, usually due to reflux, presenting with slowly progressive dysphagia. Achalasia is described as lack of LES relaxation, causing longstanding dysphagia and vomiting of stale food. Treatment options like pneumatic dilation are mentioned. Finally, it provides a clinical scenario of a patient with symptoms suggestive of reflux esophagitis.
Approach to dysphagia
Dysphagia is a common symptom that requires early evaluation to determine if it is caused by issues in the oropharynx or esophagus. A thorough history and physical exam can identify 80-85% of causes, while tests like modified barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry provide further information. Treatment depends on the underlying problem, such as dilation for strictures, surgery for obstructions, or lifestyle/medication changes for conditions like GERD. Early diagnosis and treatment can help address dysphagia's underlying cause.
Dysphagia
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can result from problems in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal stages of swallowing. The document discusses the physiology of swallowing and various neurological, muscular, and structural causes of dysphagia including strokes, Parkinson's disease, ALS, myasthenia gravis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include postural changes, diet modifications, feeding tubes, and treating any primary neurological or muscular disorders. Complications of untreated dysphagia include malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and asphyxiation.
Dysphagia evaluation
Evaluation of a patient with dysphagia: Difficulty in Swallowing.
Esophageal and Pre-esophageal causes.
-Abhinav Kumar, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Prepared from book: "Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat
Textbook by P. L. Dhingra" 6th Edition
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0ByMBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA347#v=onepage&q&f=false
Dysphagia
Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing that can affect any part of the swallowing pathway from the mouth to the stomach. It is a common complaint seen in ENT clinics. Causes include congenital issues, trauma, infections, inflammation, motility disorders, neurological problems, tumors, and other miscellaneous conditions. Evaluation involves history, examination, blood tests, imaging like barium swallow and endoscopy, and specialized tests like manometry and pH monitoring. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Dysphagia
This document discusses the approach to dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It defines oropharyngeal dysphagia as problems transporting food through the mouth and throat, and oesophageal dysphagia as food getting stuck in the lower throat, neck or chest. Various causes of dysphagia are outlined, including neurological diseases, external compression, motility disorders, and structural issues. A thorough history, examination, and investigations are recommended to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific cause, but may include dilation, surgery, medications, or other approaches.
34186 approach to dysphagia
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and can be classified as oropharyngeal or esophageal. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is caused by abnormalities of the striated muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. Esophageal dysphagia is caused by disorders of the smooth esophageal muscles. Common causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia include neurological diseases, local structural lesions, and disorders of the upper esophageal sphincter. Common causes of esophageal dysphagia include neuromuscular disorders like achalasia, mechanical lesions, and motility abnormalities. A thorough history and physical exam, along with diagnostic tests, are used to
Approach to dysphagia
The document discusses the approach to dysphagia. It begins by defining dysphagia as difficulty swallowing and odynophagia as swallowing causing pain. It then summarizes the stages of swallowing and lists various causes of dysphagia in the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. These include neurological, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, and motility disorders. The document stresses the importance of a thorough history to determine the site and nature of swallowing problems to guide further diagnostic testing such as endoscopy or barium swallow.
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Dysphagia presentation by Muhammad Naeem
The document provides information on various causes of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). It discusses reflux esophagitis, the most common cause, describing symptoms like heartburn relieved by antacids. It also covers benign esophageal stricture, usually due to reflux, presenting with slowly progressive dysphagia. Achalasia is described as lack of LES relaxation, causing longstanding dysphagia and vomiting of stale food. Treatment options like pneumatic dilation are mentioned. Finally, it provides a clinical scenario of a patient with symptoms suggestive of reflux esophagitis.
Approach to dysphagia
Dysphagia is a common symptom that requires early evaluation to determine if it is caused by issues in the oropharynx or esophagus. A thorough history and physical exam can identify 80-85% of causes, while tests like modified barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry provide further information. Treatment depends on the underlying problem, such as dilation for strictures, surgery for obstructions, or lifestyle/medication changes for conditions like GERD. Early diagnosis and treatment can help address dysphagia's underlying cause.
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Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can result from problems in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal stages of swallowing. The document discusses the physiology of swallowing and various neurological, muscular, and structural causes of dysphagia including strokes, Parkinson's disease, ALS, myasthenia gravis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include postural changes, diet modifications, feeding tubes, and treating any primary neurological or muscular disorders. Complications of untreated dysphagia include malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and asphyxiation.
Dysphagia evaluation
Evaluation of a patient with dysphagia: Difficulty in Swallowing.
Esophageal and Pre-esophageal causes.
-Abhinav Kumar, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
Prepared from book: "Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat
Textbook by P. L. Dhingra" 6th Edition
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0ByMBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA347#v=onepage&q&f=false
Dysphagia
Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing that can affect any part of the swallowing pathway from the mouth to the stomach. It is a common complaint seen in ENT clinics. Causes include congenital issues, trauma, infections, inflammation, motility disorders, neurological problems, tumors, and other miscellaneous conditions. Evaluation involves history, examination, blood tests, imaging like barium swallow and endoscopy, and specialized tests like manometry and pH monitoring. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Dysphagia
This document discusses the approach to dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It defines oropharyngeal dysphagia as problems transporting food through the mouth and throat, and oesophageal dysphagia as food getting stuck in the lower throat, neck or chest. Various causes of dysphagia are outlined, including neurological diseases, external compression, motility disorders, and structural issues. A thorough history, examination, and investigations are recommended to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific cause, but may include dilation, surgery, medications, or other approaches.
34186 approach to dysphagia
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and can be classified as oropharyngeal or esophageal. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is caused by abnormalities of the striated muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. Esophageal dysphagia is caused by disorders of the smooth esophageal muscles. Common causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia include neurological diseases, local structural lesions, and disorders of the upper esophageal sphincter. Common causes of esophageal dysphagia include neuromuscular disorders like achalasia, mechanical lesions, and motility abnormalities. A thorough history and physical exam, along with diagnostic tests, are used to
Approach to dysphagia
The document discusses the approach to dysphagia. It begins by defining dysphagia as difficulty swallowing and odynophagia as swallowing causing pain. It then summarizes the stages of swallowing and lists various causes of dysphagia in the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. These include neurological, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, and motility disorders. The document stresses the importance of a thorough history to determine the site and nature of swallowing problems to guide further diagnostic testing such as endoscopy or barium swallow.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
This document provides information on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). It defines GERD as abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus causing troublesome symptoms or complications, with more than 2 heartburn episodes per week. Approximately 20% of adults experience frequent GERD symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options for GERD including pharmacologic therapies, surgery, and endoscopic treatments. It provides details on classifications of esophagitis, guidelines for endoscopy and pH monitoring in GERD diagnosis and management.
Hoarseness
Hoarseness is an abnormal change in the voice that can be caused by disorders of the vocal folds. Symptoms include a breathy, raspy, strained or abnormal pitch or volume. Common causes discussed include benign vocal fold lesions from overuse, vocal fold hemorrhage from yelling, gastroesophageal reflux, laryngopharyngeal reflux, smoking, and neurological disorders. Evaluation includes laryngoscopy and other imaging tests if needed. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include voice therapy, antireflux therapy, corticosteroids, antimicrobials, botulinum toxin injections, or surgery. Preventive measures like hydration and avoiding irritants can help lower risk of hoarseness.
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This document discusses peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of acid secretion in the stomach. It describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of peptic ulcers including the roles of proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotic therapies. It discusses H. pylori infection as a major cause of peptic ulcers and outlines tests to diagnose infection and various antibiotic regimens used for eradication treatment.
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Dysphagia
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It begins by defining dysphagia and explaining that it can be caused by issues in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal areas, and can be due to mechanical or motility problems. The document then covers taking a thorough history from patients, performing an examination looking for signs of illness, and common tests used to evaluate dysphagia like blood tests, imaging, and endoscopy. Finally, it lists several potential causes of dysphagia in the differential diagnosis, including mechanical blockages or obstructions in the lumen or wall, external pressure, motility disorders, and other issues like inflammation.
Dysphagia
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing that can interfere with a patient's ability to eat and carry risks. It has many potential causes, including neurological conditions like stroke, muscular disorders, structural issues, infections, cancers and iatrogenic factors. A thorough history and examination aims to determine if the dysphagia is oropharyngeal or esophageal in nature, and its characteristics may provide clues to structural vs motility etiologies. Careful documentation of symptom onset, progression, relieving/exacerbating factors is important for diagnosis.
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This document provides information on dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). It begins by defining dysphagia and describing the swallowing mechanism. The clinical presentation of dysphagia is then outlined. Dysphagia can be graded on a scale of 1 to 6 based on severity. The document discusses the main causes/etiologies of dysphagia as being neurological, mechanical/obstructive issues. Evaluation involves history, examination, imaging like barium swallow and endoscopy. Management depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, endoscopic procedures like dilation, stenting, or surgery.
Hearing impairment and rehabilitation
Patients can experience different types of hearing loss, including conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. A history and physical exam including tuning fork tests help distinguish the type of loss. Common etiologies include otosclerosis, presbycusis, noise exposure, and Meniere's disease. Formal audiologic testing is needed to diagnose the condition and guide management, which may include hearing aids, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
LaryngoPharyngeal Reflux (LPR), also known as silent reflux, occurs when stomach contents reflux through the upper sphincter into the larynx and pharynx without belching or vomiting. It contributes to up to 50% of laryngeal complaints and can cause damage to laryngeal tissues through exposure to acid and pepsin. Diagnosis involves symptom questionnaires, laryngeal examination, therapeutic trials of PPIs, and 24-hour pH monitoring of the esophagus and pharynx. Treatment consists of lifestyle modifications, antisecretory drugs like PPIs, and possibly antireflux surgery for severe or treatment-resistant cases.
Gastro esophageal reflux disease
GERD is caused by pathological reflux of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus past the lower esophageal sphincter. It is the most common upper GI condition in western countries. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, pH monitoring, and manometry. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, proton pump inhibitors, fundoplication surgery, and newer endoscopic procedures. Complications may include esophagitis, stricture, Barrett's esophagus, and adenocarcinoma if left untreated.
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Bullous myringitis is a condition where fluid-filled blisters form on the eardrum, caused by viruses like influenza or bacteria like mycoplasma pneumoniae. It presents with sudden, severe pain in one ear following an upper respiratory infection, along with blood-stained discharge from the ear canal and hearing loss. On examination, blisters can be seen on the eardrum and inner ear canal. It is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and examination findings. While the eardrum heals within days, sensorineural hearing loss affects between 15-67% of patients, though often improves within 3 months with antibiotics.
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What is the LPR
Esophageal anatomy
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
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Patterns and Mechanism of LPR and GERD
DIAGNOSIS
Symptom Questionnaire:
Laryngoscopic Findings
Therapeutic Trial for LPR
Ambulatory PH Monitoring
Treatment
Lifestyle modifications
Dietary modification
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Drug therapy
Surgery
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GERD is caused by reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. It can be due to transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, reduced LES tone, hiatal hernia, or impaired esophageal clearance. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, pregnancy, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves endoscopy or 24-hour pH monitoring. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes and antacids. Proton pump inhibitors are prescribed for moderate to severe cases or those not responding to other treatments. Surgery or endoscopic procedures may be used for cases not controlled by medication.
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The document discusses laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), which is the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus and larynx. It causes damage to the esophageal and laryngeal mucosa from the acidic properties. LPR can present typically with symptoms like crying and irritability in infants, or atypically with symptoms like apnea, asthma, cough and sinusitis. Both medical and surgical treatments are discussed to treat LPR and its complications. Risk factors, diagnosis and management of LPR are covered.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is caused by backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction. It commonly causes heartburn and can lead to complications like esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs. Surgery to reinforce the LES may be needed in severe cases. Nursing focuses on pain management, dietary changes, medication administration, and education on GERD and its treatment.
Phonosurgery
This document provides information about various phonosurgical procedures performed by Dr. Praneeth. It begins with an introduction to phonosurgery and the anatomy of the larynx. It then discusses procedures to treat common vocal fold lesions like nodules, polyps, Reinke's edema, and granulomas. It also covers treatments for sulcus vocalis and various types of thyroplasty procedures like medialization laryngoplasty and arytenoid adduction surgery. The document provides detailed descriptions of the techniques involved in these phonosurgical procedures.
Congenital anomalies of esophagus
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are congenital anomalies caused by abnormal development of the esophagus and trachea in the embryo. The document discusses the embryology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Esophageal atresia occurs when the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach, while tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus. Surgical repair is usually required to correct the anomalies. Complications can include anastomotic leaks, strictures, recurrent fistulas, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Dysphagia
Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing that can affect any part of the swallowing pathway from the mouth to the stomach. It is commonly seen in ENT clinics. There are two main types - oropharyngeal dysphagia involving preparation and transport of food in the mouth and throat, and esophageal dysphagia with food sticking in the lower throat or chest. Causes vary by age from foreign bodies in children to malignancy in the elderly. Evaluation involves history, examination, barium swallow, endoscopy and manometry. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dilation, stenting or surgery.
E.N.T.Dysphagia.(dr.hewa)
The document discusses various causes of dysphagia and odynophagia, which are difficulties swallowing and pain with swallowing, respectively. It covers congenital causes, acquired traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, neurological, drug-induced, and age-related etiologies. Evaluation involves assessing history, performing physical exams, reviewing systems, and obtaining imaging studies and endoscopy. Management consists of addressing underlying causes, utilizing alternate feeding methods, reflux regimens, changing food consistencies, and swallowing therapies or procedures like dilation or myotomy depending on the specific cause.
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Hoarseness is an abnormal change in the voice that can be caused by disorders of the vocal folds. Symptoms include a breathy, raspy, strained or abnormal pitch or volume. Common causes discussed include benign vocal fold lesions from overuse, vocal fold hemorrhage from yelling, gastroesophageal reflux, laryngopharyngeal reflux, smoking, and neurological disorders. Evaluation includes laryngoscopy and other imaging tests if needed. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include voice therapy, antireflux therapy, corticosteroids, antimicrobials, botulinum toxin injections, or surgery. Preventive measures like hydration and avoiding irritants can help lower risk of hoarseness.
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Hoarseness and Stridor
A 4-month-old girl presented with progressively worsening noisy breathing for 3 weeks. On examination, she was well-developed and comfortable, with normal respiratory rate and no signs of distress. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed bilateral vocal fold paralysis causing stridor. She was diagnosed with bilateral vocal fold immobility and planned for injection laryngoplasty to improve her breathing.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease (LPRD) are conditions caused by backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus and throat. GERD causes heartburn and damage to the esophagus, while LPRD can cause throat clearing, cough, and voice problems from acid exposure to the larynx and throat. Diagnosis involves pH monitoring and treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery to tighten the lower esophageal sphincter and reduce reflux. Controversies exist regarding diagnostic testing and treatment approaches for LPRD.
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This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It begins by defining dysphagia and explaining that it can be caused by issues in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal areas, and can be due to mechanical or motility problems. The document then covers taking a thorough history from patients, performing an examination looking for signs of illness, and common tests used to evaluate dysphagia like blood tests, imaging, and endoscopy. Finally, it lists several potential causes of dysphagia in the differential diagnosis, including mechanical blockages or obstructions in the lumen or wall, external pressure, motility disorders, and other issues like inflammation.
Dysphagia
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing that can interfere with a patient's ability to eat and carry risks. It has many potential causes, including neurological conditions like stroke, muscular disorders, structural issues, infections, cancers and iatrogenic factors. A thorough history and examination aims to determine if the dysphagia is oropharyngeal or esophageal in nature, and its characteristics may provide clues to structural vs motility etiologies. Careful documentation of symptom onset, progression, relieving/exacerbating factors is important for diagnosis.
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Dysphagia
This document provides information on dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). It begins by defining dysphagia and describing the swallowing mechanism. The clinical presentation of dysphagia is then outlined. Dysphagia can be graded on a scale of 1 to 6 based on severity. The document discusses the main causes/etiologies of dysphagia as being neurological, mechanical/obstructive issues. Evaluation involves history, examination, imaging like barium swallow and endoscopy. Management depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, endoscopic procedures like dilation, stenting, or surgery.
Hearing impairment and rehabilitation
Patients can experience different types of hearing loss, including conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. A history and physical exam including tuning fork tests help distinguish the type of loss. Common etiologies include otosclerosis, presbycusis, noise exposure, and Meniere's disease. Formal audiologic testing is needed to diagnose the condition and guide management, which may include hearing aids, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
LaryngoPharyngeal Reflux (LPR), also known as silent reflux, occurs when stomach contents reflux through the upper sphincter into the larynx and pharynx without belching or vomiting. It contributes to up to 50% of laryngeal complaints and can cause damage to laryngeal tissues through exposure to acid and pepsin. Diagnosis involves symptom questionnaires, laryngeal examination, therapeutic trials of PPIs, and 24-hour pH monitoring of the esophagus and pharynx. Treatment consists of lifestyle modifications, antisecretory drugs like PPIs, and possibly antireflux surgery for severe or treatment-resistant cases.
Gastro esophageal reflux disease
GERD is caused by pathological reflux of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus past the lower esophageal sphincter. It is the most common upper GI condition in western countries. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, pH monitoring, and manometry. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, proton pump inhibitors, fundoplication surgery, and newer endoscopic procedures. Complications may include esophagitis, stricture, Barrett's esophagus, and adenocarcinoma if left untreated.
Bullous myringitis
Bullous myringitis is a condition where fluid-filled blisters form on the eardrum, caused by viruses like influenza or bacteria like mycoplasma pneumoniae. It presents with sudden, severe pain in one ear following an upper respiratory infection, along with blood-stained discharge from the ear canal and hearing loss. On examination, blisters can be seen on the eardrum and inner ear canal. It is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and examination findings. While the eardrum heals within days, sensorineural hearing loss affects between 15-67% of patients, though often improves within 3 months with antibiotics.
Laryngo pharyngeal reflux (lpr)
What is the LPR
Esophageal anatomy
Pathophysiology
Risk factors
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Reinke’s edema
Patterns and Mechanism of LPR and GERD
DIAGNOSIS
Symptom Questionnaire:
Laryngoscopic Findings
Therapeutic Trial for LPR
Ambulatory PH Monitoring
Treatment
Lifestyle modifications
Dietary modification
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Drug therapy
Surgery
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease
GERD is caused by reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. It can be due to transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, reduced LES tone, hiatal hernia, or impaired esophageal clearance. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, pregnancy, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves endoscopy or 24-hour pH monitoring. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes and antacids. Proton pump inhibitors are prescribed for moderate to severe cases or those not responding to other treatments. Surgery or endoscopic procedures may be used for cases not controlled by medication.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux / ENTARDS
The document discusses laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), which is the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus and larynx. It causes damage to the esophageal and laryngeal mucosa from the acidic properties. LPR can present typically with symptoms like crying and irritability in infants, or atypically with symptoms like apnea, asthma, cough and sinusitis. Both medical and surgical treatments are discussed to treat LPR and its complications. Risk factors, diagnosis and management of LPR are covered.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is caused by backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction. It commonly causes heartburn and can lead to complications like esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs. Surgery to reinforce the LES may be needed in severe cases. Nursing focuses on pain management, dietary changes, medication administration, and education on GERD and its treatment.
Phonosurgery
This document provides information about various phonosurgical procedures performed by Dr. Praneeth. It begins with an introduction to phonosurgery and the anatomy of the larynx. It then discusses procedures to treat common vocal fold lesions like nodules, polyps, Reinke's edema, and granulomas. It also covers treatments for sulcus vocalis and various types of thyroplasty procedures like medialization laryngoplasty and arytenoid adduction surgery. The document provides detailed descriptions of the techniques involved in these phonosurgical procedures.
Congenital anomalies of esophagus
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are congenital anomalies caused by abnormal development of the esophagus and trachea in the embryo. The document discusses the embryology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Esophageal atresia occurs when the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach, while tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus. Surgical repair is usually required to correct the anomalies. Complications can include anastomotic leaks, strictures, recurrent fistulas, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
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The document discusses various causes of dysphagia and odynophagia, which are difficulties swallowing and pain with swallowing, respectively. It covers congenital causes, acquired traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, neurological, drug-induced, and age-related etiologies. Evaluation involves assessing history, performing physical exams, reviewing systems, and obtaining imaging studies and endoscopy. Management consists of addressing underlying causes, utilizing alternate feeding methods, reflux regimens, changing food consistencies, and swallowing therapies or procedures like dilation or myotomy depending on the specific cause.
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Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing skills. It makes writing difficult due to problems with handwriting, spelling, and putting thoughts on paper. Students with dysgraphia may have illegible handwriting, say words out loud while writing, and struggle with keeping track of their written thoughts. Strategies to help include accommodations like extra time or using a computer, modifications to writing tasks, and remediation through handwriting exercises, occupational therapy, and example lessons involving shaving cream or beans to practice spelling and math.
Stones of the gall bladder
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Gallstones form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile and can lead to complications like cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). Cholecystitis can be acute, caused by a gallstone blocking the cystic duct, or chronic from repeated attacks. Symptoms include abdominal pain and fever. Untreated acute cholecystitis can cause gangrenous necrosis or rupture of the gallbladder. Chronic cholecystitis often follows repeated acute attacks and is characterized by a thickened gallbladder wall.
Gallstones- The ailment and its alleviation with Homeopathy.
Gall stones are hardened, solidified deposits of bile formed within the gallbladder. They cause no symptoms in two out of three people who have them. The most prominent symptom is severe colicky pain in the upper right side of the abdomen accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Pain usually occurs at night and after eating a fatty meal. The risk of forming gallstones increases with pregnancy, obesity, diabetes, rapid weight loss, etc. Homeopathy is a highly effective, quick and painless mode of relieving the agony and distress caused by Gallstones in most of the patients. Homeopathic medicines help dissolve the small and medium sized gallstones completely and help preserve the gallbladder. You can find more of such informative Power Point Presentations as well as other useful health information at www.welcomecure.com, the definitive online homeopathic treatment portal.
www.welcomecure.com
27.dentine dysplasia
Dentine dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal dentin formation and pulp morphology. There are two main types - Shield Type I, which affects the roots and causes extremely small, translucent teeth with excessive mobility. Shield Type II affects both the roots and crowns, resulting in differences in tooth color and normal root size. Radiographs reveal short, conical roots with obliterated pulp chambers and canals for Shield Type I, and a "thistle tube" appearance with multiple pulp stones for Shield Type II. Proper oral hygiene and endodontic treatments are recommended for management.
Complications of gall stone disease
Gallstone disease can cause several serious complications if left untreated. The most common complication is cholecystitis, which occurs when a gallstone becomes lodged in the cystic duct, causing inflammation of the gallbladder. If not treated, cholecystitis can progress to gangrenous cholecystitis, empyema, or gallbladder perforation in some cases. Other complications include cholangitis, Mirrizi's syndrome, gallstone ileus, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gallstone pancreatitis. Most complications require urgent or emergent surgical treatment to remove the gallbladder and any gallstones causing blockages or infections.
Dysgraphia
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing and graphing abilities. There are four main types: phonological (difficulty with spelling sounds), surface (difficulty with visual representations), mixed (difficulties with both letter formations and spelling), and semantic/syntactic (difficulty combining words meaningfully). Interventions include phonics programs, visual spelling techniques, sentence combining exercises, and assistive software. Dysgraphia is assessed through tests of vocabulary, working memory, motor skills, and other writing subskills. Strategies aim to strengthen specific weaknesses based on the individual's type of dysgraphia.
Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia is a specific learning disorder involving difficulty with numbers and math concepts. It was formerly known as Mathematics Disorder. There are several types of dyscalculia depending on the skills affected, such as verbal, practical, or operational skills. Characteristics include difficulties with counting, calculations, numbers with zeros, measures, direction/orientation, and working memory related to numbers. Causes may be genetic, related to brain development or injury, or environmental factors like prematurity. Treatment involves visual aids, connecting math to real life, graph paper, games, and diagrams to help those with dyscalculia learn.
Achalasia Cardia
Achalasia cardia is a primary esophageal motility disorder caused by degeneration of nerves in the esophagus. It is characterized by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and dilatation of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus. The main symptom is retrosternal or epigastric fullness after meals. Diagnosis involves barium swallow x-ray showing dilated esophagus and manometry showing high lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Treatment options include medications to relax the sphincter, balloon dilatation, botulinum toxin injections, or modified Heller's surgery to cut the sphincter.
Dysgraphia Speech Therapy
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing abilities. It can cause difficulties with spelling, handwriting, and putting thoughts on paper. There are several types of dysgraphia including dyslexic dysgraphia, motor dysgraphia, spatial dysgraphia, phonological dysgraphia, and semantic/syntactic dysgraphia. Interventions for dysgraphia focus on building automaticity, using research-based strategies, and implementing classroom techniques like teaching the writing process in steps and providing structured practice and feedback.
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Dysphagia presentation 2014
- 4. Oral Phase Pharyngeal Phase Disturbance in Mastication Disturbance in lubrication Disturbance in mobility of tongue Defects of palate Lesion of buccal cavity and floor of mouth Obstructive lesions of pharynx Inflammatory conditions Spasmodic conditions Paralytic conditions
- 5. Lumen Wall Outside the wall Atresia Foreign body Strictures Benign or Malignant tumours Hypomotility disorders Achalasia Scleroderma Amytrophic lateral sclerosis Hypermotility Disorders Cricopharyngeal spasm Diffuse oesophageal spasm Hypopharyngeal diverticulum Hiatus hernia Cervical osteophytes Thyroid lesions Mediastinal lesions Vascular rings
- 6. History Clinical Examination Blood Examination Radiography Manometric and pH studies Oesophagoscopy Other investigations
- 9. Haemogram is important in diagnosis and treatment of Plummer – Vinson syndrome and to know the nutritional status of the patient.
- 10. X-ray chest : To exclude cardiovascular, pulmonary and mediastinal diseases Lateral View Neck: To exclude cervical osteophytes and any soft tissue lesions of postcricoid or retropharyngeal space. Barium Swallow: For diagnosis of malignancy, cardiac achalasia, strictures, diverticula, hiatus hernia or oropharyngeal spasms.
- 12. A pressure transducer along with ph electrode and an open tipped catheter is introduced into the oesophagus to measure the pressues in the oesophagus and its sphicters. These studies help in motility disorders, gastro oesophageal reflux and to find if oesophageal spasms are spontaneous or acid induced
- 13. Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma